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RESÂİLÜ İHVÂNİ’s-SAFÂ Skip to content IV. (X.) yüzyılda İhvân-ı Safâ tarafından yazılan ansiklopedik eser.
Basra ve civarında kardeşlik, yardımlaşma ve dayanışma sloganlarıyla bir araya gelen İhvân-ı Safâ’nın kaleme aldığı Resâʾilü İḫvâni’ṣ-Ṣafâ ve ḫullâni’l-vefâʾ, döneminin bilim ve felsefe anlayışını halkın seviyesine indirerek yansıtması bakımından önemlidir. Dinî, ahlâkî, ilmî ve felsefî misyonları yanında siyasî hedefleri de olduğundan İhvân-ı Safâ kovuşturma endişesiyle isimlerini açıklamamış, faaliyetlerini gizli yürütmüş, yazdığı risâleler aracılığıyla ve ancak topluluğa üye olanların katıldığı toplantılarla (er-Resâʾil, IV, 41, 186, 188) hedeflerini gerçekleştirmeye çalışmıştır. Dolayısıyla risâlelerin yazarlarının kimler olduğu konusunda eserde herhangi bir isim verilmemektedir. Klasik kaynaklarda risâlelerin yazarları olarak Zeyd b. Rifâa, Ebû Süleyman Muhammed b. Ma‘şer el-Büstî el-Makdisî (el-Mukaddesî), Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Hârûn ez-Zencânî, Ebû Ahmed Muhammed el-Mihricânî ve Avfî’nin isimleri zikredilmektedir (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 384; Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî, s. 45-46; Ali b. Zeyd el-Beyhakī, s. 35-36). Son ismi Beyhakī ile İbnü’n-Nedîm Avkī şeklinde kaydetmektedir. Zeyd b. Rifâa ile Avfî dışındaki üç ismi Şehrezûrî, Ebû Süleyman Muhammed b. Mus’ir el-Büstî el-Mukaddesî, Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Zehrûn er-Reyhânî ve Ebû Ahmed en-Nehrecûrî şeklinde belirtmektedir (Târîḫu’l-ḥükemâʾ, II, 20). Şehrezûrî ve Beyhakī’nin ifadelerinden risâleleri yazanın Makdisî olduğu, diğerlerinin görevinin yazım için bilgi toplamak, risâleleri istinsah edip çeşitli bölgelere ulaştırmak, belirli zamanlarda sırlarını (faaliyetlerini) konuşmak ve bilimsel problemleri tartışmak üzere yapılan toplantıları (er-Resâʾil, IV, 41, 186-188) düzenlemek olduğu söylenebilir. Ancak bu beş kişinin geniş kültürlü birer âlim olduğu ve Resâʾil’in dinden kozmolojiye, psikolojiden metafiziğe, astronomiden matematiğe kadar çeşitli ilimleri kapsayan ansiklopedik bir mahiyet arzettiği düşünülürse risâlelerin, konusunda uzman kişiler tarafından yazıldığı tezi (Ahmed Emîn, II, 148-149) kabul edilebilir. Buna göre uzmanları tarafından hazırlanan risâlelere son şeklini Makdisî vermiştir. Nitekim külliyata bir bütün olarak bakıldığında herhangi bir üslûp farkı dikkati çekmemektedir. Risâlelerin müellifleri konusunda iki makale yazan S. M. Stern de Tevhîdî’nin verdiği beş isim üzerinde durmuştur. Müellif olarak Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Mecrîtî’nin de adı geçmesine rağmen (M. Ferîd Hicâb, s. 66-67) bu kolay temellendirilebilecek bir kanaat olarak görünmemektedir. Zira Mecrîtî’nin risâleleri İhvân-ı Safâ’nınkine göre çok kısadır. Risâlelerin sayısı hakkında Resâʾil’de farklı iki rakam verilmesine rağmen (I, 282; III, 538; IV, 64, 186, 250, 282 ve 284’te bu sayı 51; I, 21, 43 ve 77’de 52 risâle) Bombay, Kahire ve Beyrut neşirlerinde elli iki risâle yer almaktadır. Bu farklılığın, eserin başında yer alan ve risâlelerin içeriğini gösteren uzun fihristin bazan sayıya dahil edilmesi, bazan da dışarıda bırakılmasından kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır.
