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RİCÂLÜ’l-GAYB Skip to content Âlemde tasarruf sahibi gizli ve âşikâr velîler topluluğu.
Sözlükte “erkek; mert ve yiğit” anlamlarındaki recül kelimesinin çoğulu ricâl ile gayb kelimelerinden oluşan ricâlü’l-gayb tabiri Farsça’da merdân-ı gayb, merdân-ı Hudâ; Türkçe’de gayb erenleri, üçler yediler kırklar şeklinde ifade edilir. Ricâlü’l-gayba Arapça’da mestûrûn, mektûmûn, ahfiyâ (örtülü, gizli ve saklı olanlar) gibi isimler de verilir. Ricâlullah kavramı ricâlü’l-gaybdan daha geniş kapsamlı olmakla birlikte ricâlü’l-gayb yerine de kullanılmaktadır (bk. RİCÂLULLAH). Ricâlü’l-gayb tabiri tasavvufta birkaç anlama gelir. Birinci anlamda arzda ve semada Hak’tan başka yerlerini kimsenin bilmediği, alçak sesle konuşan, utangaç, yeryüzünde vakarla yürüyen, kendilerine rastlayanlara selâm verip geçen ve huşû içinde yaşayan velîler zümresini ifade eder. Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’ye göre mümin ve dindar cin taifesiyle (el-Cin 72/11, 12, 15) bilgilerini ve rızıklarını şehâdet âleminden değil gayb âleminden alan velîler ricâlü’l-gayb olarak kabul edilmiştir (el-Fütûḥât, II, 14). Yaygın tasavvuf anlayışına göre ricâlü’l-gaybın şahısları değil mânevî halleri gizlidir. Böylece velâyetin bâtınîliğine vurgu yapılmıştır. Ricâlü’l-gaybdan olan velîlerin halleri gizli olduğu için yapıp ettikleri herkes tarafından kolaylıkla anlaşılmaz. Maddî varlıkları bakımından insanlar arasında bulunsalar da mânevî yönden sıradan insanların idrak edemeyeceği fonksiyonlara sahiptirler. Bununla birlikte ricâlü’l-gayb birbirini tanımaktadır.
Ricâlü’l-gayb telakkisine göre Allah, dünyanın cismanî düzenini sağlamaları için bazı insanların çeşitli görevler üstlenmesini takdir ettiği gibi âlemdeki mânevî ve ruhanî düzenin korunması, hayırların temini, kötülüklerin giderilmesinde sevdiği bazı kullarını görevlendirmiştir. Herkes tarafından kolayca tanınmadıkları veya gizli olan hakikatlere, sırlara vâkıf olduklarından ricâlü’l-gayb adı verilen bu seçkin kişilerin arasında bir düzen ve bir hiyerarşi vardır.
