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REFÎUDDİN ed-DİHLEVÎ Skip to content Refîuddîn Abdülvehhâb b. Şâh Veliyyillâh Ahmed b. Abdirrahîm ed-Dihlevî el-Fârûkī (ö. 1233/1818)
Hindistanlı İslâm âlimi.
1163 (1750) yılında Delhi’de doğdu. Babası Şah Veliyyullah ed-Dihlevî olup şeceresi Hz. Ömer’e dayanır. İlk eğitimini babasından ve yakın çevresinden aldı. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i ezberleyerek kıraat öğrendi, babasının hadis derslerine devam etti. Kardeşleriyle birlikte dönemin meşhur Urdu edebiyatçısı Mîr Derd’den Urduca öğrendi. On üç yaşındayken babasının ölmesi üzerine yetiştirilmesiyle ağabeyi Abdülazîz ed-Dihlevî ilgilendi. Akrabası Muhammed Âşık b. Ubeydullah Pultî’den dinî ve tasavvufî eğitim gördü. Yirmi yaşlarında öğrenimini tamamlayıp eser telif etmeye ve fetva vermeye başladı. Şah Abdülazîz’in rahatsızlanması sebebiyle Rahîmiyye Medresesi’nin yönetimini üstlendi ve burada hocalık yaptı. Öğrencileri arasında yeğeni İsmâil Şehîd’in yetişmesinde önemli rolü vardır. Şah Abdülazîz’in aksine siyasî faaliyetlerde aktif olarak yer almayan Dihlevî 6 Şevval 1233 (9 Ağustos 1818) tarihinde koleradan öldü ve Delhi’deki aile kabristanına defnedildi. Rahmân Ali’nin onun ölümü için verdiği 1249 (1833) yılı (Teẕkire-i ʿUlemâʾ-i Hind, s. 196) doğru değildir. Refîuddin Dihlevî’nin ilmî geleneğini sürdüren oğlu Şah Muhammed Mahsûsullah, Seyyid Ahmed Han’ın hocalarındandır.
Refîuddin ed-Dihlevî Hint alt kıtasının, özellikle Delhi’nin siyasî ve idarî bakımdan çok karışık olduğu bir dönemde yaşamıştır. Bu devirde İngilizler, Hint alt kıtasını büyük ölçüde kontrol altına almış bulunuyor, ayrıca bölgede misyonerlik faaliyetleri çok yoğun biçimde devam ediyordu. Dihlevî tefsir ve kelâmdan başka Arap edebiyatı, mantık ve matematik alanlarında ileri seviyeye ulaşmıştı. Arapça yazdığı şiirleri oldukça başarılı sayılır. Babası gibi Hanefî mezhebine bağlı olan Refîuddin hadisle amel etme fikrini benimsemekteydi (Halid Zaferullah Daudi, s. 159). İşlerini planlı biçimde yürütmeyi başaran Refîuddin bu sayede vaktini iyi değerlendirme imkânı bulmuştur (M. İshak Battî, I, 250-251).