İhvân-ı Safâ’nın risâlelerdeki bâtınî te’vil ve yorumları ile zaman zaman Ehl-i beyt’in üstünlüğünü vurgulaması, kendi grupları hakkında “şîa, ehlü şîatinâ” gibi ifadelere yer vermesi (er-Resâʾil, IV, 145-148) onların Şiîliği konusundaki kanaatleri destekler mahiyettedir. Bazı araştırmacılar ve özellikle İsmâilî müellifler bu kanaati daha da ileri götürmüş, İhvân-ı Safâ risâlelerinin İsmâilî akîde ile özdeş olduğunu söyleyerek onları “Kur’an’dan sonra Kur’an” ve “bilimin Kur’an’ı” diye nitelendirmiştir (Ârif Tâmir, LI [1957], s. 139; İA, V/2, s. 1120). Henry Corbin, İsmâilî geleneğin İmam Ahmed’i risâlelerin yazarı olarak kabul ettiğini belirtir. Bu yaklaşımda kronolojik yönden ortaya çıkan güçlük ise şöyle çözülür: İmam Ahmed döneminden beri bu eserin özü çekirdek halinde mevcuttu, sonraki dönemlerde yapılan genişletmeler neticesinde risâleler ortaya çıkmıştır (Corbin, s. 141). Bununla beraber İhvân-ı Safâ’nın Şiîliği ve İsmâilîliği tartışmalıdır. Eserde bu nisbetin varlığına dair yukarıdaki sözler yanında iddianın aksini savunanlara kanıt olabilecek ifadeler bulmak da mümkündür. İsmâilî yazarların risâlelere sahip çıkması ve onları bu bakışla yorumlaması, sonraki devirlerde risâlelerin İsmâilî gelenek içerisinde algılanmasının önemli sebeplerinden biri olmuştur. Halbuki risâlelerde Şiîlik zaman zaman eleştirilmiş, Şiîler’den bir kısmının bu mezhebin mahiyetini bilmeden onu sadece bir geçim aracı yaptığı, ilim ve Kur’an öğrenmeyi terkettiği, kabir ziyaretine gereğinden fazla önem verdiği belirtilmiştir (IV, 147-148). Daha önemlisi İhvân-ı Safâ, Şiî mezhebinin temel ilkelerinden biri olan “imâm-ı muntazar (mehdî)” anlayışını eleştirir. Beklenen imamın, muhaliflerinden korktuğu için gizlendiğine inanan kimsenin inancı “bozuk itikadlar” arasında zikredilir (IV, 148). Bundan dolayı İhvân-ı Safâ risâlelerinin koyu Şiî-İsmâilî bir mahiyet arzettiğini söylemek güç olduğu gibi bu grubun Şiîlik’le ilişkisi bulunmadığını ve Şiîlik’ten etkilenmediğini ileri sürmek de mümkün görünmemektedir (Netton, Jerusalem Studies, II [1980], s. 262).
