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REŞİD MEHMED PAŞA Skip to content (ö. 1836)
Osmanlı sadrazamı.
Gürcü veya Çerkez asıllı olup “Deli” Hakkı Paşa’nın divan kâtibi Hacı Mustafa Efendi’nin kölesi iken Koca Hüsrev Paşa’ya satılmış ve onun dairesinde yetişmiştir. Kaptanıderyâ Koca Hüsrev Paşa, Tekelioğlu İbrâhim Bey’i yakalamakla görevlendirildiğinde beraberinde gitti (1814). Daha sonra Çarhacı Ali Paşa’nın maiyetinde çalıştı ve yararlık gösterdiğinden mîrimîrân rütbesini aldı. Karahisarısâhib sancağının ardından Menteşe sancağı mutasarrıflığı ile Tulçı muhafızlığına tayin edildi. Kütahya Valisi Bekir Paşa’nın Mora’ya gönderilmesi üzerine vali kaymakamı olarak ona vekâlet etti. 1821’de Tepedelenlizâde Veli ve oğlu Mehmed paşaların idamı için görevlendirildi ve aynı yılın Ağustosunda mükâfat olarak vezirlik rütbesiyle Konya (Karaman) valisi oldu. Daha sonra Rum isyanının bastırılması için sürdürülen askerî harekâta katılmak için Mora’ya gönderildi. Burada iken Narda üzerine sevkedildi ve Karaman valiliğine Akşehir ve Aksaray sancakları mutasarrıflığı da eklendi (Sahaflar Şeyhizâde Esad Efendi, s. 53, 64). Ardından Delvine’de âsi Rumlar’ın te’dibiyle görevlendirildi ve Atina’nın muhafazasına çalıştı. Mart 1823’te Tırhala sancağı tevcih edildi. Koloz körfezinde Bülbülce’de isyan eden Rumlar’a karşı gönderildi ve başarı kazandı. Serasker Ebûlebud Mehmed Paşa ile rekabete girdiği ve zıtlaştığı iddiasıyla seraskerin ricası üzerine Tırhala’dan azledildi (a.g.e., s. 268). Fakat az sonra Vidin valiliğine getirildi (Ekim 1823) ve buraya uğramadan Kasım 1824’te Rumeli ve Yanya valisi olarak Rumeli seraskeri oldu (a.g.e., s. 752). Arnavutluk’ta asayişin sağlanması ve bölgenin ıslahıyla uğraştı.
Mayıs 1825’te Mesleng’e (Mesolóngion) yürüdü ve burada Mısırlı İbrâhim Paşa ile beraber çalıştı (a.g.e., s. 401 vd.). Mesleng’i kara tarafından kuşattı (Ağustos 1825). Yaralanmasına rağmen buranın alınmasında etkin rol oynadı (a.g.e., s. 548). Navarin baskınından (20 Ekim 1827) sonra bir müddet Manastır’da oturdu ve Rumeli eyaleti ıslahatıyla meşgul olmasına izin verilmesini istedi (Lutfî, I, 84). İsteği yerine getirilince özellikle Arnavutluk’ta asayişin sağlanması ve yeni asker tanzimi ve temininde hizmet etti (1828). Rus savaşı sebebiyle gerekli askerî tedbirleri almaya çalışan ve karargâhını Aydos’tan Şumnu’ya nakleden Sadrazam İzzet Mehmed Paşa’nın Varna’daki başarısızlığı sebebiyle azli üzerine Rum âsileri karşısında başarıyla mücadele etmiş olmasından dolayı sadârete getirilerek âcilen Şumnu’ya gelmesi emredildi (28 Ocak 1829). Arnavutluk’taki icraatının aynen devamına ve gerekli asker tedarikine kolaylık olmak üzere Rumeli valiliği de üzerinde bırakıldı.
