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RENAN, Ernest Skip to content (1823-1892)
Fransız şarkiyatçısı, dil âlimi, tarihçi ve edip.
28 Şubat 1823’te Fransa’nın Bretagne bölgesindeki Treguier kasabasında doğdu. Babası Philibert fakir bir denizci ailesindendir; annesi kocasının aksine çok dindar bir kadındı. Beş yaşında iken babası öldüğü için annesi ve kız kardeşi tarafından zor şartlar altında yetiştirildi. Çocukluğu ve almış olduğu çelişkili eğitim onun bütün hayatında belirleyici rol oynayacaktır. Treguier’de bir Katolik okulunu bitirdi, ardından dinî tahsil için Paris’e gitti. Nicolas-de-Chardonnet Katolik Semineri’nde üç yıl kaldıktan sonra Saint-Sulpice’e kaydoldu; burada felsefe, ilâhiyat, tarih ve Doğu dilleri (İbrânîce, Keldânîce, Arapça) okudu. Bu yoğun dinî ve din dışı tahsili onun ilerideki çelişkilerini ve zamanla dinlere karşı şüpheciliğini hazırladı. Özellikle İncil’i okurken bu kitabın çelişkiler ve hatalarla dolu olduğu kanaatine vardı. Bunun için dinî ve dünyevî ilimleri birleştirmede başarılı gördüğü Protestanlığa yöneldi; 1845’te din adamı olmaktan vazgeçti. 1846’da lisans öğrenimini tamamladı. Ertesi yıl Sâmî dillerin tarihi ve mukayeseli yapısı üzerine yaptığı çalışma ile Volney ödülünü kazandı. Derinden etkilendiği 1848 Sosyalist İhtilâli üzerine, dininin ilim olduğu ve insanın sorunlarını ilmin çözeceği yönündeki düşüncelerini açıkladığı L’Avenir de la science: Pensées de 1848 adlı kitabını yazdı. Kariyerine zarar vereceği endişesiyle hayatının sonuna doğru (1890) yayımladığı bu eserde yalnız ilme ve akla inandığını ortaya koydu: “İlim bir dindir, bundan sonra simgeleri yalnız ilim yapacak, insanlığın sorunlarını sadece ilim çözebilir.” Renan güzelin ve doğrunun karşısında gençliğinde tattığı dinî zevkin hiçbir şey ifade etmediğini söyler. Onun bu değişiminde kız kardeşi Henriette ile Marcelin Berthelot’nun önemli etkileri olduğu bilinmektedir. İbn Rüşd ve felsefesi hakkındaki tezini hazırlarken Doğu dillerinde kaleme alınmış metinleri incelemek için İtalya’ya gönderildi. Rimini, Ravenne, Bologne, Ferrare, Venedik, Padoue ve Vivence kütüphanelerinde araştırmalar yaptı. Bu sırada din hakkındaki düşünceleri biraz yumuşadı. Sanat ve onun insan ruhundaki etkileri üzerine yoğunlaştı. 1851’de Bibliothèque Nationale’e Yunanca ve Arapça yazmalar sorumlusu olarak tayin edildi. Burada iken bir yandan Histoire générale et système comparé des langues sémitiques’i kaleme alırken bir yandan da Révue des deux mondes dergisinde makaleler yazmaya başladı.