Bu inanca ilk defa Muhammed b. Ali el-Kettânî’de (ö. 322/934) rastlanır. Hatîb el-Bağdâdî’nin Târîḫu Baġdâd’ında (III, 75-76) Kettânî’ye atfedilen en eski rivayetlerden birinde ricâlü’l-gayb nükabâ, nücebâ, büdelâ, ahyâr, umed ve gavs (kutub) şeklinde sıralanmaktadır. Muhammed b. Hüseyin es-Sülemî tasavvufî mahiyetteki tefsirinde velîlerin üstünde evtâd, evtâdın üstünde revâsînin bulunduğunu, bir felâket zamanında kulların dua merciinin evtâd olduğunu söylemiş, revâsîyi kutbun altında yer alan Allah dostlarının havâssı kabul etmiştir (Ateş, s. 199-200). Abdülkerîm el-Kuşeyrî, ricâlü’l-gayb tabakalarına herhangi bir işarette bulunmayıp sadece İmam Şâfiî’nin evtâddan olduğuna dair bir rivayeti nakletmiştir (Risâle, s. 120). Gazzâlî’ye göre Allah’ın öyle kulları vardır ki zamanlarında arzın direkleri (evtâd) olan peygamberlere halef olmuştur. Nübüvvet sona erince Allah abdal denilen bu halefler grubunu Resûl-i Ekrem’in yerine ikame etmiştir. Onlar ibadetlerinden dolayı değil ciddi vera‘, samimi niyet, korkaklığa varmayan sabır, zillete düşmeyen tevazu sahibi olup herkese iyilik düşünmelerinden, Allah için nasihat etmelerinden dolayı bu makama ermişlerdir. Otuz kırk kişi civarındaki bu kimseleri Hak seçmiş olup İbrâhim kalbi üzeredirler (İḥyâʾ, III, 377). Sülemî, Kuşeyrî ve Gazzâlî gibi ilk sûfî müelliflerin tasavvuf anlayışında ricâlü’l-gayb telakkisi mevcut olmakla beraber bu anlayış hiyerarşik ve sistematik bir görünüme sahip değildir. Kettânî’den sonra bu konudan daha açık ve geniş biçimde Hücvîrî bahsetmiş, ricâlü’l-gaybı “ehl-i hal ve’l-akd” şeklinde nitelemiş, ancak itirazlardan çekinerek ayrıntıya girmemiştir. Hücvîrî’ye göre ricâlü’l-gayba dair hadislerin sıhhatinde Ehl-i sünnet’in icmâı vardır. Keşfü’l-maḥcûb’da (s. 330) sıralama ahyâr (300 kişi), abdal (büdelâ, kırk kişi), ebrâr (yedi kişi), evtâd (dört kişi), nükabâ (üç kişi), kutub (gavs, bir kişi) şeklindedir. İbn Teymiyye bu terimlerin âyet ve hadislerde geçmediğini, sadece abdal konusunda Hz. Ali’den gelen zayıf bir rivayet bulunduğunu belirtir (Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil, I, 57-61). İbn Haldûn’a göre ricâlü’l-gaybdan bir velîler silsilesi çerçevesinde ilk defa genişçe bahseden sûfî Hakîm et-Tirmizî’dir. Tirmizî ricâlü’l-gayb tabirini kullanmasa da velâyet şemasında resul, nebî ve hâtemü’l-evliyâdan sonra sayıları kırk kişi olan büdelâya yer vermiştir. Ona göre büdelâ Hz. Peygamber’in Ehl-i beyt’indendir ve âlem onlarla ayakta durur. Hakîm et-Tirmizî’yi takip ederek ricâlü’l-gayb ile velâyet anlayışını tasavvuf düşüncesinin merkezine alan Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’ye göre ricâlü’l-gayb içinde sayıları belli olanlar (ricâlü’l-aded) bulunduğu gibi sürekli artıp eksilenler de (ricâlü’l-merâtib) vardır.
Tasavvufî anlayışa göre kutub, ricâl hiyerarşisinin başıdır (bk. KUTUB). Kutubdan sonra vezirleri konumunda olan iki imam (imâmân) gelir. Kutub ve imâmâna üçler denir. İmâmânı evtâd takip eder. Evtâd âlemin dört yönünde görevlendirilmiş dört velîdir. Evtâdın her biri bir peygamberin kalbi üzeredir ve dört büyük meleğin ruhaniyetinden yardım alır. Abdalın dört evtâd, iki imam ve bir kutub olmak üzere yedi kişi olduğu ifade edilmiştir. Bu hususta en yaygın telakki abdalın yedi veya kırk kişiden meydana geldiği şeklindedir. Her asırda mutlaka mevcut olan, yeryüzünde durmadan seyahat eden ricâlü’l-gayb zümresidir (bk. AHYÂR). Nücebâ insanları ıslah etmeye, sıkıntılarını gidermeye çalışan, bütün yaratıkların mânevî yüklerini taşımakla mükellef kırk kişidir. Nükabâ Allah’ın bâtın isminin tecellileri olan 300 kişidir. İnsanların bâtınlarına yönelip nefislerde bulunan gizli şeyleri âşikâr hale getirirler. İbnü’l-Arabî’ye göre nükabâ feleklerin burçları sayısıncadır, yani on iki kişidir. Kutbun nazarının dışında olan velîlere efrâd denir. Hızır bunlardandır. Belirli bir sayıları yoktur. Hz. Peygamber’e mükemmel bir şekilde tâbi olarak ferdiyet tecellisine mazhar olurlar. İlâhî huzurda daima ibadetle meşgul olup Hak’tan başkasını tanımayan kerûbiyyûn meleklerine benzerler (el-Fütûḥât, I, 160; II, 6-9).