Risâleler matematik, mantık, coğrafya, astronomi, felsefe, din ve ahlâk yanında mitoloji, sihir, tılsım gibi sözde bilimlere de yer verdiği ve X. yüzyıl İslâm düşüncesinin düzeyini ansiklopedik bir yaklaşımla aksettirdiği için Resâʾil yazarları bazı modern araştırmacılarca “İslâm ansiklopedistleri” olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Ayrıca risâleler seçmeci bir yapı arzetmektedir. Dinî, felsefî her türlü bilgi, kaynağı ne olursa olsun ön yargısız olarak derlenmiştir. Matematik ve geometride Pisagor ve Öklid’in, coğrafyada Batlamyus’un, felsefede Sokrat, Eflâtun ve Aristo’nun, özellikle de Yeni Eflâtunculuğun etkisi dikkati çekmektedir. Kur’an yanında diğer kutsal kitaplar da referans kaynağıdır. Kaynaklarının bu kadar geniş olması risâlelerdeki seçmeci yapının boyutları hakkında fikir vermektedir. Risâlelerde bilgilerin dört kaynaktan alındığı ifade edilir. a) Bilge ve filozoflar tarafından yazılmış matematik ve doğa bilimlerine dair kitaplar. b) Tevrat, İncil ve Kur’an yanında peygamberlere indirilen sahifeler. c) Yıldızların hareketi, burçların kısımları ve mevcut varlıkların şekilleriyle maden, bitki ve hayvanlardan bahseden astronomi, jeoloji ve botaniğe ilişkin tabiî eserler. d) Bütün âleme nüfuz etmiş olan nefsin cevheri ve bölümleriyle nesneler dünyasındaki etki ve tasarrufundan bahseden metafiziğe dair eserler (er-Resâʾil, IV, 42).
İhvân-ı Safâ ilimleri riyâzî, dinî ve felsefî ilimler şeklinde tasnif eder. Riyâzî ilimler pratik yararı gözetilerek geçim temini ve dünya hayatını düzenlemek için, dinî ilimler gönüllerin tedavisi ve âhiret yurdunun kazanılması amacıyla vazedilmiştir (I, 266-267). Felsefî ilimleri tasnifte ise İhvân-ı Safâ basitten mürekkebe doğru gitmekte, matematik ve mantıktan sonra tabiat bilimleri ve metafizik konularına tedrîcî bir geçiş yapmaktadır. Teorik planda böyle bir ilim anlayışı ortaya konurken pratikte risâleler bu anlayışa uygun biçimde dört bölümden oluşur: Riyâzî-ta‘lîmî ilimler (on dört risâle), tabiat ilimleri (on yedi risâle), psikolojik ve aklî ilimler (on risâle), din ve ilâhiyat ilimleri (on bir risâle).
Âlemde mevcut bütün varlıkların bilgisini elde etmeyi amaçlayan İhvân-ı Safâ, Pisagorcu-Eflâtuncu felsefe eğitimi anlayışına uygun biçimde bilgi araştırmasına matematikle başlar. Çünkü İhvân-ı Safâ matematiğin kişiyi tevhid bilgisine ve yaratanı ikrara götürdüğü kanaatindedir. İhvân-ı Safâ’nın ele aldığı bütün ilimlerle okuyucuyu ahlâkî olgunluğa ulaştırma gibi pratik bir gaye güttüğü risâleler boyunca dikkati çeker. Esasen bu topluluğun ahlâkî bir kaygıyla oluştuğu, risâlelerin de aynı amaçla yazıldığı eserde ifade edilir (meselâ bk. I, 47; III, 78; IV, 22-23).
Ay altı âlemindeki doğal cisimlerin oluş ve bozuluşu, bu cisimlerin yapılarının farklılığı, birbirine dönüşümü, gök cisimlerinin oluş ve bozuluştaki etkisi gibi konuların incelendiği “Oluş ve Bozuluş” risâlesinde İhvân-ı Safâ cenneti cisimsel olmayan, değişimin, oluş ve bozuluşun bulunmadığı, salt huzur, mutluluk ve lezzetten ibaret bir hayatın yer aldığı ruhlar âlemi; cehennemi ise bunun aksine sürekli oluş ve bozuluşun, her türlü değişim ve dönüşümün hâkim olduğu cisimler âlemi diye tanımlar (II, 60; III, 397). Psikolojik-aklî bilimlerden meydana gelen üçüncü bölümde Pisagorcu ve Yeni Eflâtuncu yaklaşımla âlemin Tanrı’dan sudûr ettiği, Tanrı’nın yarattığı ilk şeyin akıl (küllî akıl) olduğu, ondan nefsin (küllî nefis) doğduğu fikri benimsenir (III, 181-182). Bu bölümde beşinci risâle gök kürelerine, altıncı risâle aşk konusuna ayrılmıştır. Öldükten sonra dirilmeye (ba‘s) ve kıyamete tahsis edilen yedinci risâlede ba‘s ve kıyam ruhların gaflet ve cehalet uykusundan uyanıp mârifet ruhuyla hayat bulması, tabii cisimler âleminin karanlığından çıkıp tabiatın esaretinden ve madde denizinden kurtulması, ruhlar âleminin üstün derecelerine yükselerek nûrânî âlemine geri dönmesi şeklinde yorumlanır. Dokuzuncu risâlede sebepler ve sebepliler üzerinde durulur. Onuncu risâle dinî, felsefî, ahlâkî ve bilimsel bazı kavramların tanımlarına ayrılmıştır. Burada tanımları yapılan kavramlar X. yüzyıl İslâm dünyasının felsefe ve bilim düzeyine ışık tutması bakımından önemlidir.