Sadâret döneminin en kritik iki savaşından birini yapmak üzere harekete geçen Reşid Mehmed Paşa 45.000 seçkin askeri Şumnu’da topladı. Rus tarafından ise yanında az sayıda topçu birlikleri olduğu halde General Roth, Silistre önlerindeki esas ordu ile çevredeki garnizonların irtibatını sağlamak ve bu suretle Rus filosunun Varna’ya getireceği malzemelerin esas orduya intikalini temin etmek için Varna ve Pravadi’ye doğru harekete geçmişti. Reşid Mehmed Paşa bu irtibatı önlemeye çalıştı. General Roth’un yaklaşık 3000 kişilik kuvvetine saldırarak on yedi saat süren kanlı bir çarpışma sonunda Ruslar’ı Pravadi’den çekilmeye mecbur etti (25 Mayıs). Bu zaferin ardından Pravadi muhasaraya alındı. Böylece Ruslar’ı zor durumda bırakmış oluyordu. Ancak bunun ardından Rus başkumandanı Dibiç’in kalabalık ordusu karşısında büyük gayretine rağmen tutunamadı ve Külefçe Boğazı’nda Rus hücumu karşısında yenildi (Haziran 1829). Bu gelişme Ruslar’ın Balkanlar’ı aşmasını (14-17 Temmuz) ve Edirne’ye kadar gelmelerini kolaylaştırdı (Rosen, I, 80-87).
Sadrazam Reşid Paşa, Edirne barışının (14 Eylül 1829) ardından ilk defa İstanbul’a geldi ve on gün kaldıktan sonra 12 Haziran 1830’da tekrar Edirne’ye döndü. Yanya, Manastır, Arnavutluk taraflarının ıslahı ve peyderpey nizâmiye taburları yetiştirme isteği üzerine Ohri ile Elbasan ve Dukakin sancakları da kendisine tevcih edildi. Oğlu Emin Paşa da Arnavutluk’un Gegalık cihetinin ıslahı ile görevlendirildi (Lutfî, III, 669). Rumeli valisi ve sadrazam olarak âyanın varlığına karşı idi. Bu bakımdan öncelikle İşkodralı Mustafa Paşa’nın nizâmiye askeri teşkiliyle ilgili muhalefetini bertaraf etmek ve isyanını bastırmak üzere harekete geçip Pirlepe yakınlarındaki dağlık Babuna bölgesinde onu hezimete uğrattı (21 Nisan 1831). Daha sonra Bosna’daki huzursuzluğun ortadan kaldırılmasına çalıştı. Temmuz 1831’de Priştine civarındaki muharebelerde Boşnaklar sadrazam karşısında başarı kazandılar. Bu başarı Gradaçaçlı Kaptan Hüseyin önderliğindeki ayaklanmaya güç kazandırdı. Sadrazam bu isyanı denetim altında tutmak istiyor, Hüseyin Kaptan ise Bosna valiliğine getirilmeyi arzu ediyordu. Bosna’daki ayaklanmalar nihayet askerî harekâtla bastırıldı ve sadrazam merkezî idarenin kurulmasında önemli bir hizmet ifa etmiş oldu. Reşid Mehmed Paşa’nın Rumeli’deki icraatları arasında tevzi defterlerinin denetimi ve ekilebilen arazi (çift) yüzölçümü tahriri yaptırması önemlidir (Ursinus, s. 79, 166-167). Ayrıca Sofya yanında gittikçe daha fazla öne çıkarak Rumeli mülkî idaresinin merkezi olan Manastır kazasında sandık eminlikleri oluşturdu (1833), böylece âyanlara ekonomik yönden önemli bir darbe vurdu. Reşid Mehmed Paşa’nın vergi tahsildarları tayin edip deruhdeciliği ilga etmesi, vergi mültezimlerinin yerine maaşlı vergi tahsildarları koyan Mısır Valisi Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa örneğinden ilham alması şeklinde yorumlanmıştır (a.g.e., s. 187).