Dürzîler’e karşı hıristiyanları korumak için III. Napolyon’un Lübnan’a gönderdiği 6000 kişilik kuvvetle beraber Renan da arkeolojik kazı yapmak üzere kız kardeşiyle birlikte Lübnan’a gitti. Daha o devirde Lübnan’ın Türkler’in elinden çıkmakta olduğunu ve geleceğini belirsiz gördüğünü söyledi. Lübnan’daki kazılarda topladığı arkeolojik eserleri Fransa’ya gönderdi. Bu seyahat sırasında Mârûnîler’le yakın ilişkiye girerken kendisine kazılarda yardım etmek istemeyen müslümanlardan âdeta nefret ediyor, onları “kötü ırk, hissiyatsız, gülmesini bilmeyen insanlar” olarak nitelendiriyordu. Bu dönemde Renan’ın kafasını en çok meşgul eden mesele Hz. Îsâ konusuydu. Hayatının şaheseri olarak kabul ettiği Histoire des origines du Christianisme adlı kitabının ilk bölümü olan “Vie de Jésus” bu seyahatin ürünüdür. Özellikle Filistin’e yaptığı ziyaretin bu eserin yazılmasında önemli bir payı vardır. Renan, İncil’in anlattıklarını bu ülkede bulduğu için artık eskisi gibi her şeyi reddetmiyordu. Arkeolojik bulgular sayesinde bir taraftan Louvre Müzesi’ni zenginleştirirken diğer taraftan Mission de Phénicie adlı kitabını hazırladı. Sıtmaya yakalanan kız kardeşinin ölümünden sonra (Eylül 1861) Fransa’ya döndü ve başarılı hizmetlerinden dolayı Collège de France’ta görevlendirildi. Ancak ilk dersinde Îsâ’yı benzersiz, fakat tanrısal yanı bulunmayan bir insan olarak ele alması büyük tepki uyandırdı, ders vermesi yasaklandığı gibi kilise tarafından da aforoz edildi.
İlk seyahatinden dört yıl sonra Hıristiyanlığın asıl yayıcısı Saint Pavlus’un izlerini takip etmek için Mısır, Lübnan, Suriye, Yunanistan ve Anadolu’yu kapsayan bir yolculuğa çıktı (1864-1865). Bu sırada Süveyş Kanalı’nın açılmasına öncülük eden Ferdinand de Lesseps eşliğinde çalışmaları izledi. Büyük bir hayranlık duyduğu eski Mısır medeniyetinin Fenike medeniyetiyle ilişkisi konusundaki kanaatlerini kesinleştirdi. Lübnan’ı oluşturan cemaatlerin arasındaki ihtilâfları çözmek için hazırlanan ve bir tür anayasa niteliğindeki siyasî metnin imzalanması sırasında (Eylül 1861) Renan da orada bulunmakla birlikte onun bu konuda bir rol oynayıp oynamadığı bilinmemektedir. Suriye’den sonra Anadolu’ya geçti; ancak Antakya’da iyi karşılanmadı. Ardından eşiyle birlikte önce Atina’ya, tekrar Antakya’ya ve İzmir’den sonra İstanbul’a gitti (Haziran 1865). Eski Grek kültürüne duyduğu yakınlık ve modern medeniyetin bundan esinlenmiş olması gerektiği yönündeki kanaati bir hayranlığa ve mutlak bir imana dönüştü. Prière sur l’Acropole adlı eseri onun Yunan medeniyetine bağlılığının ifadesidir. İstanbul’un uzaktan görünüşüne hayran kalırsa da Türkler’in ahlâkı ve dış görünüşleri hakkında kullandığı çirkin sözler (Lettres familières, s. 167) Renan’ın sık değişen hırçın ve çelişkili karakterini gösterir. Renan’a göre artık Fransa Doğu siyasetinin emrinde olacaktır. II. Abdülhamid’in halifeliğe gelmesi Fransa’nın ve genellikle Avrupa devletlerinin yumuşak davranışından kaynaklanmıştır. Doğu hıristiyanlarını kurtarmanın tek yolu Osmanlı Devleti’nden en iyi yerleri koparmak, padişahı bir kenara atarak onun adına İstanbul’u yönetmektir. “Müslüman barbarlığı”na karşı doğrudan işgali yeğleyen, Türkiye’nin Mısır’a sahip olması yerine İngiltere’nin orayı işgal etmesine razı olan Renan, “Müslümanlar sadece cinayet işlemesini bilir” gibi kin ve öfkenin ürünü olan iddiaları tekrarlar (Correspondance, s. 868-869). İkinci imparatorluğun sona erişi üzerine 1870’te Collège de France’taki kürsüsüne dönen ve Fransa’nın Almanya ile barışması için çalışan Renan 1878’de Fransız Akademisi üyesi oldu. 29 Mart 1883’te Sorbonne Üniversitesi’nde “İslâm ve İlim” adlı meşhur konferansını verdi. 1884-1892 yılları arasında Journal Asiatique’in başkanlığını yaptı. Hayatının sonlarına doğru Histoire du peuple d’Israël adlı kitabını yazdı. 12 Ekim 1892’de öldü.
