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REVUE du MONDE MUSULMAN Skip to content REVUE du MONDE MUSULMAN , Fransız şarkiyat dergisi.
Müellif: Ahmet Kavas
Kasım 1906’da Paris’te yayımlanmaya başlayan Revue du monde musulman (RMM) 1926 yılına kadar düzenli biçimde altmış altı cilt çıkmış, 1927’de Revue des études islamiques (REI) adını alarak yayımını kesintilerle sürdürmüştür. Eski bir subay olan ve Afrika’da birçok görevde bulunduktan sonra 1904’te Tanca şehrinde Mission Scientifique au Maroc adlı bir araştırma merkezi kuran Alfred le Chatelier’in sahibi ve yazı işleri müdürü olduğu derginin amacı İslâm dünyası hakkında yapılan tarihî, sosyolojik ve kültürel çalışmaları, seyahat notlarını, önemli belgeleri Fransızca’ya çevirip yayımlamaktı. Aynı zamanda Paris’teki Collège de France’a bağlı Müslüman Sosyolojisi Bölümü’nün kurucusu ve yöneticisi olan Alfred le Chatelier, ilk sayısından itibaren dergide Kuzey Afrika tarikatlarından Rusya ve Filipin müslümanlarına kadar geniş bir alanda makaleler yayımladı.
1911 yılında çıkan 17. sayıdan itibaren L. Bouvat, Antoine Cabaton, H. Cordier, O. Houdas, Clément Huart, Louis Massignon, J. Vinson ve A. Visière’den oluşan bir idare heyeti görevlendirildi. İslâm dünyasıyla ilgili farklı alanlarda uzmanlaşan isimler kaleme aldıkları çalışmalarla dergiye önemli katkılarda bulundular. 1918-1919 yılları için müşterek çıkan 36. sayıdan itibaren Louis Massignon derginin müdürü oldu ve idare heyetinin adı teknik konsey olarak değiştirildi. Derginin yayımı I. Dünya Savaşı esnasında yavaşladıysa da 1920’den itibaren yeniden hızlanarak bir yıl içinde beş sayı çıkabilecek duruma geldi. İdare heyetinin önde gelen isimlerinden L. Bouvat, İslâm dünyasındaki basını taramakta ve ulaşabildiği yayınları tanıtırken muhtevaları konusunda hazırladığı raporu her cildin sonunda eklemekteydi. Dergiye ulaşan kitap ve mecmuaların genişçe tanıtıldığı “Livres et documents”, İslâm dünyasıyla ilgili son gelişmeler hakkında önemli bilgi notları ile belgelerin yayımlandığı “Notes et documents” ve güncel konularla ilgili haberleri özet halinde veren “Faits divers” başlıklı yazılar da genelde onun imzasıyla çıkmaktaydı.
Revue du monde musulman’da İslâm dünyasındaki eğitim faaliyetlerine geniş yer verilmiş, özellikle Mısır ve Hindistan’daki geleneksel İslâm eğitim kurumları hakkında makaleler yayımlanmıştır. Germain Martin’in “L’université égyptienne” (XIII/5, s. 1-29), Louis Massignon’un “L’histoire des doctrines philosophiques arabes à l’université du Caire” (XXI, 149-157), D. Menant’ın “A propos de l’université musulmane d’Aligarh” (XXI, 268-289), Paul Marty’nin “La médersa de Saint-Louis” (XXVIII, 1-107), R. Majerczak’in “Notes sur l’enseignement dans la Russie musulmane avant la révolution” (XXXIV, 179-246) adlı makaleleri bunlar arasında zikredilebilir. Osmanlı Devleti’ne dair makale ve diğer yazılar arasında Clément Huart’ın (“L’annuaire officiel ottoman”, IV/2, s. 369-398; “L’ancien régime dans l’Empire ottoman”, VII/3, s. 281-286) ve Jean Deny’nin (“L’adoption du calendrier grégorien en Turquie”, XLIII, 46-53; “Zia Goek Alp”, LXI, 1-42) çalışmalarının öne çıktığı görülmektedir. Hint ve Malay müslümanlarıyla ilgili makalelerin önemli bir kısmı ise Antoine Cabaton’a aittir.