Bosna meselesini başarıyla halleden Reşid Paşa, Ağa Hüseyin Paşa’nın başarısızlığı sebebiyle Mısır ordusuna serdar tayin edildi (Temmuz 1832) ve Hüseyin Paşa üzerindeki eyaletler kendisine verildi. Ayrıca Mısır, Cidde, Girit, Halep ve Rakka valilikleri bunlara eklendi. Sadârete tayininden bu yana ikinci defa olarak Eylül 1832’de İstanbul’a geldiğinde “fevkalâde ihtiram ve misli görülmemiş bir iftihar nişanı” ile taltif edildi. İşlerin kendisinin İstanbul’a gelmesiyle düzeleceği ve Mısır kuvvetlerinin İbrâhim Paşa kumandasında ileri harekâtı sebebiyle, Rumeli ve Bosna’da başarılı olan Reşid Paşa’nın bu tehlikeyi bertaraf edeceği beklentisi hâkimdi. Serasker Koca Hüsrev Paşa ise sadrazamın nüfuzunu kırmak için uğraşıyordu (Lutfî, IV, 716-719). Bu arada ordunun hazırlanması işi Mehmed Emin Rauf Paşa’ya verildi. Sadrazamın Rumeli’nin çeşitli vilâyetlerinden topladığı 30.000 kişilik bir ordu ile İstanbul’a gelmesi halkın güven duygularını arttırmıştı. Sadrazam yeni kurulan eğitilmiş topçu birlikleriyle takviye edilmiş olarak yola çıktı (4 Kasım 1832) ve 20 Kasım’da toplam 80.000 askerle İbrâhim Paşa’nın karşısına çıkmak üzere Konya’ya ulaştı. Daha önce Mesleng önünde İbrâhim Paşa ile beraber muhasarayı yönetmiş ve Mısır ordusunun manevra kabiliyetine yakından şahit olmuştu. Mısır ordusunun bu kabiliyetini ve kendi kuvvetlerinin bu konudaki zafiyetini hesaba kattığından bir meydan savaşı yapmak niyetinde değildi. Çevirme harekâtı ve gerilla taktiğiyle onları hırpalamayı ve böylece yenmeyi planlamaktaydı. Ancak Serasker Koca Hüsrev Paşa’nın, kendisine hemen saldırıya geçilmesi için tâlimat verilmesinde etken olması ordunun felâketini hazırladı (Rosen, I, 160-161).
18 Aralık’ta Osmanlı öncüleri Konya’da göründü. Mısır ordusunun sayısı Osmanlı kuvvetlerinden daha azdı. Bu arada nizamî olmayan 5-600 askerden oluşan Arnavut kuvveti İbrâhim Paşa tarafına geçti. Disiplin ve eğitim bakımından daha üstün olduğu açık olan Mısır kuvvetleriyle 21 Aralık 1832’de yapılan meydan savaşında Osmanlı ordusu dağıldı. Sadrazam yaralı olarak esir düştü, sadâret mührü yanında olmadığından İbrâhim Paşa’nın eline geçmedi. Esareti sırasında İbrâhim Paşa’nın yanında yer aldığı, hatta II. Mahmud’un tahttan indirilip yerine oğlu Abdülmecid’in geçirilmesi hususunda İbrâhim Paşa ile anlaştığı yolunda dedikodular çıktı. Fakat böyle bir komplo içinde bulunmayacağı daha sonraki gelişmelerle sabit olmuştur. İki ay kadar sonra İstanbul’a dönmesine izin verilen (Lutfî, IV, 747) Reşid Paşa esareti dolayısıyla 18 Şubat 1833’te sadâretten azledilmiş bulunuyordu.