Renan’ın İslâm ve müslümanlarla olan anlaşmazlıklarından önceki asıl sorunu Îsâ’nın mahiyetiyle ilgilidir. Daha Saint-Sulpice Semineri’nde iken Îsâ’nın tanrılığı konusunda zihninde beliren şüpheleri o zaman yazdığı Essai psychologique sur Jésus-Christ ’in her sayfasında görmek mümkündür. Renan, Îsâ’nın tanrı ve İncil’in vahiy mahsulü olduğu inancını reddeder. İncil’in daha çok ahlâk ve güzellik içerdiğini kabul ederken hıristiyan olmak için mutlaka vahye ihtiyaç bulunmadığını savunur. Ona göre İncil’in olağan üstülüğü kabul edildiği takdirde bilimden sapılmış olur. İncil’in yayılmasını onun kutsiyetine değil Doğu misafirperverliğine bağlayan Renan liberal Protestanlığı insanlığın en bilinçli gelişmesi diye kabul eder. Hz. Îsâ’yı bir insan olarak sunan Îsâ’nın Hayatı Avrupa’da büyük yankı uyandırmış, lehte ve aleyhte yazılar yazılmış, Papa Pie kitabı yasakladığı için birçok Fransız şehrinde piskoposlar da bu kitabı okumayı, satmayı ve ödünç vermeyi yasaklamıştır.
Yahudilik, Hıristiyanlık ve İslâm’ı aynı kökten süren üç filize benzeten Renan, Hıristiyanlığın Yahudiliğin bir devamı, İslâm’ın ise Sâmî ırkının en son ve sade bir ürünü olduğunu vurgular. Öte yandan yahudileri Hz. Îsâ’yı öldürdükleri için suçlarken ırklar arasındaki eşitsizliği âdeta bilimsel veri gibi kabul edip savunur. Fransa’da Dreyfus olayından ve Drumont’un La France juive: Essai d’histoire contemporaine (1886) adlı ırkçı kitabından otuz yıl önce yazdığı eserde Sâmî ırkının Hint-Avrupa ırklarına kıyasla insanlığın alt yapısını teşkil ettiğini vurgular. Edward Said’e göre Renan’ın ırklarla ilgili düşünceleri Gobineau’nun düşünceleriyle aynıdır. Ancak Renan bu konuya dinler tarihi açısından yaklaştığı, dinî düşünceleri ırkçı tezlere alet ettiği için daha ağır bir hata işlemiştir. Renan’dan itibaren yayılagelen etnik düşünceler “bir seri yalan”dan ibarettir (L’Orientalisme , s. 19-20).