Eserleri. Dihlevî Arapça, Farsça ve Urduca yirmi civarında eser kaleme almıştır. Manzum çalışmaları ise dağınık haldedir. 1. Tercüme-i Ḳurʾân-ı Kerîm. Urduca ilk Kur’an meâllerinden olup 1222 (1807) yılında hazırlanmıştır; küçük kardeşi Abdülkādir’in tercümesi 1205’te (1791) basılmıştı. Bazı yerlerde bu konunun karıştırıldığı görülmektedir (geniş bilgi için bk. Sâliha Abdülhakîm Şerefeddin, s. 192; Seyyid Hamîd Şattârî, s. 141-143). Çevirinin Dihlevî tarafından mı yoksa talebesi Seyyid Necef Ali (Focdâr Han) tarafından mı hazırlandığı hususu tartışmalıdır. Eserin, onun talebesine verdiği Kur’an tercümesi derslerine ait notların derlenmesi sonucu oluşmuş ve kendisinin bu metin üzerinde düzeltmeler yapmış olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir (M. Sâlim Kāsımî v.dğr., s. 22-23; Sâliha Abdülhakîm Şerefeddin, s. 194; Ahlâk Hüseyin Kāsımî, s. 58; Cemîl Câlibî, II, 1050). Satır arası tercüme yöntemine göre hazırlanan çevirinin dili metne sadakatten dolayı biraz ağırdır (örnekler için bk. Seyyid Hamîd Şattârî, s. 159-182; M. Eyyûb Kādirî, s. 59-69). Bu sebeple tercüme daha çok bilgili ve kültürlü kesime hitap etmektedir. Eser hazırlanırken Şah Veliyyullah’ın Fetḥu’r-raḥmân fî tercemeti’l-Ḳurʾân adlı Farsça çevirisinden geniş ölçüde yararlanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Annemarie Schimmel’e göre Şah Refîuddin’i ve kardeşi Şah Abdülkādir’i Kur’an’ı Urduca’ya çevirmeye sevkeden âmil Benjamin Schultze’un Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’i 1725 yılında Tamilce’ye, 1741’de Urduca’ya çevirmiş olmasıdır (Islām in the Indian Subcontinent, s. 181). Schimmel’in bu iddiasını tutarsız bulan Rizvî’nin görüşlerine (Shah Abd al-Aziz, s. 104) bütünüyle katılmak mümkün değildir. Zira bölgeye gelen Cizvit ve Protestan misyonerleri o dönemde müslüman halka yönelik yoğun bir faaliyet göstermekte, İslâm’a ve Kur’an’a dair eserler yayımlamaktaydı (Birışık, Oryantalist Misyonerler, s. 51-127). Eserin ilk baskısı Tercüme-i Şâh Refîʿu’d-dîn adıyla yapılmış (I-II, Kalküta 1251-1254/1835-1839), daha sonra bazıları babasının Farsça ve kardeşi Şah Abdülkādir’in Urduca çevirileriyle birlikte olmak üzere birçok defa basılmıştır (baskıları için bk. Sâliha Abdülhakîm Şerefeddin, s. 192; Seyyid Hamîd Şattârî, s. 144; World Bibliography, s. 574-582, 666; Ahmed Han, s. 83-97). 2. Tefsîr-i Refîʿî. Urduca kaleme alınan eser Bakara sûresinin tefsirini içermekte olup Refîuddin’in verdiği tefsir derslerinin talebesi Seyyid Necef Ali tarafından derlenmesiyle meydana gelmiştir (Delhi 1272/1855; bk. Sâliha Abdülhakîm Şerefeddin, s. 194; Cemîl Câlibî, II, 1050). Tefsirin dili ve anlatımı Kur’an tercümesinin aksine açık ve anlaşılır bulunmuştur (Enver Sedîd, s. 168). 3. Tefsîru âyeti’n-nûr (Brockelmann, GAL Suppl., II, 850; ayrıca bk. Ahlâk Hüseyin Kāsımî, s. 61; M. Sâlim Kıdvâî, s. 383). 