12 Mart’ta İstanbul’a dönen Reşid Paşa’ya Baltalimanı’ndaki yalısında ikamet etme izni verildi (a.g.e., IV, 747). 3 Kasım 1833’te itibarı iade edilerek muhassıllık yoluyla Sivas eyaletine vali tayin edildi (a.g.e., s. 828). Sivas valiliğine ilâveten 19 Mart 1834’te Diyarbekir ve Rakka valiliği verildi. Bu kesimde bölgenin asayiş ve ıslahına çalıştı. Özellikle Kürt eşkıyasından ele geçirdiği reisleri aileleriyle birlikte Rumeli’ye sürüp iskân ettirdi (a.g.e., V, 867). Ancak Diyarbekir’de sıtma hastalığından öldü (Şâban 1252 / Kasım 1836). Bu sırada altmış yaşında olduğu tahmin edilir (a.g.e., V, 887-891).
Dört yıl yirmi bir gün süren sadâreti yaklaşık elli günü hariç İstanbul dışında geçmiştir. Askerî eğitimi II. Mahmud’un “çılgın bir meşgalesi” olarak görmüş ve tam anlamıyla destek vermemiş, eski tarz savaş taktiklerinde ısrar etmiştir. II. Mahmud da kendisinin bu tutumunu bildiğinden bütün yeteneğine rağmen onu mümkün mertebe merkezden uzak tutmayı tercih etmiştir. Diğer taraftan Koca Hüsrev Paşa’nın bu eski kölesinden hiç hoşlanmadığı belirtilir (Rosen, I, 155-156). Sadâret makamına, özellikle Rumeli’de çözümü kendisine havale edilen askerî ve mülkî işlerin üstesinden gelebilmek amacıyla bu makamın otoritesinin kendisine yardımcı olacağı düşüncesiyle getirilmiş olduğu tahmin edilebilir. Bu durumda İstanbul’da sadâret makamının gerçek otoritesinin bizzat II. Mahmud dışında Serasker Koca Hüsrev Paşa ve Pertev Efendi gibi devlet adamları tarafından kullanılmış olduğu ileri sürülebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Sahaflar Şeyhizâde Esad Efendi, Târih (haz. Ziya Yılmazer), İstanbul 2000, tür.yer.; G. Rosen, Geschichte der Türkei von dem Siege der Reform im Jahre 1826 bis zum Pariser Tractat vom Jahre 1856, Leipzig 1866, I, 80-87, 155-156, 160-161; J. M. Bastelberger, Die Militärischen Reformen unter Mahmud II., Dem Retter des Osmanischen Reiches, Gotha 1874, tür.yer.; Ahmed Rifat, Verdü’l-hadâik, Freiburg 1970, s. 30-34; Cevdet, Târih, X, 148; Lutfî, Târih (haz. Ahmet Hezarfen – Yücel Demirel), İstanbul 1999, I-VIII, tür.yer.; Kâmil Paşa, Târîh-i Siyâsî-i Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye, İstanbul 1327, III, 135-137; Sicill-i Osmânî, II, 391-392; Şinasi Altundağ, Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa İsyanı: Mısır Meselesi 1831-1841, Ankara 1945; Ahmet Cevat Eren, Mahmud II. Zamanında Bosna-Hersek, İstanbul 1965, s. 116-124, 133, 135-136; Danişmend, Kronoloji2 , V, 74; M. Ursinus, Regionale Reformen im Osmanischen Reich am Vorabend der Tanzimat: Reformen der rumelischen Provinzialgouverneure im Gerichtssprengel von Monastir (Bitola) zur Zeit der Herrschaft Sultan Mahmuds II. (1808-39) , Berlin 1982, s. 79, 139, 163-164, 166-167, 187, 213; Kemal Beydilli, II. Mahmud Devrinde Katolik Ermeni Cemâati ve Kilisesi’nin Tanınması (1830) , Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Üniversitesi, Yakındoğu Dilleri ve Medeniyetleri Bölümü, 1995, s. 9; Muhammed H. Kutluoğlu, The Egyptian Question (1831-1841), İstanbul 1998, s. 77, 80-81, 84, 90, 92, 112, 116-117, 119-120; Mustafa L. Bilge, “Mustafa Paşa, Buşatlı”, DİA, XXXI, 344-345.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 12-14 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.