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RIDVÂN b. TUTUŞ Skip to content Fahrü’l-mülûk Rıdvân b. Tutuş es-Selcukī (ö. 507/1113)
Halep Selçuklu meliki (1095-1113)
Suriye Selçuklu Devleti Meliki Tâcüddevle Tutuş’un oğludur. Tutuş’un Sultan Melikşah’ın ölümünün ardından Büyük Selçuklu tahtını ele geçirmek için Sultan Berkyaruk ile ikinci defa mücadeleye girdiği sırada Dımaşk’ta bulunan Rıdvân babasının yardım talebi üzerine Suriye’deki kuvvetlerin başında yola çıktı. Fırat kıyısındaki Âne’de konakladığı sırada babasının Rey yakınlarında Sultan Berkyaruk ile yaptığı savaşta öldürüldüğünü (17 Safer 488 / 26 Şubat 1095) öğrenince Halep’e döndü ve hiçbir muhalefetle karşılaşmadan Suriye Selçuklu Devleti’nin başına geçti. Babasının yanında bulunan kardeşi Dukak da Atabeg Cenâhüddevle Hüseyin ve diğer bazı kumandanlarla birlikte Halep’e geldi. Kardeşi Dukak’ın kısa bir süre sonra Halep’ten gizlice Dımaşk’a giderek orada Dımaşk Selçuklu melikliğini kurması üzerine şehri kuşatan Rıdvân başarılı olamadı ve Halep’e dönmek zorunda kaldı. Böylece Suriye Selçuklu Devleti, Halep ve Dımaşk melikliği olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmış oldu (488/1095). Devlet işlerini atabegi Cenâhüddevle Hüseyin’e bırakan Rıdvân hâkimiyet sahasını genişletmek amacıyla Sökmen b. Artuk’un idaresindeki Suruç’u kuşattı, ancak bir sonuç alamadı (489/1096). Daha sonra Ermeni Toros’un hâkimiyetinde olan Urfa üzerine yürüdü ve şehri alarak Yağısıyan’a verdi. Ayrıca Harran’ı ele geçirmek istediyse de kumandanlar arasındaki huzursuzluk yüzünden bundan vazgeçti. Rıdvân, kendisine itaatsizlik eden kumandanlardan Yûsuf b. Abak’ı bertaraf ettikten sonra Telbâşir ve Şeyhüddeyr’i ele geçirdi. Dımaşk’ı ikinci defa kuşattıysa da şehri zaptedemeden Halep’e geri döndü. Bu olayın ardından Halep’e saldıran Dukak’ı Kınnesrîn’de bozguna uğrattı (5 Rebîülâhir 490 / 22 Mart 1097). Cenâhüddevle Hüseyin’in vezirlikten ayrılıp Humus’a yerleşmesi üzerine devlet işlerini Yağısıyan’a teslim etti.
Suriye Selçuklu Devleti’nin iki kola ayrılmasını fırsat bilen Fâtımî Halifesi Müsta‘lî-Billâh, Rıdvân’a bir elçilik heyeti gönderip hâkimiyeti altındaki topraklarda Fâtımîler adına hutbe okuttuğu takdirde kardeşi Dukak’a karşı kendisini destekleyeceğini bildirdi. Rıdvân da bu teklifi kabul etti ve Fâtımîler adına hutbe okutmaya başladı (17 Ramazan 490 / 28 Ağustos 1097). Bu hadise Sünnî İslâm dünyasında büyük tepkiyle karşılandı. Bunun üzerine Rıdvân, dört hafta sonra hutbeyi tekrar Abbâsîler ve Büyük Selçuklular adına okutmak zorunda kaldı ve Abbâsî Halifesi Müstazhir-Billâh’a elçi gönderip özür diledi.
Rıdvân, Humus’ta bağımsız bir emirlik kuran Cenâhüddevle Hüseyin’e ve Dukak’a karşı Yağısıyan ve Sökmen’i de yanına alarak bir sefer düzenlemeye karar verdi. Bu sırada Haçlılar, Antakya üzerine yürüyünce şehrin valisi Yağısıyan başta Sultan Berkyaruk olmak üzere bütün müslüman emîrlerden yardım istedi. Rıdvân, Haçlılar’a karşı harekete geçen Musul Emîri Kürboğa’nın idaresindeki Selçuklu ordusuna küçük bir birlik göndermekle yetindi. Haçlılar Antakya’yı ele geçirip burada bir prinkepslik kurdular (491/1098). Bu davranışı sebebiyle Yağısıyan ve Sökmen onu desteklemekten vazgeçtiler. Böylece Rıdvân, Halep’te Haçlılar karşısında yalnız kaldı. Haçlı kuvvetleri 492’de (1098) Bâre ve Maarretünnu‘mân’ı işgal ettikten sonra Rûc, Cezr, Zerdana, Sermîn ve Kellâ şehir ve kalelerini ele geçirip Halep’i âdeta kuşatma altına aldılar. Bu sırada Rıdvân, Antakya Prinkepsi Bohemund’un ordusuna mağlûp oldu (25 Şâban 493 / 5 Temmuz 1100). Bohemund, Kefertâb ve Hâzır kalelerini işgal ederek Halep Selçuklu melikliğine son vermek amacıyla Müşerrif’te karargâh kurdu. Rıdvân, Bohemund’un, Dânişmendli Gümüştegin Gazi’nin akınları karşısında zor durumda kalan Malatya hâkimi Ermeni Gabriel’e yardım etmek üzere Malatya’ya hareket etmesinden faydalanıp Haçlılar’ın depo ettikleri yiyecek maddelerini ele geçirdi.