Yazarlarının büyük bir kısmını Fransız şarkiyatçıların ve kısmen sömürgelerde görev yapanların oluşturduğu Revue du monde musulman’da zaman zaman müslüman yazarların da makaleleri yayımlanmıştır. Bunlar arasında Osmanlı vatandaşı olanlar da vardır. “l’Islam en Bosnie et Herzégovine” başlıklı ilk makalesinde (II/7, s. 299-309) “İmzâ Mahfoûz” takma adını kullanan, daha sonra Mohammed Djinguiz ismiyle yazmaya devam eden müellif son dönem Hariciye nâzırlarından Ahmed Tevfik Paşa’nın oğlu İsmâil Hakkı Bey’dir ve “Les tittres en Turquie” (III/10, s. 244-258), “l’Islam en Australie et en Polonésie” (IV/2, s. 75-85), “l’Islam en Bulgarie et dans la Roumanie” (V/7, s. 482-499) başlıklı makaleler ona aittir. Dergide özellikle siyasî konularda makale kaleme alanların takma ad kullandıkları, hatta Osmanlılar’ın son dönemi hakkında makaleler yazan müellifin “X.” kısaltmasını tercih ettiği görülmektedir. “Les courants politiques dans la Turquie contemporaine” (XXI, 158-221), “Doctrines et programmes des partis politiques ottomanes” (XXII, 151-164), “Le panislamisme et le panturquisme” (XXII, 179-220), “Les courants politiques dans le milieu musulman” (XXV, 236-281) adlı makaleler bu imzaya aittir.
İslâm ülkelerinde yaşayan yahudi azınlıklar konusundaki makalelerin tamamına yakını Mission Scientifique au Maroc’ta çalışan Nahum Slouschz adlı bir hahama aittir: “Les juifs de Tripolitaine” (II/5, s. 28-34), “Les juifs en Afghanistan” (IV/3, s. 502-511), “Les juifs et le Judaïsme aux Indes” (IV/4, s. 728-769). Slouschz’un başta Trablusgarp ve Kuzey Afrika olmak üzere farklı konularda da önemli makaleleri vardır: “Les turcs et les indigènes en Tripolitiane” (I/3, s. 364-372), “Le nouveau régime turc en Tripoli” (VI/9, s. 52-57). Fas’la ilgili makaleler genelde E. Michaux-Bellaire imzasıyla yayımlanmıştır: “Une tentative de restauration idrisite à Fès” (V/7, s. 393-423), “l’Islam et l’État marocain” (VIII/7-8, s. 313-343). Fransa’nın Batı Afrika sömürgeleriyle ilgili makaleler bu bölgede görevli sömürge memurlarından Paul Marty ve Maurice Delafosse’a, Malay bölgesi müslümanlarıyla ilgili makaleler ise genelde Hollandalı şarkiyatçı C. Snouck-Hurgronje’ye aittir.
Avrupalı şarkiyatçılardan ziyade Rus meslektaşlarından daha çok yararlanan Alfred le Chatelier, dergide Rusya topraklarında yaşayan müslüman toplumlarla ilgili çok sayıda makaleye yer vermiştir. İbrahimoff’un “Les troukmans, leurs steppes et leur droit coutimier” (XIX/9, s. 124-143), Moulla Aminoff’un “Les progrès de l’instruction chez les musulmans russes” (IX/10, s. 247-263), J. Reby’in “L’enseignement des langues orientales en Russie” (XI/3, s. 357-380) adlı makaleleri bunlara örnek gösterilebilir. Revue du monde musulman’da Çin müslümanları hakkında da oldukça geniş makaleler yayımlanmıştır. Bunların önemli bir kısmı bu ülkeye bir seyahat gerçekleştiren Olonde’nin araştırmasına dayanmaktadır. Dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde ve özellikle Avrupa, Afrika, Asya’da azınlık olarak yaşayan müslüman toplumlarla ilgili çok sayıda makalenin yer aldığı Revue du monde musulman âdeta ansiklopedik bir bilgi kaynağı özelliğini taşımaktadır. Derginin 1953 yılında yayımlanan 53. sayısı İslâm dünyasını ülke ülke anlatan bir yıllık olarak hazırlanmıştır.
