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RESSÎ Skip to content Ebû Muhammed el-Kāsım b. İbrâhîm b. İsmâîl b. İbrâhîm el-Hasenî el-Alevî er-Ressî (ö. 246/860)
On yedinci Zeydî imamı, kelâm ve fıkıh âlimi.
169 (785) yılında Medine’de doğdu. Baba tarafından nesebi Hasan vasıtasıyla Hz. Ali’ye ulaşır. Babasının nisbesinden dolayı kaynaklarda Ressî şeklinde zikredilir. Ailesinin Medine yakınında Kudüs adıyla bilinen dağlık bölgede yaşadığı kaydedilmektedir. Sosyal seviyesi yüksek bir aileye mensup olması sebebiyle iyi bir tahsil gördüğü anlaşılmaktadır. Babası İbrâhim (Tabâtabâ), Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’ın öğrencilerinden olup Ressî’nin ilk hocalarındandı. Ağabeyi İbn Tabâtabâ Muhammed ise döneminin yönetimine karşı çıkan Zeydiyye imamlarından biridir. Hocaları arasında İsmâil b. Ebû Üveys ve Ebû Sehl el-Mukrî bulunmaktadır. Kendisinden en çok rivayette bulunan kişi Muhammed b. Mansûr el-Murâdî’dir. Ağabeyi Muhammed’in vefatının (199/815) ardından Medine’yi terkedip Sudan’a giden Ressî burada on yıl kadar kaldıktan sonra gizlice Mısır’a geçti ve faaliyetlerini orada yürüttü. Mısır Valisi Abdullah b. Tâhir, Ressî’yi takibe almasına rağmen ele geçiremedi. Abbâsî iktidarına karşı olduğu bilinen ailede babası ve ağabeyinden sonra Zeydiyye imamlarından biri olarak kabul edildi. İmâmetinden itibaren mensuplarının büyük bir kısmı, Abbâsî hilâfetine bağlı olan bölgelerde Zeydiyye’nin fikirlerini gizlice yaymaya başladılar. Mısır’da ikameti esnasında Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık’la ilgili bazı eserleri okuyan Ressî zaman zaman müslüman ve gayri müslim ulemâ ile tartışmalarda bulundu. Büyük ihtimalle Mısır’da iken İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘a nisbet edilen, Kur’an’a ve İslâm inançlarına karşı Maniheizm’in savunulduğu Muʿârażatü’l-Ḳurʾân adlı esere reddiye yazdı. Mısır’da baskı altında geçen on yıllık hayatının ardından Me’mûn’dan sonra tahta çıkan Mu‘tasım-Billâh tarafından izlenmeye başlandı. Mu‘tasım onu tutuklatmak için bir askerî birlik görevlendirdi. Bunun üzerine Mısır’dan ayrılıp Medine’ye dönen Ressî hayatının geri kalan kısmını Zülhuleyfe’nin Res adlı dağlık bölgesinde geçirdi; eserlerinin büyük kısmını bu dönemde yazdı; Kûfe ile Taberistan’dan gelen Zeydîler’e ders vermekle meşgul oldu ve burada vefat etti.
Kelâm, fıkıh, tefsir ve tasavvuf alanında seçkin ulemâ arasında adı zikredilen ve şair olarak da nitelendirilen Ressî’nin (Merzübânî, s. 217-218) fıkıhta Hanefî ulemâsının etkisinde kalmakla birlikte Hicaz fıkhına da vâkıf olduğu bilinmektedir (M. Ebû Zehre, s. 495). Kelâm konularında çok defa Mu‘tezile’nin görüşlerini benimsemesine rağmen tutarsız kabul ettiği bazı fikirlerini de eleştirmiştir. Bu sebeple ilâhî sıfatlar, adl ve büyük günah işleyenlerle ilgili meselelerde Mu‘tezile’den farklı düşünmüştür. Halku’l-Kur’ân mevzuunda Kur’an’ı mahlûk olarak nitelendirmeyip sadece Kur’an’da geçen kavramlarla nitelendirmenin gerektiğini savunmuş, Halife Me’mûn ve ondan sonra gelenler tarafından Sünnî ulemâsına karşı uygulanan “mihne” olayını benimsememiştir. Onun, “Kur’ân-ı Kerîm Allah’ın kelâmı, ilhamı ve vahyidir; biz atalarımızın yaptığı gibi bunun ötesinde başka bir şey söyleyemeyiz” tarzındaki sözü Muhammed b. Mansûr el-Murâdî tarafından nakledilmekte, ilk dönemlerinde olduğu gibi yaşlılık yıllarında da Mu‘tezile’ye karşı ihtiyatlı davrandığı bilinmektedir (Madelung, II. 45-48).