Bu arada Rıdvân, Cenâhüddevle Hüseyin ile Nükra’da barıştı ve onunla birlikte Halep’e döndü. Cenâhüddevle Hüseyin’in bir süre sonra Humus’ta Bâtınîler tarafından öldürülmesinin ardından Humus, Dımaşk Selçuklu melikliğinin eline geçti (496/1103). Antakya ve Urfa Haçlı kuvvetleriyle Halep civarındaki köylerden zorla para toplayan Antakya Prinkepsi Tankred, Rıdvân’dan 7000 dinar ve 10.000 baş hayvan alarak onunla barış yaptı. Rıdvân, Antakya ve Urfa Haçlı kuvvetlerinin Musul Emîri Çökürmüş ve Sökmen b. Artuk tarafından bozguna uğratılması üzerine harekete geçip Haçlılar’ın Halep civarında işgal ettikleri şehir ve kaleleri geri aldı (497/1104). Kardeşi Dukak’ın ölümünün (Ramazan 497 / Haziran 1104) ardından Dımaşk’a yürüyüp şehirde kendi adına hutbe okuttu ve para bastırdı.
Rıdvân, ertesi yıl Haçlılar’a karşı yardım talebinde bulunan Trablusşam Emîri Fahrülmülk İbn Ammâr’a yardımcı olmak için Halep’ten ayrıldığı sırada Tankred’in Artah’ı kuşattığını öğrenince Artah’a yöneldi. Ancak Tankred’in barış teklifini kabul etmeyip savaşmayı tercih etti ve yenilgiye uğradı (3 Şâban 498 / 20 Nisan 1105). Tankred, Halep civarını istilâ ederek yağmaladı. Rıdvân savaşın ardından İlgazi, İspehbed Sabave ve Sincar Emîri Alpı ile Haçlılar’a karşı ittifak yaptı. Müttefikler önce Çökürmüş’e ait Nusaybin’i kuşattılar. Çökürmüş ittifakı bozmak için Rıdvân’ı İlgazi aleyhine kışkırttı ve hapsedilmesini sağladı. Fakat İlgazi’ye bağlı Türkmenler’in çıkardığı olaylar yüzünden müttefikler bir netice elde edemeden dağıldılar. Rıdvân, Fâtımî yanlısı Halef b. Mülâib’in elindeki Efâmiye Kalesi’ni ele geçirdiyse de bir süre sonra burayı Tankred’e kaptırdı (500/1106). Rıdvân’ın Bâtınîler’le iş birliği yaptığını duyan Büyük Selçuklu Sultanı Muhammed Tapar onu şiddetle kınayınca Rıdvân, Bâtınîler’i Halep’ten uzaklaştırdı.
Musul Emîri Çavlı’ya haber gönderen Rıdvân, Haçlılar’la mücadele için kendisini Suriye’ye çağırdı. Çavlı da I. Kılıcarslan tarafından ele geçirilmiş olan Musul’u almasına yardımcı olduğu takdirde birlikte hareket edebileceklerini söyleyip onu kendisine katılmaya çağırdı. Çavlı’nın teklifini kabul eden Rıdvân, I. Kılıcarslan’ın ölümüyle sonuçlanan savaşta onun yanında yer aldı (500/1107). Ancak daha sonra Çavlı’nın davranışlarından rahatsız olup Halep’e döndü. Bu arada Sultan Muhammed Tapar, Çavlı’yı görevden alınca Çavlı bazı emîrlerle ittifak yaparak Suriye’ye doğru harekete geçti. Çavlı’ya karşı seferber olan Rıdvân, Sıffîn’de Urfa Kontu Baudouin tarafından Çavlı’ya gönderilen fidyeye el koydu ve ona karşı Nümeyroğulları ile iş birliği yapıp Halep’e döndü. Bu sırada Çavlı, Rıdvân’a ait Bâlîs’i işgal etti. Bunun üzerine Rıdvân, Tankred’e ittifak teklifinde bulundu; Çavlı da Baudouin ve Juscelin’den yardım istedi. Telbâşir’de yapılan savaşta her iki taraf ağır zayiat verdi (Safer 502 / Eylül 1108). Bâlîs tekrar Halep Selçuklu melikliğinin hâkimiyeti altına girdi.