Risâlelerin dinî ilimlere yer verilen dördüncü bölümünde insanların düşünce ve mezhep farklılıklarının bedenî ve ahlâkî yapılarındaki farklılık gibi normal karşılanması gerektiği vurgulanır. Anlayış farklılığı algılama farklılığına dayanır. İnsanların duyusal ve zihinsel algılama yetenekleri farklı olunca anlayışları da farklı olacaktır. İhvân-ı Safâ burada duyu, hayal ve müfekkire güçlerini ele alır (III, 401 vd.), âlemin yaratılmışlığı düşüncesini en sağlam itikad diye zikreder (III, 452). İnsanın beden ve ruhtan ibaret olması gibi dinin de zâhir ve bâtından meydana geldiğini, ibadetlerin dinin zâhirini, düşünce ve inançların ise bâtınını meydana getirdiğini, aslolanın da bu sonuncusu olduğunu ifade eder (III, 486). İhvân-ı Safâ “halku’l-Kur’ân”ı reddeder (III, 517). Tanrı hakkında doğru bilgiye ulaşmak ve O’na yakın olmak için risâlelerde iki ön şart belirlenir: Ruh temizliği ve davranış düzgünlüğü. Ahlâkı güzelleştirmenin önemi risâlelerde farklı bağlamlarda tekrar tekrar vurgulanır (IV, 6, 8 vd.). Bu bölümün üçüncü ve dördüncü risâlelerinde İhvân-ı Safâ kendi grubunun inanç dünyasını ve hayat tarzını açıklar; sevgi, dostluk, kardeşlik, yardımlaşma, dayanışma ve sadakati ilke edindiğini belirtir. İmanın mahiyeti ve gerçek müminin özellikleri üzerinde durur (IV, 67 vd.). Nübüvvetin şartları ve nitelikleri belirtildikten sonra yöneticinin sahip olması gereken on iki özelliği zikredilir. Bu özellikler Fârâbî’nin ilk başkana yüklediği niteliklerin aynıdır (IV, 129-130 vd.). “Allah’a davetin niteliği” başlıklı risâlede erdemli şehir halkının özellikleri ve dereceleriyle (IV, 171-173) İhvân-ı Safâ’yı bir araya getiren ilkeler (IV, 195), “Rûhânî varlıkların halleri” risâlesinde ise duyularla idrak edilemeyen melek, cin ve şeytan gibi rûhânî varlıkların ay üstü ve ay altı âlemdeki etkileri üzerinde durulur (sekizinci risâle). Bu bölümün dokuzuncu risâlesi siyaset konusuna ayrılmıştır. Onuncu risâlede âlemin düzeni ve dört varlık tabakası ile (madenler, bitkiler, hayvan ve insan) bu tabakalar arasındaki ilişki ve yakınlık söz konusu edilir. Burada dile getirdiği düşüncelerinden dolayı İhvân-ı Safâ, Friedrich Dieterici tarafından “X. yüzyılın Darvinciler’i” olarak nitelenmesine rağmen onların bu düşünceleri Darvinci anlamdaki evrimden oldukça uzaktır. İhvân-ı Safâ’nın anlayışında bir üst tabakaya geçiş kesinlikle söz konusu değildir. Ayrıca tabakalardaki gelişim sürecinin ve tabakalar arasındaki ilişkinin belirleyicisi Allah’tır. On birinci risâlede büyü, fal, göz değmesi vb. konular ele alınır. Resâʾil’de topluluk üyelerini bilgilendirme, dinî ve ahlâkî şuurlarını arttırma amaçlandığı için tekrarlar dikkati çekmektedir. Belli bir konuya ayrılan bir risâlede konu dışı bilgilere de yer verilir. Genel olarak risâlelerin dili sadedir ve basit bir anlatımı vardır.