Ressî’yi sistematik bir kelâmcıdan çok Zeydî geleneğinde bir dinî lider olarak görmek daha uygundur. Dinin akaidle ilgili temel meselelerini araştırırken rasyonel anlamda akıl yürütmekten ziyade Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in nasları çerçevesinde yorumlarla yetindiği görülmektedir. Büyük ihtimalle vefatından sonra torunu Hâdî-İlelhak döneminde Zeydiyye geleneği Mu‘tezile ekolü ile daha yakın ilişkiler içinde bulunmuştur. Bu açıdan bakıldığında Bünyamin Abrahamov’un ileri sürdüğü, Ressî’nin Mu‘tezile’den büyük ölçüde etkilendiği biçimindeki görüşün özellikle Ressî’ye atfedilen bazı eserlerin otantikliği konusundaki yanlış tesbitlerden kaynaklandığını söylemek gerekir (krş. Abrahamov, XXIX-XXX [1986], s. 259-285; a.mlf., XXXIV/1 [1987], s. 80-105; Madelung, II, 47-48). Ressî’ye göre dinin kabul ettiği üç bilgi kaynağı akıl, Kitap ve Sünnet’ten ibarettir. Aklın delâletiyle yaratıcıya, kitabın delâletiyle kulluğa, sünnetin delâletiyle ibadet şekillerine ulaşılır. Akıl Kitap ve Sünnet’in aslıdır, çünkü her ikisinin bilinmesi ancak akılla mümkündür. Her üçünün de aslı ve fer‘i bulunduğunu söyleyen Ressî’ye göre düşünen kimselerin ittifak ettikleri noktalar aklın aslı, ihtilâf noktaları da fer‘idir. Kur’an’daki muhkem âyetler kitabın aslı, müteşâbihler fer‘idir. Hz. Peygamber’den bizzat vârit olan sözler sünnetin aslı, vârit olup olmadığı konusunda ihtilâflı olanlar ise fer‘idir. Yine ona göre İslâm beş temel esastan ibarettir: 1. Allah’ın bir ve benzersiz olması, her şeyi yaratması. 2. Allah’ın âdil ve hakîm olması, kimseyi gücü dışında mükellef kılmaması, kişiye yaptığı işlere göre karşılık vermesi. 3. Allah’ın va‘d ve vaîdinde sâdık olması. 4. Kur’an’ın mufassal ve muhkemden ibaret bulunması. 5. Âdil hükümdarların toplumdaki dul, öksüz, hasta gibi âcizlere âdil bir şekilde davranıp malın dağıtımını temin etmesi.
Mu‘tezile’ye ait usûl-i hamseyi olduğu gibi benimsemeyen Ressî onları Zeydiyye’nin aslî prensipleriyle uzlaştırmaya çalışır. Tevhid konusunda Allah’ın birliği, O’nun evvel ve âhir olduğu, zâhiri ve bâtını bildiği, yaratıklardan hiçbirine benzemediği konularına yer vererek bunun aksini iddia edenlerin şirke düştüğünü belirtir. Haberî sıfatlar hususunda Müşebbihe’nin görüşlerine karşı çıkar. Adl konusunda güç yetirilemeyecek bir şeyle mükellef tutulmayı kabul etmeyerek Allah’ın va‘d ve vaîdinde sâdık olduğu yönündeki görüşleriyle Mu‘tezile’nin düşüncelerini benimser. Menzile beyne’l-menzileteyn meselesinde Mu‘tezile’nin görüşüne katılmaz. Emir bi’l-ma‘rûf nehiy ani’l-münkerin vâcip olduğunu Âl-i İmrân sûresinin 104. âyetine dayanarak ortaya koyar. İmâmeti dinin temel ilkelerinden sayan ve bu konuda diğer Şiî fırkalarına yaklaşan Ressî’ye göre Hz. Peygamber’den sonra ilk imam Ali b. Ebû Tâlib, sonraki imamlar ise Hz. Ali’nin oğulları Hasan ve Hüseyin’dir. Bunların ardından imâmet vasıflarını taşımak şartıyla Hz. Fâtıma neslinden gelen kimselerdir. Bu durumda Hicaz’da zuhur eden Zeydî geleneğine ait Kāsımiyye’nin kurucusu sayılan Ressî’nin Zeydiyye ölçülerine göre imam olduğu kaydedilmektedir (M. Ebû Zehre, s. 495).
