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RE’SÜLCÂLÛT Skip to content İslâmî dönemde yahudileri devlet katında temsil eden cemaat lideri.
Aslı Ârâmîce reş galuta/galvata (İbr. roş hagola; Lat. exilarch) olan ve “sürgünlerin başı, sürgün lideri” mânasına gelen terim Arapça’ya Kur’an’daki Câlût (Golyat) kişi adının (el-Bakara 2/249-251) etkisiyle girmiştir (Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Hârizmî, s. 24; Bîrûnî, s. 16). Sürgün yıllarında on iki asır boyunca yahudileri ideal kral kabul ettikleri Hz. Dâvûd’un soyundan geldiğine inanılan bu kimseler yönetmiştir.
Re’sülcâlûtluğun ne zaman ortaya çıktığı kesin olarak bilinmemekte, Buhtunnasr tarafından milâttan önce 597’de Bâbil’e sürülen Yahuda Kralı Yahoyakin’le başladığı kabul edilmektedir. Sâsânî idaresinin son dönemindeki re’sülcâlûtun adı Bostanay ben Haninay’dır (ö. 660); bu şahsın, Yûsuf sûresinde Yûsuf peygambere rüyasında secde ettiği belirtilen yıldızların adlarını sormak ve tartışmak üzere Irak’tan gelerek Resûl-i Ekrem’le görüşen Büstâne isimli yahudi olduğu sanılmaktadır (Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr, II, 513). Hz. Ömer zamanında yahudilerin cemaat liderliği, doğumu ve re’sülcâlût olması efsanevî bilgilerle süslenen Bostanay’ın uhdesinde idi. Yahudi kaynaklarına göre Halife Ömer, Bostanay’a son kisrâ Yezdicerd’in kızını vermiş, bu tutumuyla onu kisrâların halefi saydığını göstermek istemiştir. Hz. Dâvûd gibi güçlü bir kralın soyundan gelmesi ve bütün yahudileri yönetmesi dolayısıyla Bostanay, “Ored yad” (uzun elli/kollu: her şeye gücü yeten) lakabıyla tanınmıştır. Bazı müslüman müellifler tarafından kelime anlamıyla kabul edilen bu tabir, re’sülcâlûtluğa getirilecek kişinin parmak uçlarının dizlerine kadar uzanması gerektiği şeklinde anlaşılmıştır (Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Hârizmî, s. 24; Ebü’l-Meâlî, s. 23). Hz. Osman ve Ali dönemlerinde görevine devam eden Bostanay’ın ölümünden sonra İranlı prensesten üç oğlu olmasına rağmen kurum, yahudi hanımından doğan oğulları Hisday (660-665) ve Bar Aday’ın (665-689) soylarınca sürdürülmüştür. Bu durum, Emevîler döneminde re’sülcâlûtlarla “gaonlar” (yeşiva denilen yüksek Talmud okullarının başkanları) arasında nüfuz mücadelesinin başlamasına yol açmıştır.
Sâsânîler devrinde olduğu gibi İslâmiyet’in ilk yıllarında da Bağdat’ın kurulmasına kadar re’sülcâlûtlar yahudilerin çoğunlukta olduğu Sûra şehrinde ikamet ediyordu. Bağdat’ın inşasından sonra buraya taşındılar, şehrin Sûkul‘atîka ve Kasr İbn Hübeyre semtlerindeki yazlık ve kışlık köşklerine yerleştiler. Re’sülcâlûtluk yahudi ve İslâm toplumlarındaki saygınlığı, ekonomik imkânları ve nüfuzu dolayısıyla büyük bir cazibe merkeziydi. XII. yüzyılda re’sülcâlûtların pazarlardan, tüccarlardan ve uzak diyarlardan getirilen mallardan aldıkları haftalık gelirler sebebiyle çok zengin oldukları ve Irak’ta çok sayıda misafirhane, bağ bahçe, arazi ve hastahaneye sahip bulundukları belirtilir (Benjamin – Petachia, s. 66). Bu durum gaonlarla olduğu kadar aile içinde de mücadelelerin yaşanmasına yol açmıştır. Abbâsîler döneminde kurum liderliği için yapılan mücadelelerin en önemlisi, Halife Mansûr zamanında (754-775) Anan ben David ile Hananya arasında cereyan etmiştir. Re’sülcâlût Şlomo’nun 762’de ölümünün ardından yerine teamüle göre aynı aileden Anan ben David’in geçmesi gerekiyordu. Ancak gaonlar ve cemaat ileri gelenleri re’sülcâlûtluğa dinî konularda daha dikkatli davranan ve mütevazi kişiliğiyle tanınan Hananya’yı tercih etmişler, Anan’ı da cemaatin tasarrufuna karşı direnmesi sebebiyle hapse atmışlardı. Onun hapiste karşılaştığı İmâm-ı Âzam Ebû Hanîfe’den, halifenin huzuruna çıkması ve kendisinin diğer yahudilerden farklı bir yolda olduğunu söylemesi şeklinde bir tavsiye aldığı rivayet edilir. Ebû Hanîfe’nin tavsiyesini tutan Anan hapisten çıktıktan sonra taraftarlarınca re’sülcâlût kabul edilmiştir. Sonradan Karaîlik adını alan onun başlattığı bu hareket Rabbânîler’den bağımsız bir cemaat oluşturmuştur.