Derginin 1911 yılı Kasım ayında çıkan 325 sayfalık 16. sayısı İslâm dünyasında yürütülen misyonerlik faaliyetlerine ayrılmış ve bu faaliyetler “La conquête du monde musulmane” başlığıyla bir fetih hareketi olarak takdim edilmiştir. Sultan Reşad’ın cihâd-ı ekber çağrısını reddettikleri iddia edilen Fransız sömürgelerindeki müslüman önderlerin Arapça kaleme aldıkları mektuplar Fransızca tercümeleriyle birlikte derginin 19. sayısını oluşturmuştur (“Les musulmans français et la guerre”, XXIX, 1-386). Fransız hükümeti, Afrika’daki sömürgelerinden topladığı müslüman askerlerin I. Dünya Savaşı esnasında Fransız ordusuna sadakatlerini ifade ettikleri mektuplarını dergiye vermiş, bu mektuplardan oluşan 33-34. sayı propaganda amacıyla “Tahiyyetü’l-‘alem / Le salut du drapeau” üst başlığıyla yayımlanmıştır (“Témoignages de loyalisme des musulmans français”, XXXIII-XXXIV, 1-147). Fransa’nın yanında Almanya, İspanya, Hollanda, İtalya ve Rusya’nın İslâm siyaseti de Revue du monde musulman’ın bazı sayılarında kitap hacminde makalelerde ele alınmıştır: C. Snouck-Hurgronje, “Politique musulmane de la Hollande” (XIV/3, s. 377-509); Antoine Cabaton, “L’orientalisme musulman et l’Italie moderne” (XXVII, 1-53); Joseph Castagné, “Le bolchovisme et l’Islam” (LI, 1-254; LII, 1-254); L. Bouvat, “La politique de l’Espagne en Afrique” (V/8, s. 683-691).
Revue du monde musulman’da dünyanın çeşitli ülkelerindeki şarkiyat kurumları ve faaliyetleri hakkında düzenli olarak bilgiler verilmiştir: “Les études orientales à Londres” (IX/9, s. 156-157); Louis Massignon, “Les études islamiques à l’étranger” (XXXVI, 23-58); André Sékaly, “Les deux congrès musulmans de 1926” (LIV, 1-219). Derginin bir diğer özelliği, bazı makalelerin içine konuyla ilgili çok sayıda fotoğraf ve Arapça orijinal yazı örneklerinin konulmasıdır. Dergide yer alan bütün yazarlar ve yazılarıyla ilgili 1911 ve 1926 yıllarında iki indeks hazırlanmıştır.
1927 yılından itibaren yayımını Revue des études islamiques adıyla sürdüren derginin adının değişmesinde 1918’de müdür olan Louis Massignon’un etkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Altmış iki ciltlik yayın hayatı boyunca Paul Geuthner’e ait Librairie Orientaliste ekibi tarafından neşredilen Revue des études islamiques başlangıçta yılda dört sayı çıkarken daha sonra iki sayıya inmiş, zaman zaman bazı sayılar bir arada yayımlanmış, II. Dünya Savaşı süresince (1941-1946) kesintiye uğrayarak ciltleri birleştirilmiş, ardından uzun müddet varlığını sürdürmüş, 1998’de basılan 1993-1994 yıllarına ait ortak ciltten (LXI-LXII) sonra yayımı durmuştur. Danışma ve redaksiyon kurullarında Roger Arnaldez, Jacque Berque, Henry Corbin, Henri Massé, George M. Makdisi, Jean-Claude Vadet ve Gaston Wiet gibi tanınmış oryantalistlerin bulunduğu dergi 1956’dan itibaren Massignon’un görevli olduğu Collège de France bünyesindeki Müslüman Sosyolojisi Bölümü’nün sorumluluğuna geçmiş, ayrıca daha önce Ernest Léroux Yayınevi tarafından yayımlanan dergi bundan böyle Paul Geuthner Yayınevi’nin bir neşri olarak çıkmaya başlamıştır. Uzun süre Massignon’un yönetiminde yayımını sürdüren Revue des études islamiques, onun yaşlanması üzerine 1956’dan itibaren M. Henri Laoust ile birlikte ortak bir editörlük mârifetiyle hazırlanmış, Massignon’un ölümünden (1962) sonra Laoust tarafından çıkarılmıştır. Laoust 1981’de çıkan XLIX. ciltten itibaren yerini Dominique Sourdel’e bırakmıştır.
Derginin ilk sayılarında daha çok müslüman toplum ve kabileler, İslâm tarihi, İslâmî kurumlar, Arap edebiyatı ve yenilik hareketleri üzerine makaleler yer alırken 1960’lardan sonra Kur’an araştırmaları, İslâm düşüncesi, kelâm, İslâm hukuku, reddiyeler ve sûfîler hakkındaki yazılara ağırlık verilmiş, 1980 sonrasında İslâm medeniyeti ve sanatıyla ilgili konular yanında tercümeler öne çıkmaya başlamıştır. Yazılar büyük çoğunlukla Fransızca kaleme alınmıştır. Nâdir olarak İngilizce makalelere de rastlanmakta, ayrıca yazarlar arasında bazı Türkler ve Araplar yer almaktadır. Derginin bazı sayıları şarkiyatçılar için hâtıra veya armağan şeklinde çıkmıştır. Bu çerçevede LII. cilt (1984) Henri Laoust’a, LIII/1. cilt (1985) Michel Ecochard’a, LIV. cilt (1986) Dominique Sourdel’e ithaf edilmiştir.