Haçlılar’ın işgal ettiği Halep civarındaki topraklarını geri almak için Antakya bölgesine akınlar yapan Rıdvân, Tankred’in Urfa’dan dönmesiyle Halep’e çekildi. Tankred de misilleme olarak Halep’in doğusuna saldırınca Rıdvân zor durumda kaldı; 20.000 altın, 10.000 at verip Antakya seferi sırasında aldığı esirleri serbest bırakmak şartıyla barış yaptı. Bu antlaşma sebebiyle Halep ve civarındaki halkın erzak sıkıntısı çekmeye başlaması sebebiyle Rıdvân hazineye ait arazileri ucuz fiyatla halka satmak zorunda kaldı. Haçlılar’ın Suriye’yi ve özellikle Halep civarını yağma ve tahrip etmeleri üzerine Rıdvân o sırada Bağdat’ta bulunan Sultan Muhammed Tapar’a bir heyet yollayıp yardım istedi. Sultanın emriyle Musul Emîri Mevdûd b. Altuntegin önce Harran’ı, ardından Juscelin’in elindeki Telbâşir’i kuşatmaya başladı. Bu sırada Rıdvân, Mevdûd’a haber göndererek hemen Halep’e gelmelerini istedi. Ancak Selçuklu ordusu Halep önlerinde konaklayınca hareketlerinden endişeye kapıldı ve Mevdûd’u çağırdığına pişman olup Halep kapılarını kapattı. Bunun üzerine Selçuklu ordusu bölgeden uzaklaştı (Safer 505 / Ağustos 1111) ve Haçlılar’a karşı bir harekâta girişilemedi.
Bu dönemde iktisadî sıkıntı içinde olan Melik Rıdvân’ın Bâtınîler’le iş birliği yaparak Horasan’dan Halep’e gelen Ebû Harb Îsâ adlı tüccarın mallarına el koymaya teşebbüs etmesi itibarını büyük ölçüde sarstı. Antakya Prinkepsi Tankred’in Azaz’ı işgal etmeye hazırlandığını öğrenince arası açık olmasına rağmen Atabeg Tuğtegin’den yardım istedi ve kendisini Halep’e davet etti. Burada yapılan görüşmeler sonunda taraflar bir antlaşma imzaladılar (506/1112). Kudüs Kralı I. Baudouin, Dımaşk civarına saldırınca Tuğtegin Rıdvân’dan yardım istedi, ancak Rıdvân yardıma gitmedi, Taberiye’de Haçlılar’ın bozguna uğramasından sonra 100 süvari göndermekle yetindi. Tuğtegin de buna öfkelenip Dımaşk’ta onun adına okunmakta olan hutbeye son verdi (1 Rebîülevvel 507 / 16 Ağustos 1113). 28 Cemâziyelâhir 507’de (10 Aralık 1113) Halep’te ölen Rıdvân Meşhedülmelik denilen yerde defnedildi. Kaynaklarda Bâtınîler’le iş birliği yapması, onlar için Halep’te bir dârüdda‘ve inşa ettirmesi ve iki kardeşini öldürtmesi gibi sebeplerle ağır biçimde eleştirilmektedir. Yerine oğlu Ebû Şücâ Alparslan geçti.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbnü’l-Kalânisî, Târîḫu Dımaşḳ (Amedroz), s. 127, 130-132, 133-136, 138, 142, 148, 150, 156-159, 169, 173, 177, 182, 183-184, 189; Urfalı Mateos Vekayi-nâmesi (952-1136) ve Papaz Grigor’un Zeyli (1136-1162) (nşr. ve trc. H. D. Andreasyan), Ankara 1962, s. 183-184, 186, 230-231, 234, 241-243; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil, X, tür.yer.; İbnü’l-Adîm, Zübdetü’l-ḥaleb, II, 118, 124-125, 130-132, 135, 138-144, 146-153, 155-157, 161, 164, 246; Ebü’l-Ferec, Târih, I, 345, 347-351; Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ, XIX, 315-316; A. Aquensis, Geschichte des ersten Kruezzugs (trc. H. Hefele), Jena 1923, I, 131-132, 214-227, 236-238, 241-242, 308-309; II, 158-159, 181-186, 195-196, 238-247; Anonymi Gesta Francorum et Aliorum Hierosolymitanorum (nşr. B. A. Lees), Oxford 1924, s. 58, 75-78; Cl. Cahen, La Syrie du nord, Paris 1940, s. 213, 217-218, 227-228, 230, 239-242; Osman Turan, Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye, İstanbul 1971, s. 136-138; Işın Demirkent, Urfa Haçlı Kontluğu Tarihi: 1098-1118 , İstanbul 1974, s. 91, 112-118, 121-131, 137-138, 145-146; Runciman, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi, bk. İndeks; Ali Sevim, Suriye ve Filistin Selçukluları Tarihi, Ankara 2000, s. 161-223; a.mlf., “Artukluların Soyu ve Artuk Bey’in Siyasi Faaliyetleri”, TTK Belleten, XXVI/101 (1962), s. 121-146; a.mlf., “Artukoğlu Sökmen’in Siyasî Faaliyetleri”, a.e., XXVI/103 (1962), s. 501-520; a.mlf., “Artukoğlu İlgazi”, a.e., XXVI/104 (1962), s. 650, 664; C. E. Bosworth, “Rıḍwān”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 519.
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