Yazıldığı dönemde büyük ilgi gören risâleler kısa sürede yayılmış, etkileri İslâm dünyasının her tarafında yüzyıllarca devam etmiştir. Eser, Yeni Eflâtunculuğun ve özellikle Yeni Pisagorculuğun İslâm dünyasında tanınmasında önemli rol oynamıştır. Yazıldığı yüzyılda Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Mecrîtî tarafından Endülüs’e taşınmış (İbnü’l-Kıftî, s. 58-59) ve Ortaçağ Latin skolastisizmi üzerinde büyük etkileri olan İspanya filozoflarının yetişmesinde payı olmuştur (O’Leary, s. 89). Sonraki yüzyıllarda defalarca istinsah edilmesi ve birçok yazma nüshasının ortaya çıkması eserin gördüğü ilginin açık kanıtıdır.
Risâlelerin İbn Sînâ’nın da ilgisini çektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Beyhakī, İbn Sînâ’nın babasının bu eseri elinden düşürmediğini, İbn Sînâ’nın da zaman zaman eseri incelediğini kaydeder (Târîḫu ḥükemâʾi’l-İslâm, s. 52-53). Fakat İbn Sînâ kendisinin İsmâilî propagandacıların felsefî telkinlerine kapalı olduğunu belirtmiştir (İbn Ebû Usaybia, s. 438). Özellikle Bâtınîler ve İsmâilîler için önemli bir kaynak olan eser en fazla onlar tarafından sahiplenilmiştir. Risâlelerin İbn Sînâ’nın eserleriyle beraber 1150 yılında Bağdat’ta yakılmış olması etkilerini azaltmamıştır. Gazzâlî’nin de risâleleri tanıdığı anlaşılmaktadır. Zira el-Münḳıẕ’da İhvân-ı Safâ’nın felsefî tavrını eleştirmekte, Ta‘lîmiyye mezhebinin Pisagor’a ait bozuk felsefeden etkilendiğini, Resâʾil’de de bu felsefenin anlatıldığını ifade etmektedir. İbn Hazm, yıldızların bu âleme etkisi konusundaki düşüncelerinden dolayı İhvân-ı Safâ’yı şirk ile itham etmiştir (Yahyâ Hüveydî, I, 259). Risâleler sonraki dönemlerde yazılan ansiklopedik eserler üzerinde etkili olmuş, bilhassa ahlâk görüşleri, sembolik yorumları, matematiksel yaklaşımları ve evrim düşünceleri ilgi görmüştür.