Eserleri. 1. ed-Delîlü’l-kebîr fi’r-red ʿale’l-felâsife. Abrahamov tarafından Arapça aslı ile birlikte neşredilmiştir (Al-Kāsım b. Ibrāhīm on the Proof of God’s Existence, Kitāb al-Dalīl al-Kabīr, Leiden 1990). 2. Kitâbü’l-Müsterşid. Kelâmla ilgili olan bu eseri de Abrahamov Arapça aslı ile beraber yayımlamıştır (Antropomorphism and Interpretation of The Qur’ān in the Theology of al-Qāsim ibn Ibrāhīm, Kitāb al-Mustarshid, Leiden 1996). 3. el-Kâmilü’l-münîr fî is̱bâti vilâyeti Emîri’l-müʾminîn ʿAlî b. Ebî Ṭâlib. Müellife nisbeti ihtilâflı olan eser Abdülvâhid Yahyâ el-Hâdî tarafından neşredilmiştir (Beyrut 2002). 4. er-Red ʿale’z-zındîḳ el-laʿîn İbni’l-Muḳaffaʿ. İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘a izâfe edilen Muʿârażatü’l-Ḳurʾân adlı eser hakkında yazılan bu kitabı Michelangelo Guidi İtalyanca tercümesiyle birlikte yayımlamıştır (Roma 1927). Büyük ihtimalle II. (VIII.) yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Irak dışında bir Maniheist tarafından kaleme alınan Muʿâraża, Ressî’nin kitap üzerine kaleme aldığı bu reddiyeden bir süre önce İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘a nisbet edilmiştir (DİA, XXI, 131). 5. Uṣûlü’l-ʿadl ve’t-tevḥîd (nşr. Ahmed İmâre, Resâʾilü’l-ʿadl ve’t-tevḥîd içinde, Kahire 1971, s. 95-158). 6. Taʿlîḳ Şerḥi’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse. Zeydiyye’nin temel inançlarını içeren eser Abdülkerîm Osman tarafından neşredilmiştir (Kahire 1965).
Bunların dışında bazılarının müellife nisbeti şüpheli olan er-Red ʿale’n-naṣârâ, er-Red ale’r-Ravâfiż min aṣḥâbi’l-ġulüv, er-Red ʿale’l-mülḥid, er-Red ʿale’l-Müşebbihe, er-Red ʿale’l-Mücbire, el-Esâs fî ʿilmi’l-kelâm, el-Meknûn, Ṣıfatü’l-ʿarş ve’l-kürsî ve tefsîruhümâ, ed-Delîlü’ṣ-ṣaġīr, el-Ferâʾiż ve’s-sünen, Kitâbü’ṭ-Ṭahâre, Ṣalâtü’l-yevm ve’l-leyle, en-Nâsiḫ ve’l-mensûḫ ve Siyâsetü’n-nefs adlı eserler zikredilmektedir (Brockelmann, GAL, I, 197-198; Suppl., I, 314-315; Mevsûʿatü aʿlâmi’l-fikri’l-İslâmî, s. 818).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Merzübânî, Muʿcemü’ş-şuʿarâʾ (nşr. Abdüssettâr Ahmed Ferrâc), Kahire 1379/1960, s. 217-218; Brockelmann, GAL, I, 197-198; Suppl., I, 314-315; Abdülcebbâr Abdurrahman, Ẕeḫâʾirü’t-türâs̱i’l-ʿArabî el-İslâmî, [baskı yeri yok] 1401-1403/1981-83, I, 536; II, 945; M. Ebû Zehre, el-İmâm Zeyd, Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-fikri’l-Arabî), s. 495-497; W. Madelung, “Imam al-Qāsim ibn Ibrāhīm and Mu’tazilism”, On Both Sides of al-Mandab: Ethiopian, South-Arabic and Islamic Studies Presented to Oscar Löfgren on his Ninetieth Birthday, 13 May 1988 (ed. U. Ehrenvärd – C. Tol), Stockholm 1989, II, 39-48; a.mlf., “al-Rassī”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 453-454; M. Ebû Bekir b. Ali v.dğr., İstidrâkât ʿalâ Târîḫi’t-türâs̱i’l-ʿArabî, Cidde 1422, III, 169-170; Muʿcemü ṭabaḳāti’l-mütekellimîn, Kum 1424/1382, I, 410-411; Münâ Ebû Zeyd, “el-Ḳāsım er-Ressî”, Mevsûʿatü aʿlâmi’l-fikri’l-İslâmî, Kahire 1425/2004, s. 815-819; Binyamin Abrahamov, “Al-Kāsim ibn Ibrāhīm’s Argument from Design”, Oriens, XXIX-XXX (1986), s. 259-285; a.mlf., “al-Kāsim ibn Ibrāhim’s Theory of the Imamate”, Arabica, XXXIV/1, Leiden 1987, s. 80-105; Intisar-ul-Haque, “Al-Kāsim b. Ibrāhīm on the Proof of God’s Existence: Kitāb al-Dalīl al-Kabīr”, IS, XXIX/4 (1990), s. 389-390; Christian W. Troll, “Al-Kāsim b. Ibrāhīm on the Proof of God’s Existence: Kitāb al-Dalīl al-Kabīr”, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, II/2, Birmingham 1991, s. 306-307; S. Stroumsa, “Binyamin Abrahamov (ed. and tr.): Al-Kāsim b. Ibrāhīm on the Proof of God’s Existence: Kitāb al-dalīl al-kabīr”, BSOAS, LV/2 (1992), s. 320-321; D. Thomas, “Antropomorphism and Interpretation of the Qur’ān in the Theology of Al-Qāsim ibn Ibrāhīm, Kitāb al-Mustarshid”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, XXIV/2, Durham 1997, s. 300-301; İsmail Durmuş, “İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘”, DİA, XXI, 131; Şehîdî Sâlihî, “Ressî (er-Ressî) Şerîf el-Ḳāsım”, DMT, VIII, 242-243.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2007 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 34. cildinde, 587-588 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.