Doğu (Sâmî)-Batı (Hint-Avrupa) zıtlığı ve savaşını bir felsefe haline getiren Renan’ın asıl sorunu İslâm dini, müslümanlar ve Araplar’dır. Bu yarışta Avrupalılar’ın XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren üstünlük elde ettiğini, artık galibiyetin devamlı onların elinde olacağını, parçalanmış İslâm’ın yıkılmakta olduğunu, Avrupa medeniyetinin yayılabilmesi için İslâm devletlerinin siyasî idarelerinin yıkılması gerektiğini her fırsatta tekrar etmiştir. Avrupa Rönesansı’na İslâm dünyasının yaptığı katkıları tamamen inkâr eden Renan, “L’Islamisme et la science” adlı konferansında fikir ve kültür yönünden müslümanların geri kalışını dinlerine bağlar. Ona göre gerçek inanç sahibinin kafası âdeta demir bir çember içine alınmıştır; her türlü bilime kapalı ve yeni olabilecek her şeyi öğrenmekten âcizdir (Discours, s. 2-3). Bu konferansta Renan’ın asıl tezi, Abbâsîler devrindeki yükselmenin müslümanların değil İranlılar’ın eseri olduğudur. Bunun için İslâm tarihini üçe ayırır. Peygamber, dört halife ve Emevîler dönemi her türlü akılcılık ve bilimden uzaktır; çünkü olayların açıklanması sadece Allah’ın doğrudan iradesine bağlanmıştır. Abbâsîler’in idareyi ele geçirmesiyle başlayan ikinci devirde İslâm devletinin nirengi noktası değişmiş, Sâsânî medeniyetinin hâlâ mevcut olduğu Dicle ve Fırat yöresi merkez haline gelmiştir. Bizans’tan çıkarılan felsefe İran’da yerleşmiş, Yunan bilim ve felsefesiyle meşgul olan Nestûrî hıristiyanların çoğunlukta bulunduğu bu bölgede Abbâsî halifeleriyle iş birliği yapmaları serbest düşünceyi doğurmuştur. Renan’a göre bu ikinci devir 1275’te her türlü bilim ve felsefeye karşı olan Türkler’in yönetimi ele geçirmesiyle son bulmuş, bundan sonra İslâm ülkeleri hazin bir zihnî çöküş dönemine girmiştir. Renan’ın İslâm felsefesiyle ilgili görüşlerini onun Averroès et l’averroïsme adlı eserinde daha iyi görmek mümkündür. Arap felsefesi denilen felsefe ne Araplar’ın ne de müslümanlarındır. Esasen Kindî dışındaki filozoflar da Arap değildir. Her ne kadar Arapça yazmışlarsa da sistemlerinin içeriği tamamen Yunan felsefesidir. Ona göre İslâm mâneviyatla maddiyatın ayrılmaz birliğidir, dogmanın sultası insanlığın hiçbir zaman taşıyamadığı en ağır yüktür.
Genel olarak Ernest Renan’ın dinlerle ilgili yoğun tartışma konusu olan düşünceleri onun filoloji alanındaki çalışmalarını bir ölçüde ikinci planda bırakmıştır. Halbuki bu alan kendisinin ilim hayatında çok önemli bir yer tutar. Ona göre filoloji insanın zihinsel üretimlerinin bilimidir, dolayısıyla modern insanın vazgeçilmez bir parçasıdır. Cisimler için fizik ve kimya ne kadar önemli ise insanlık için de filoloji o kadar önemlidir. Doğu’da kutsal metinleri anlamanın tek yolu eski Doğu dillerini öğrenmekten geçtiği için filolojiye özel bir yer veren Renan’a göre genellikle bu dinlerin ilk eserleri kutsal kitaplar olduğundan Doğu milletlerinin millet olma hüviyeti de bu kitaplara bağlılığı ile orantılıdır. Ayrıca bu milletler yazı yazmaya ilk defa mukaddes kitaplarıyla başlamışlardır. Renan, Sâmî dillerin fonetik bakımından Hint-Avrupa dillerinden üstün olduğunu düşünür, çünkü hece kavramını en iyi bu diller ortaya koymuştur. Buna rağmen bu diller iki sorunu çözememiştir: Zaman sorunu ve yazıda sesli harf sorunu. Bunun sebebi her dilin kendi dil bilgisi kuralları içinde hapsolup kalmasıdır. Bu yüzden Sâmî diller geçmişi iyi ifade edebildikleri halde geleceği ifade etmekte zorluklarla karşılaşır. Diğer bir anlatımla bu diller âdeta ölü dillerdir. Böylece yazı dili ve konuşma dili olmak üzere eski ile yeniyi bir arada kullanmak mecburiyeti hâsıl olmuştur. Sâmî dillerde üç dönem vardır: Îsâ’dan önce VI. yüzyıla kadar kullanılan İbrânîce dönemi, Sâmî dillerin Ortaçağ’ı sayılan ve İslâm dininin doğuşuna kadar uzanan Ârâmîce dönemi, VII. yüzyıldan itibaren Arapça dönemi. Renan, İbrânîce’yi kolay ve âhenkli bulur, ancak düşünceleri ifade etmek için yeteri kadar esnek olmadığını söyler. Çok iyi bilmediğini itiraf ettiği Arapça’nın diğer Sâmî dillerin bir özeti olup gramer, hukuk, ilâhiyat, felsefe, tarih, fizik ve matematik gibi soyut kavram ve düşünceleri ifadede kelime ve dil bilgisi zenginliği taşıdığını, bunun için Yunanca ve Latince ile beraber bir evren dili sayılması gerektiğini belirtir.