4. Tekmîlü’ṣ-ṣınâʿa (Tekmîl li-ṣınâʿati’l-eẕhân). Mantık, tahsil (yetişme döneminde okuduğu eserler), mebâhis mine’l-umûri’l-âmme (bazı metafizik konular), tatbîku’l-ârâ’ (mezheplerin uygulamalarında ihtilâflı konuların ortaya çıkış sebebi) bölümlerini içermektedir. Bazı yazmaları bulunan eserin (Brockelmann, GAL Suppl., II, 850) bir kısmını Sıddîk Hasan Han kitabında nakletmiştir (Ebcedü’l-ʿulûm, I, 203-218, 381-392, 393, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.). 5. Muḳaddimetü’l-ʿilm. İnsan zihninde nesne ve olaylarla ilgili bilgilerin oluşum biçimiyle ilgili bir risâledir; bazı kısımları Sıddîk Hasan Han tarafından nakledilmiştir (a.g.e., I, 199-203). 6. Ḳıyâmetnâme (Maḥşernâme) (Lahore 1339; Haydarâbâd, ts.). Halk arasında yaygın olan kitabın Âs̱âr-ı Maḥşer ve Âs̱âr-ı Ḳıyâmet adıyla manzum ve Ḳıyâmetnâme (Deʾbü’l-âḫiret) adıyla mensur Urduca tercümesi bulunmaktadır. 7. Mecmûʿa tisʿa resâʾil (Delhi 1314). Din ve tasavvuf konularına dair Farsça risâlelerin bir araya getirilmiş şeklidir. 8. Fetâvâ (Delhi 1322). 9. Leṭâʾif-i Ḫamse. 10. Demġu’l-bâṭıl. Tasavvufun güç konuları ile Şah Veliyyullah’ın vahdet-i şühûd düşüncesinin açıklamasını içeren eser Arapça ve Farsça kaleme alınmıştır; aynı zamanda Mevlânâ Gulâm Yahyâ’nın Kelimetü’l-ḥaḳ adlı eserine reddiyedir. Şah Refîuddin bu kitabını Esrârü’l-meḥabbe adıyla ihtisar etmiştir (Dânişnâme-i Edeb-i Fârsî, IV, 1265). 11. Esrârü’l-meḥabbe (Gujranwala 1383/1963). Sevginin anlam ve önemine değinilen risâlede kâinatta her şeye sevginin hükmettiği görüşü işlenir (Ebü’l-Hasan Nedvî, V, 383). Eserde ayrıca Refîuddin’in İbn Sînâ’nın Ḳaṣîdetü’r-rûḥ’una manzum cevabı ve Resûlullah’la ilgili bir kasidesi yer alır. Risâlede ele alınan konuların Dihlevî’ye kadar Fârâbî ve İbn Sînâ dışında hiç kimse tarafından dile getirilmediği söylenir (Sıddîk Hasan Han, I, 414-415; Ebü’l-Hasan Nedvî, V, 383; Dânişnâme-i Edeb-i Fârsî, IV, 1265).
Dihlevî’nin diğer eserleri de şunlardır: Tekmîlü’l-eẕhân, Risâletü’l-ʿarûż ve’l-ḳāfiye, İs̱bâtü şaḳḳi’l-ḳamer, İbṭâlü berâhîni’l-ḥikemiyye ʿalâ uṣûli’l-ḥükemâʾ, Şerḥu Esmâri’l-esrâr (Gîsûdırâz’ın Farsça kitabının şerhidir, bk. Dânişnâme-i Edeb-i Fârsî, IV, 1265), Şerḥu Burhâni’l-ʿâşıḳīn (Gîsûdırâz’ın Farsça kitabının şerhidir; bk. a.g.e., a.y.), Âs̱ârü’s-sâʿa fî ʿalâmâti’l-ḳıyâme, Mevlûd-i Şerîf, Umûrü’l-ʿâmme (Kutbüddin er-Râzî’nin Risâletü’t-taṣavvurât ve’t-taṣdîḳāt adlı eserine Mîr Zâhid el-Herevî’nin yazdığı şerh üzerine hâşiyedir, bk. Brockelmann, GAL, II, 271; Dihlevî’nin eserleri için ayrıca bk. Abdülhay el-Hasenî, VII, 184; Zubaid Ahmad, s. 290, 418-419, 476, 483; Dânişnâme-i Edeb-i Fârsî, IV, 1265; UDMİ, X, 318-319). İslâm’ın beş şartının sade bir dille anlatıldığı Râh-ı Necât adlı kitabın müellifi konusunda ihtilâf vardır. Çok beğenilen ve defalarca basılan eserin ilk baskıları Şah Refîuddin ed-Dihlevî’ye nisbet edilmiş (Leknev 1256/1840, 1258/1842, 1260/1844, 1272/1856), daha sonra Şah Abdülkādir ed-Dihlevî ve Muhammed Ali Pânîpetî’ye izâfe edilmiştir; bazı baskılarında ise müellif ismi yazılmamıştır. Ancak yapılan incelemeler sonunda eserin Senâullah Pânîpetî’nin Mâ lâ büdde minh adlı kitabının muhtasarı olduğu anlaşılmıştır (M. Eyyûb Kādirî, s. 72-83).