Resâʾil’in dört cilt halinde Bombay (1888), Kahire (1928) ve Beyrut (1957) neşirleri yapılmış, ayrıca Ârif Tâmir beş ciltlik bir yayımını gerçekleştirmiştir (Beyrut 1995). İhvân-ı Safâ, üyelerinin risâlelerin tamamına ulaşmasındaki güçlüğü göz önünde bulundurarak er-Risâletü’l-câmiʿa adıyla ayrı bir risâle yazıldığını, bunun diğer risâlelerin özeti niteliğinde olduğunu, ancak risâlelerin okunmasından sonra bu özet risâleyi okumanın daha doğru olacağını ifade eder (IV, 250). Elli iki risâlenin dışında tutulduğu anlaşılan bu risâle, er-Risâletü’l-câmiʿa tâcü Resâʾili İḫvâni’ṣ-Ṣafâʾ ve ḫullâni’l-vefâʾ adıyla Cemîl Salîbâ (I-II, Dımaşk 1948) ve Mustafa Gālib (Beyrut 1394/1974) tarafından neşredilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İhvân-ı Safâ, er-Resâʾil (nşr. Butrus el-Bustânî), Beyrut 1376-77/1957 → Beyrut, ts., I-IV; a.mlf., er-Risâletü’l-câmiʿa (nşr. Mustafa Gālib), Beyrut 1394/1974; İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist , Kahire 1348, s. 384; Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî, el-Muḳābesât (nşr. Hasan es-Sendûbî), Kahire 1347/1929, s. 45-51; Gazzâlî, el-Münḳıẕ mine’ḍ-ḍalâl (Mecmûʿatü resâʾili’l-İmâm el-Ġazzâlî içinde), Beyrut 1409/1988, VII, 46-47, 54-55; Ali b. Zeyd el-Beyhakī, Târîḫu ḥükemâʾi’l-İslâm (nşr. M. Kürd Ali), Dımaşk 1946, s. 35-37, 52-53; İbnü’l-Kıftî, İḫbârü’l-ʿulemâʾ, s. 58-59; İbn Ebû Usaybia, ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ, s. 438; Muhammed b. Mahmûd eş-Şehrezûrî, Târîḫu’l-ḥükemâʾ (nşr. S. Hurşîd Ahmed), Haydarâbâd 1396/1976, II, 20; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, I, 902; Ahmed Emîn, Ẓuhrü’l-İslâm, Kahire 1966, II, 148-149; Yahyâ Hüveydî, Târîḫu felsefeti’l-İslâm fî ḳāreti’l-İfrîḳıyye, Kahire 1966, I, 259; De Lacy O’Leary, İslâm Düşüncesi ve Tarihteki Yeri (trc. Hüseyin Yurdaydın – Yaşar Kutluay), Ankara 1971, s. 89, 105-107; Y. Marquet, La philosophie des Ihwān al-Ṣafā’, Alger 1973; a.mlf., “Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ”, EI2 (İng.), III, 1071-1076; M. Ferîd Hicâb, Felsefetü’s-siyâsiyye ʿinde İḫvâni’ṣ-Ṣafâʾ, Kahire 1982; I. R. Netton, Muslim Neoplatonists: An Introduction to the Thought of the Brethren of Purity, Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ, Boston-London 1982; a.mlf., “Brotherhood Versus Imāmate: Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ and the Ismāʿīlīs”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, II, Jerusalem 1980, s. 253-262; Mustafa Çağrıcı, İslâm Düşüncesinde Ahlâk, İstanbul 1989, s. 53-72; H. Corbin, İslâm Felsefesi Tarihi (trc. Hüseyin Hatemi), İstanbul 1986, s. 87, 138-141; Enver Uysal, İhvân-ı Safa Felsefesinde Tanrı ve Alem, İstanbul 1998; a.mlf., İhvan-ı Safâ’nın X. Yüzyıl İslâm Dünyasının Felsefe ve Bilim Düzeyine Işık Tutan Bir Sözlük Denemesi”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, VI/2, Sivas 2002, s. 93-106; S. M. Stern, “The Authorship of the Epistles of the Ikhwān aṣ-Ṣafāʾ”, IC, XX (1946), s. 367-372; a.mlf., “New Information About the Authors of the Epistles of the Sincere Brethren”, IS, III/4 (1964), s. 405-428; Ârif Tâmir, “Ḥaḳīḳatü İḫvâni’ṣ-Ṣafâʾ”, el-Meşriḳ, LI, Beyrut 1957, s. 139; Bernard Lewis, “İsmailîler”, İA, V/2, s. 1120.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 576-579 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.