Renan, İslâm öncesi Arap edebiyatı konusunda birçok makale yazmıştır. Bilhassa Muʿallaḳāt ile ilgili yazılarında Lamartine’in de etkisiyle Arap şiirinin İslâm öncesi hayatı anlatma başarısını hayranlıkla dile getirir. Medeniyet tarihinde Muʿallaḳāt’ta ve özellikle Antere’nin şiirlerinde olduğu kadar hassas, sevimli ve canlı bir tabloya rastlanamayacağını söyler. “Sonsuz hürriyet, mutlak kanun ve iktidar yokluğu, şerefi zirveye çıkaran duygu, göçebe ve şövalyelere mahsus bir hayat, neşe, zevk, keskin zekâ, dinden uzak olma, aşkta zarafet” gibi sıfatları bu şiir için kullanır. Ancak bu şiirlerin İslâm öncesine ait olup olmadığı ve günümüze kadar gelişleriyle ilgili silsile hususunda Renan tam bir şüphe içindedir. Ona göre muhtemelen bu şiirler ezbere biliniyordu ve III. (IX.) asırda toplanmıştı. Bir başka husus da onların ilk söylendikleri Arap lehçesinin özelliklerini ne ölçüde taşıdıklarıyla alâkalıdır. Kur’an’ın gelişine kadar Arap yarımadasında edebî dil birliği olmadığına göre bu şiirlerin bir taraftan dil birliği göstermesi, diğer taraftan Arabistan’da İslâm öncesi dinî inanışlara yer vermemesi şaşılacak bir şeydir. Renan’ın bu yöntemini takip eden Tâhâ Hüseyin de Fi’ş-Şiʿri’l-câhilî adlı kitabında aynı sonuca varmıştır. Renan’ın tezi bu konuda çalışma yapan araştırmacılar arasında hâlâ tartışılmaktadır.
Eserleri. L’Avenir de la science: Pensées de 1848 (Paris 1890, 1925, 1996); Averroès et l’averroïsme: Essai historique (Paris 1852, 1861, 1882; Frankfurt 1985); Cahiers de jeunesse (1845-1846) (Paris 1906); Dialogues et fragments philosophiques (Paris 1876); De l’origine du langage (Paris 1858); L’Islamisme et la science (Paris 1883); Discours et conferences (Paris 1887); Histoire générale et système comparé des langues sémitiques (Paris 1855, 1863, 1919, 1928); Prière sur l’Acropole (Paris 1899); Lettres familièries (1851-1871) (Paris 1947); Lettres intimes (1842-1845) (ed. Nelson, Paris 1896); “Mahomet et les origines de l’Islamisme”, Revue des deux mondes (Paris 15 Aralık 1851, s. 1063-1102); Mission de Phenicie (1865-1874) (Paris 1864); Histoire des origines du Christianisme (I-VIII, Paris 1863-1881); Histoire du peuple d’lsraël (I-V, Paris 1887-1893); Drames philosophiques (Paris 1888); Souvenirs d’enfance et de jeunesse (Paris 1883, 1892). Aynı zamanda epigrafi uzmanı olan Renan, 1867’de yayımlanmaya başlanan Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (Sâmî yazıtları derlemesi) adlı derginin çıkarılmasına öncülük etmiştir. Türkiye’de Renan’ın bir kısım eserleri Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı tarafından neşredilmiştir (Nutuklar ve Konferanslar, Ankara 1946; Havariler, İstanbul 1948; Bilimin Geleceği, I-II, Ankara 1965).