Ricâlü’l-gayb anlayışı tasavvuf ehli olmayan âlimler tarafından kabul edilmemiştir. İslâm tarihinde ilk defa Keysâniyye’den Seyyid el-Himyerî, Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’nin Cebel-i Radvâ’da gizlendiğini ve gaybet halinde olduğunu iddia etmiş (Şehristânî, I, 150), daha sonra gāib imam inancı Şîa’nın diğer kolları tarafından kabul edilmiştir (bk. GAYBET). Tasavvufta ricâlü’l-gayb inancının oluşmasında Şiî ve Bâtınîliğin etkili olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Ricâlü’l-gayb kavramının Kur’an’da ve hadislerde yer almadığı gibi ilk müslümanlarda ve sûfîlerde de bulunmadığını belirten İbn Teymiyye’ye göre mağaralarda ve dağlarda yaşayan, sâlih kişiler olduklarına inanılan ve ricâlü’l-gayb adı verilenler aslında cinlerdir. Nitekim Cin sûresinde mümin ve sâlih cinlerin bulunduğu, öte yandan inkârcı ve kötü cinlerin de var olduğu belirtilmiştir (el-Furḳān, s. 83; Ḳāʿide, s. 160). İbn Teymiyye ve İbn Haldûn ricâlü’l-gayb telakkisinin İsmâiliyye’den alındığını vurgulamışlardır. Ricâlullah ve ricâlü’l-gayb inancı İslâm kültürü ve folkloru bakımından önemlidir. Müslüman ülkelerinde üçler, yediler, kırklar gibi isimler verilen yerleşim birimleri, dağlar, göller, nehirler, çeşmeler ve çeşitli binalar vardır. Bu isimler tarikat kültüründe de yaygın biçimde kullanılmaktadır.
Ricâlü’l-gayb konusunda yapılan çalışmalardan bazıları şunlardır: Hakîm et-Tirmizî, Ḫatmü’l-evliyâʾ (nşr. Osman İsmâil Yahyâ, Beyrut 1965; trc. Salih Çiftçi, İstanbul 2006); Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Fütûḥâtü’l-Mekkiyye (Beyrut, ts., II, 2-16 vd.), Menzilü’l-ḳuṭb (Resâʾilü İbni’l-ʿArabî içinde, Haydarâbâd 1327 hş./1948); Risâle fî maʿrifeti’l-aḳṭâb (Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye, nr. 123); Risâletü’l-ġavs̱iyye (Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye, nr. 6824); İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Risâle fî maʿrifeti ricâli’l-ġayb (Süleymaniye Ktp., Reşad Efendi, nr. 100/16); Yiğitbaşı Ahmed Şemseddin Marmaravî, Tabakātü’l-evliya (nşr. Ahmet Ögke, s. 571-586); Süyûtî, el-Ḥaberü’d-dâl ʿalâ vücûdi’l-ḳuṭb ve’l-evtâd ve’n-nücebâʾ ve’l-abdâl (Kahire 1351); Bosnevî Ali Dede, Risâle fî beyâni ricâli’l-ġayb (Orijentalni institut iz biblioteke, nr. 904); Âlî Mustafa Efendi, Hilyetü’r-ricâl ve’l-aktâb fi’n-nücebâ ve’l-abdâl (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 6462); Sarı Abdullah Efendi, Risâletü ricâli’l-ġayb (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 2487/2); Nûh b. Mustafa, el-Ḳavlü’d-dâl ʿalâ ḥayâti’l-Ḫaḍır ve vücûdi’l-abdâl (Süleymaniye