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Sıddîk Hasan Han, Ebcedü’l-ʿulûm (nşr. Abdülcebbâr Zekkâr), Dımaşk 1978, I, 199-218, 347, 381-392, 393, 414-415; Brockelmann, GAL, II, 271; Suppl., II, 850; Abdülhay el-Hasenî, Nüzhetü’l-ḫavâṭır, VII, 182-186; Rahmân Ali, Teẕkire-i ʿUlemâʾ-i Hind (trc. M. Eyyûb Kādirî), Karaçi 1961, s. 196-197; M. Sâlim Kāsımî v.dğr., Câʾize-i Terâcim-i Ḳurʾânî, Diyûbend 1968, s. 22-23; Zubaid Ahmad, The Contribution of Indo-Pakistan to Arabic Literature, Lahore 1968, s. 290, 418-419, 476, 483; Sâliha Abdülhakîm Şerefeddin, Ḳurʾân-ı Ḥakîm key Urdû Terâcim, Karaçi, ts. (Kadîmî Kütübhâne), s. 192, 194; A. Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Leiden-Köln 1980, s. 181; Seyyid Hamîd Şattârî, Ḳurʾân-ı Mecîd key Urdû Terâcim u Tefâsîr ka Tenḳīdî Müṭâlaʿa, Haydarâbâd-Dekken, 1982, s. 141-144, 159-182; Ahlâk Hüseyin Kāsımî, Meḥâsin-i Mûzihu Ḳurʾân, Beyra 1983, s. 58, 61; Yûnus İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî, ʿUlemâʾü’l-ʿArab fî şibhi’l-ḳārreti’l-Hindiyye, Bağdad 1986, s. 595-596; World Bibliography of Translations of the Meanings of the Holy Qur’an (haz. İsmet Binark – Halit Eren), İstanbul 1406/1986, s. 574-582, 666; Cemîl Câlibî, Târîḫ-i Edeb-i Urdû, Lahor 1987, II, 1049, 1050, 1052; Ahmed Han, Ḳurʾân-ı Kerîm key Urdû Terâcim: Kitâbiyât, İslâmâbâd 1987, s. 83-97; M. Eyyûb Kādirî, Urdû Nes̱r ki İrtikā meyn ʿUlemâʾ ka Hissa, Lahor 1988, s. 59-69, 72-83; Süreyyâ Dâr, Şâh ʿAbdülazîz Muḥaddis̱ Dihlevî, Lahor 1991, s. 78, 104; Enver Sedîd, Urdû Edeb kî Muḫtaṣar Târîḫ , İslâmâbâd 1991, s. 168; M. Sâlim Kıdvâî, Hindustânî Müfessirîn aôr Un ki ʿArabî Tefsîreyn, Lahor 1993, s. 383; Halid Zaferullah Daudi, Pakistan ve Hindistan’da Şâh Velîyullah ed-Dehlevî’den Günümüze Kadar Hadis Çalışmaları, İstanbul 1995, s. 104, 159-160; R. B. Saksena, A History of Urdu Literature, Lahore 1996, s. 280; Ebü’l-Hasan Nedvî, Târîḫ-i Daʿvet u ʿAẓîmet, Karaçi, ts. (Meclis-i Neşriyyât-ı İslâm), V, 382-385; Abdülhamit Birışık, Hind Altkıtası Düşünce ve Tefsir Ekolleri, İstanbul 2001, s. 66-69; a.mlf., Oryantalist Misyonerler ve Kur’ân: Batı Etkisinde Hint Kur’ân Araştırmaları, İstanbul 2004, s. 51-127; Dânişnâme-i Edeb-i Fârsî (nşr. Hasan Enûşe), Tahran 1381, IV, 1265; Muhammed Şefî‘ Lâhûrî, “Refîʿuddîn”, UDMİ, X, 318-320; a.mlf., “Refî-üd-Dīn”, İA, IX, 668-670; a.mlf., “Rafīʿ al-Dīn”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 386.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 529-530 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.