Halife Muktedir-Billâh zamanında (908-932) Horasan’ın gelirleri konusundaki bir anlaşmazlık yüzünden Bağdat’tan sürülen re’sülcâlût Mar Ukba, Kayrevan’a giderek Mağrib’de bağımsız bir yahudi cemaatinin doğmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Onun ardından gelen Dâvûd b. Zakkay’ın (915-940) ölümünden sonra kurum iyice zayıflamış, başına Dâvûd soyundan Musul’da yaşayan ve Bağdat’takinden ayrı bir cemaat olan Heymanoğulları’ndan biri getirilmiş, ancak bu kişi bir süre sonra Hz. Peygamber’e sövdüğü için idam edilmiştir. Bu olayın ardından kurum bir müddet boş kalmış, daha sonra birkaç aile arasında el değiştirmiştir. Halife Kāim-Biemrillâh tarafından da bir re’sülcâlûtun idam ettirildiği bilinmektedir.
XI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Mağrib yahudilerinin müstakil bir cemaat olma gayreti, hâkimiyetlerindeki yahudi cemaatlerinin Abbâsîler’le irtibatını koparmak isteyen Fâtımîler tarafından desteklenmiş ve neticede Fâtımî hâkimiyetinde yaşayan yahudiler başındaki kimseye “nagid” adını verdikleri bir kurum ihdas etmiştir. Diğer taraftan Abbâsîler’e bağlı coğrafyada mahallî emirliklerin kurulması da Yemen gibi uzak bölgelerde Bağdat re’sülcâlûtluğundan ayrı cemaatlerin ve “nasi” adı verilen cemaat liderlerinin ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. Abbâsîler döneminin son re’sülcâlûtu Samuel b. David’dir (1240-1258) ve Bağdat onun zamanında düşmüştür. Hülâgû şehre yaklaşırken Halife Müsta‘sım-Billâh’ın savunma hazırlıkları sırasında re’sülcâlûtun ve gaonların mallarını müsadere ettiği belirtilir. Bağdat’ı ele geçiren Hülâgû yahudilere ve re’sülcâlûta dokunmamıştır. Yahudi cemaati, Timur’un 1400 yılında görevlerine son vermesine kadar Hz. Dâvûd ailesine mensup kimseler tarafından yönetilmeye devam etmiştir.
1400’den XVIII. yüzyıla kadar Irak bölgesindeki yahudi cemaatleri yine Hz. Dâvûd’un soyundan gelen ve “sarrafbaşı” adı verilen kimseler tarafından idare edilmiş, bu asırdan itibaren yöneticilik Hz. Dâvûd ailesinin elinden çıkmıştır. 1836’da da İstanbul’da hahambaşılık makamı kurulmuş, daha sonra devlet içerisindeki değişik eyaletlere de hahambaşı tayin edilmeye başlanmıştır. Günümüzde Aşkenaz yahudilerinin sebt günü âyinleri sırasında yaptıkları Ârâmîce dualarda re’sülcâlûtları da (reşe galvata) andıkları görülmektedir.
Re’sülcâlûtu dünyadaki yahudilerin başı olarak niteleyen Bîrûnî onun pek çok meselede cemaat arasında hüküm verdiğini belirtir (el-Âs̱ârü’l-bâḳıye , s. 16). Halife Me’mûn zamanına kadar bütün yahudi cemaatlerine hâkim tayini onun tarafından yapılıyordu. Devletin yahudilere koyduğu vergileri toplama, cemaatin güvenliğini sağlama, alım satım ve ticarî işler için ruhsat verme, nikâh ve boşanma işlemlerini kayıt altına alma, pazarlardaki ölçü ve tartı aletlerini kontrol etme, satılan gıda maddelerinin dinî şartlara uygun olup olmadığını denetleme, cemaatin dinî ve ahlâkî yapısını koruma ve bunun için önlemler alma re’sülcâlûtun görevleri arasındaydı; bunları yaparken hapis dışında para, ta‘zîr ve herem (cemaatten atma) gibi cezaları verme yetkisine sahipti (Câhiz, IV, 27).