İslâm Dünyasında Renan’a Karşı Tepkiler. Ernest Renan’ın Araplar ve İslâm hakkındaki düşünceleri Sorbonne’da verdiği 29 Mart 1883 tarihli konferansından çok önce çeşitli kitaplarında yayımlanmıştır. Ancak müslümanların bu kitapları görmediği anlaşılmaktadır. Renan’a karşı ilk tepki Fransa’da o sırada çıkan el-Baṣîr adlı Arapça gazetede meçhul bir yazardan gelmiştir (26 Nisan 1883). Cemâleddîn-i Efgānî de içeriğinin kendisine ait olup olmadığı hususunda kuşku bulunan bir yazı ile Renan’ın iddialarına cevap vermiştir. Ancak Renan’ın konferansını yayımlayan Journal des debáts’nın 18 Mayıs 1883 tarihli sayısında çıkan bu yazıda Renan’ın iddialarına haklılık verir nitelikte ifadelerin yer alması bir yandan Efgānî’nin küfürle itham edilmesine kadar varan suçlamalara yol açmış, öte yandan Muhammed Hamîdullah ile Efgānî’nin bazı takipçileri yazıdaki olumsuz ifadelerin Efgānî’nin Arapça olarak yazdığı asıl cevapta bulunmadığını, Fransızca’ya çevirenin yazıda tahrifler yaptığını ileri sürmüştür. Nitekim Efgānî, konuyu önce İngilizler’in işgal ettiği yerlerdeki haşin davranışlarına karşılık Fransızlar’ın İslâm ülkelerindeki sempatik hareketlerinin etkisinde ele almıştır. O sırada Paris’te bulunan Efgānî misafir edildiği ülkenin, müslümanları açıkça küçük düşüren kendi ifadesiyle “zamanımızın büyük filozofu”nun “mükemmel konferansı”nı teyit eder bir yazı yazmıştır. Burada, İslâm’ın gelişiyle daha önce cehalet içinde yaşayan Araplar’ın kısa zamanda nasıl zihinsel ve bilimsel bir gelişmeye ulaştıklarını, terkedilmiş medeniyeti nasıl ileriye götürdüklerini ispat etmeye çalışır. Fransızlar, İngilizler ve Almanlar, Roma ve Bizans’tan uzakta yaşamadıkları halde Araplar’ın yaptıklarını yapamamışlar, yani Yunan felsefesini alıp geliştirememişlerdir. Araplar’dan filozof çıkmadığı eleştirisine gelince Efgānî’ye göre bu anlamsız bir iddiadır, zira önemli olan dildir ve bu filozofların dili Arapça’dır. Cemâleddîn-i Efgānî’nin Renan’a yaptığı iltifatlara Renan da aynı şekilde karşılık verirken Efgānî’nin neden bu derece açık görüşlü olduğunu yine ırk teorisine bağlar. Dinlerin ırklara göre şekillendiği yönündeki fikrinde ısrar eden Renan’a göre Asya’da Japonlar dışında millet kurma yeteneğine sahip tek toplum Afganlar’dır. Efgānî’nin öğrencisi Muhammed Abduh bu görüşlerinden dolayı hocasına cevap vermiştir. Efgānî’nin Fransızca çevirisi yayımlanan mektubun Arapça aslı ancak 1986’da basılabilmiştir. Ayrıca Muhammed Abduh’un el-İslâm ve’n-naṣrâniyye maʿa’l-ʿilm ve’l-medeniyye adlı kitabı Renan’a cevap vermek ve Efgānî’nin verdiği cevapları açıklamak için yazılmıştır.