Her biri yaklaşık 150 sayfalık sayılar halinde yayımlanan Revue des études islamiques’te Jean Deny, A. Visière, Paul Marty, Acille Sékaly gibi eski yazarların yanı sıra yeni yetişen şarkiyatçıların makalelerine de yer verilmiş, Türkiye ile ilgili makalelerin sayısında önemli bir artış olmuştur. Dergide bütün yazılar kendi içinde bir tasnife tâbi tutularak “enqûetes”, “mémoires” ve “chronique” başlıkları altında yayımlanmıştır. Başta Jean Deny gibi Türk dili uzmanları yanında Türk akademisyenlerin de dergiye katkıda bulunduğu görülmektedir. Revue du monde musulman’da İslâm dünyasıyla ilgili makaleler sıkça yer almış, Ezher başta olmak üzere diğer İslâm ülkeleri eğitim kurumları da gündemde tutulmuştur. Collège de France’ın Müslüman Sosyolojisi Bölümü’ndeki derslerden hareketle İslâm dünyasının değişen gündemleri, kadının konumu, sanatkârlar, köylü ve işçilerin sosyal durumu, sendikalar ve şehircilik gibi konularda makaleler yayımlanmıştır. Revue des études islamiques’te İslâm konusunda uzmanlaşmış akademisyenlerin makalelerinin Revue du monde musulman’dakilere oranla daha fazla yer aldığı görülmektedir. Bunların başında derginin müdürü Henri Laoust’un “Le réformisme orthodoxe des ‘Salafiya’ et les caractères généraux de son orientation actuelle” (VI/2 [1932], s. 175-224), “Comment définir le sunnisme et le chiisme” (XLVII/1 [1979], s. 3-17) adlı çalışmaları özellikle zikredilebilir.
Revue des études islamiques’in son döneminde akademik makalelere ağırlık verilmiş, 1968 yılında Nicoarǎ Beldiceanu ve I. Beldiceanu’nun yayın konseyinde yer almasıyla Osmanlı tarihine daha fazla yer ayrılmıştır. Nicoarǎ Beldiceanu’nun “la Moldavie ottomane à la fin du XVe siècle et au début du XVIe siècle” (XXXVII/2 [1969], s. 239-266), Bistra A. Cvetkova’nın “Vie économique de villes et ports balkaniques aux XVe et XVIe siècles” (XXXVIII/2 [1970], s. 267-355), Bertold Spuler’in “La diplomatie européenne à la sublime porte aux XVe et XVIIIe siècles” (XXXIX/1 [1971], s. 3-28), Jean-Louis Bacqué-Grammont’un “L’abolition du califat vue par la presse quotidienne de Paris en mars 1924” (L [1982], s. 207-248) adlı makaleleri bunlardandır. Bu dönemde Türk akademisyenlerin çalışmalarına da rastlanmaktadır. Bunlar arasında Rahmi Hüseyin Ünal (“Monuments salğūqides de Kemah [Anatolie orientale]”, XXXV [1967], s. 149-172), Nurhan Atasoy (“Un manuscrit mamlûk illustré du Sahnâma”, XXXVII/1 [1969], s. 151-158), Filiz Yenişehirlioğlu (“L’évolution des programmes décoratifs en céramique dans les monuments ottomans au cours du XVIe siècle”, LIII/2 [1985], s. 243-276) anılabilir. Dergiyi akademik çevrelerde belli bir saygınlığa kavuşturan, makaleleri kadar önemli bir özelliği de her biri on iki bölümden oluşan, İslâm dünyası hakkında yayımlanan kitap ve dergi tanımlarını ihtiva eden “Asbtracta Islamica” adlı kısmıdır. Derginin L. cildine kadar çıkan sayılarının indeksi müstakil bir sayı halinde yayımlanmıştır (LV-LVII/2, 1986).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
J. J. Waardenburg, l’Islam dans le miroir de l’occident, Paris 1961, s. 139; Cl. Huart, “Les études islamiques en France au XIXème siècle”, JA (1922) (ayrı basım); L. Massignon, “Avertissement”, REI, II (1928), s. 207; H. Laoust, “Louis Massignon (1883-1962)”, a.e., XXX/1 (1962), s. I-II; a.mlf., “Les études islamiques dans le monde”, a.e., XXXIII (1965), s. 185; D. Sourdel – J. Sourdel-Thomine, “Henri Laoust, 1905-1983”, a.e., LII (1984), s. 3-12; Ahmed Bouanani, “Pour une étude de la littérature populaire marocaine”, Souffles, sy. 5, Rabat 1967, s. 34-39.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 34-36 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.