Re’sülcâlûtluğun siyasî bir kurum olmasından ve İslâm idaresiyle irtibat halinde bulunmasından dolayı gösterişe çok önem verilirdi. Re’sülcâlût herhangi bir iş için makamından ayrılırken vezirlerinkine benzer bir tahtırevana biner, kalabalık bir maiyet alayı kendisine eşlik ederdi. Halifenin huzuruna çıktığında saraydan köşküne hilâfet makamına ait bir arabayla dönerdi. Sokaklardan geçerken öndeki bir münâdî, “Dâvûd oğlu efendimize yol açın, ona gerektiği şekilde hürmet edin!” diye bağırır, ayağa kalkmayan yahudiler kırbaçlanırdı (Benjamin – Petachia, s. 65-66). Hz. Dâvûd ailesinden olması re’sülcâlûtlara müslümanlar nazarında da saygınlık kazandırmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Câhiz, Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân , IV, 27.
Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Hârizmî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm , Kahire 1342/1923, s. 24.
Makdisî, Aḥsenü’t-teḳāsîm , s. 121.
Natan ha-Bavli, “Seder ‘Olam Zuta”, Seder ha-Hahamim ve Korot ha-Yamim (ed. A. Neubauer), Oxford 1887, II, 68-88.
Bîrûnî, el-Âs̱ârü’l-bâḳıye ʿani’l-ḳurûni’l-ḫâliye (nşr. C. E. Sachau), Leipzig 1923, s. 16.
Ebü’l-Meâlî, Beyânü’l-edyân (trc. Yahyâ Haşşâb, Mecelletü Külliyyeti’l-âdâb [XIX/1], içinde), Kahire 1957, s. 23.
Avraham Ibn Daud, Sefer ha-Kabala: The Book of Tradition (ed. ve trc. G. D. Cohen), Philadelphia 1967, metin: s. 34-35, 41-45; trc.: s. 44-45, 54-62.
Tudela’lı Benjamin – Ratisbon’lu Petachia, Ortaçağ’da İki Yahudi Seyyahın Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika Gözlemleri (trc. Nuh Arslantaş), İstanbul 2001, s. 65-67, 71, 74, 77.
Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm , Beyrut 1991, II, 513.
Yûsuf Rızkullah Ganîme, Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ fî târîḫi Yehûdi’l-ʿIrâḳ , Bağdad 1924, s. 79, 100-109.
W. J. Fischel, “Reş Galuta (Re’sü’l-calut) be-Sifrut ha-‘Aravit”, Magnes Anniversary Volume , Jerusalem 1938, s. 181-187.
L. Nemoy, “Anan ben David-A re-appraisal of the Historical Data”, Semitic Studies in Memory of Immanuel Löw (ed. A. Scheiber), Budapest 1947, s. 239-248.
D. S. Sassoon, A History of the Jews in Baghdad , Letchworth 1949, s. 16-27, 63-71, 89-94.
A. Grossman, Raşot ha-Gola be-Bavel bi-Tkufat ha-Geonim , Yeruşalayim 1984, s. 15-21, 45-57, 75-80, 97-102.
Nuh Arslantaş, Emevîler Döneminde Yahudiler , İstanbul 2005, s. 71-80.
a.mlf., Abbasîler ve Fatımîler Döneminde Yahudiler (doktora tezi, 2007), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 70-83, 108-109.
A. D. Goode, “The Exilarchate in the Eastern Caliphate, 637-1258”, The Jewish Quarterly Review , XXXI/2, Philadelphia 1940-41, s. 149-169.
Eliyahu [Strauss] Ashtor, “Prolegomena to the Medieval History of Oriental Jewry”, a.e. , L (1959-60), s. 55-68, 147-166.
R. Gottheil – W. Bacher, “Exilarch”, JE , V, 288-293.
J. Neusner, “Exilarch”, EJd. , VI, 1023-1027.
E. Bashan, “Exilarch”, a.e. , VI, 1027-1034.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 5-6 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.