Nâmık Kemal’in Renan Müdafaanâmesi 1883’te yazılmış olup ilk defa 1908’de basılan elli altı sayfalık bir risâledir. Nâmık Kemal’in Midilli’de hapiste iken kaleme aldığı eser tartışmalara yeni bir katkı sayılmasa da Renan’ın İslâm dünyasında gördüğü en ateşli reddiye olması bakımından ilginçtir. Daha çok polemik tarzında yazılan Renan Müdafaanâmesi’nde Renan cehaletle suçlanmakta, İslâm bilim ve felsefe tarihindeki en büyük düşünürlerin Arap olduğu ileri sürülmekte, buna karşılık Renan’ın asıl çelişkiye düştüğü noktalar ihmal edilmektedir. Esasen yazarın kendisi de bu metni zayıf gördüğü veya tamamlamaya vakit bulamadığı için yayımlamamıştır. İbnü’r-Reşâd Ali Ferruh, Teşhîr-i Efâżıl adlı kitabında (1306) Renan’a cevap vermiştir. Ancak bu çalışma ilmî ve fikrî bakımdan bir değer taşımaz. Arap ve İslâm dünyasında Renan’ın düşüncelerinin tartışılmasına XX. yüzyılda devam edilmiştir. Suriye’de Ferah Antûn onun izleyicilerinden biridir. Renan’a büyük güveni olduğunu söyleyen, Îsâ’nın Hayatı’nı Arapça’ya çeviren Antûn, Muhammed Abduh’un arkadaşı olmasına rağmen Renan’a ilgisi sebebiyle onun tepkisini çekmiştir. Laikliği hararetle savunan Antûn, Renan’ın bilimle din ilişkisi bağlamında uygulanmasını istediği laikliği siyasî ve dinî alana kaydırmış, böylece müslümanlarla hıristiyanları yakınlaştırmak istemiştir. Daha sonra Renan’ın düşünceleriyle ilgili olarak Abdurrahman el-Kevâkibî ile Reşîd Rızâ da uzun tartışmalara girişmişlerdir. Bilimsel veya polemik mahiyette olsa da Renan’ın dinler tarihinde açmış olduğu çığır her bakımdan önemli olduğu gibi Renan şarkiyatçılar arasında İslâm dünyasıyla ilgili düşüncelerini bu derece açık söyleyen ilk aydınlardan biridir. Güncelliği devam eden Renan’ın fikirleri üzerinde Türkiye’de ve Arap dünyasında henüz yeterli çalışma yapılmamıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Ernest Renan, Discours et conferences, Paris 1887, s. 2-3; a.mlf., Lettres familières: 1851-1871, Paris 1947, s. 167; a.mlf., Correspondance générale, Paris 1995, s. 868-869; Francis Bazouge, Ernest Renan d’après les documents inédits, Paris 1889; J. Boulenger, Renan et ses critiques, Paris 1925; H. Psichari, Renan d’après lui-même, Paris 1937; M. H. Jaspar, Le génie libérale de la France: Essai sur Renan, New York 1942; A. Cresson, Ernest Renan: Sa vie, son oeuvre, avec un exposé de sa philosophie , Paris 1949; H. W. Wardman, Ernest Renan: A Critical Biography , London 1964; E. Kedourie, Afghani and Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam, London 1966; Edward W. Said, L’Orientalisme: L’Orient créé par l’Occident (trc. C. Malamoud), Paris 1980, s. 19-20; a.mlf., “Islam, the Philological Vocation and French Culture: Renan and Massignon”, Islamic Studies: A Tradition and Its Problems (ed. Malcolm H. Kerr), Malibu-California 1980, s. 53-72; Philippe Barret, Ernest Renan: Tout est possible, même Dieu! , Paris 1992.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 568-571 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.