Ktp., Giresun, nr. 96/2); Muhammed Emîn İbn Âbidîn, İcâbetü’l-ġavs̱ (Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil içinde, Beyrut, ts.); Ahmed Ziyâeddin Gümüşhânevî, Câmiʿu’l-uṣûl fi’l-evliyâʾ ve envâʿihim ve evṣâfihim (nşr. Edîb Nasreddin, Beyrut 1997); Hasan Muhammed eş-Şerkāvî, el-Ḥükûmetü’l-Bâṭıniyye (Kahire 1982); İzzeddin Abdülazîz b. Abdüsselâm, Risâle fî beyâni ḥaḳīḳati’l-ġavs̱ ve’l-evtâd adıyla ricâlü’l-gayb anlayışına bir reddiye yazmıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 5407/1).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Tehânevî, Keşşâf, İstanbul 1317, I, 463, 929; Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd, III, 75-76; Kuşeyrî, Risâle (Uludağ), s. 120; Hücvîrî, Keşfü’l-mahcûb (Uludağ), s. 330; Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ, Kahire 1407/1987, III, 377; Şehristânî, el-Milel ve’n-niḥal , Beyrut 1975, I, 150; İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Fütûḥât, I, 204; II, 14; a.e., Beyrut, ts. (Dâru Sâdır), I, 160; II, 6-9; İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil, I, 57-61; a.mlf., el-Furḳān, Kahire 1387, s. 83; a.mlf., Ḳāʿide celîle fi’t-tevessül ve’l-vesîle, Kahire 1374, s. 160; İsmâil Ankaravî, Hadislerle Tasavvuf ve Mevlevî Erkânı: Şerh-i Ahâdîs-i Erbaîn (haz. Semih Ceyhan), İstanbul 2001, s. 107-110; İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî, Kitâbü’l-Hitâb, İstanbul 1292, s. 326; Ahmed Ziyâeddin Gümüşhânevî, Câmiu’l-usûl: Velîler ve Tarîkatlarda Usûl (trc. Rahmi Serin), İstanbul 1977, s. 41-51; Ma‘sûm Ali Şah, Ṭarâʾiḳ, I, 526-530; Kâmil Mustafa eş-Şeybî, eṣ-Ṣıla beyne’t-taṣavvuf ve’t-teşeyyuʿ, Kahire 1969, s. 457-464; Süleyman Ateş, Sülemî ve Tasavvufî Tefsiri, İstanbul 1969, s. 199-200; M. Celâl Şeref, Dirâsât fi’t-taṣavvufi’l-İslâmî, Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 358; W. Chittick, Varolmanın Boyutları (trc. Turan Koç), İstanbul 1997, s. 43-72; Osman Demir, Ricâlü’l-gayb Kavramı ve Kelâm İlmi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi (yüksek lisans tezi, 1999), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Ahmet Ögke, Yiğitbaşı Velî Ahmed Şemseddîn-i Marmaravî: Hayatı, Eserleri ve Tasavvufî Görüşleri, İstanbul 2001, s. 198-235, 571-586; a.mlf., “Bir Tasavvuf Terimi Olarak Ricâlü’l-gayb-İbn Arabî’nin Görüşleri”, Tasavvuf, II/5, Ankara 2001, s. 161-201; Salih Çiftçi, Hakim Tirmizi ve Tasavvuf Anlayışı (doktora tezi, 2003), UÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 241-246.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 81-83 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.