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RİFÂA et-TAHTÂVÎ Skip to content Rifâa Râfi‘ b. Bedevî b. Alî b. Muhammed et-Tahtâvî el-Hüseynî el-Hâşimî (1801-1873)
Mısırlı dil, edebiyat, tarih ve coğrafya âlimi, mütercim.
1216’da (1801) Mısır’ın Cercâ (Gergâ) kasabasının Tahtâ köyünde doğdu. Babasının soyu Muhammed el-Bâkır yoluyla Hz. Hüseyin’e, annesinin soyu Hazrec kabilesine dayanır. Ailesinden çok sayıda sûfî ve âlim yetişmiştir. Adını aldığı annesinin dedelerinden Rifâa b. Abdüsselâm’ın türbesi bugün de ziyaret edilen mekânlardan biridir. İlk eğitimini dayısı ve hadis âlimi Abdüssamed el-Ensârî, dil bilimci ve şair Ebü’l-Hasan Abdülazîz el-Ensârî, Şâfiî fakihi ve sûfî Ferrâc el-Ensârî’den aldı ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i hıfzederek babasının gözetiminde klasik dinî metinleri okumaya başladı. 1817’de babasının vefatından sonra Ezher Üniversitesi’ne girdi; burada hadis, mantık, belâgat ve aruz tahsil etti. Hayatında önemli bir yeri olan hocası Hasan el-Attâr dinî ilimlerin yanı sıra astronomi, tıp, matematik, coğrafya ve tarihle de ilgilenmesini sağladı. 1821’de Ezher’deki öğrenimini tamamlayınca aynı yerde ders vermeye başladı. 1824’te orduda imam ve vâiz olarak görev yaptı. 1826’da Mehmed Ali Paşa tarafından Fransa’ya gönderilen kırk kişilik öğrenci grubunun başında imam ve vekilharç sıfatıyla Paris’e gitti. Burada Fransızca’yı öğrendi, ayrıca mütercimlik eğitimi aldı. Felsefeden mineraloji, matematik ve mitolojiye kadar çeşitli alanlardaki eserleri okudu. Özellikle Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu ve Racine’in eserlerinden etkilendi. Bunlardan bazılarını Arapça’ya tercüme etti. Başta Fransa’ya ait gözlemlerini anlattığı Taḫlîṣü’l-ibrîz fî (ilâ) telḫîṣi Bârîz olmak üzere muhtelif eserler hazırladı. Ayrıca Edme-Français Jomard, Silvestre de Sacy ve Armand Pierre Caussin de Perceval gibi şarkiyatçı ve bilim adamlarıyla tanıştı.
1831 yılında Mısır’a döndü. Medresetü’t-tıb’da mütercim ve Fransızca öğretmeni, 1833’te Tura’da bulunan Topçu Okulu’nda mütercim olarak görev yaptı. Ertesi yıl Mısır’da ortaya çıkan veba salgını yüzünden Tahtâ’ya gitti ve yaklaşık altı ay orada kaldı. Bu sırada çevirisine Paris’te başladığı Précis de géographie universelle isimli coğrafya kitabının ilk cildinin tercümesini tamamladı ve Mehmed Ali Paşa’ya sundu. Kendisine yüklü bir para ödendiği gibi sağ kol ağası rütbesiyle ödüllendirildi. Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın tercüme okulu tasarısını 1834’te kabul etmesinin ardından Tahtâvî bu okulla ilgili çalışmaları yürütmekle görevlendirildi. O sırada İbrâhim Efendi yönetiminde bulunan Medresetü’t-tercüme’nin ismini Medresetü’l-elsün’e çevirdi (1835). Dilin yanı sıra tarih, coğrafya, matematik, Fransız hukuku ve fıkıh derslerinin okutulduğu okulun müfredatını değiştirdi. Tahtâvî yönetimindeki okul ilk mezunlarını 1839’da vermeye başladı, bu vesileyle kendisine binbaşı piyade mülkiye rütbesi verildi. Tahtâvî burada yöneticilik, hocalık, mütercimlik ve musahhihlik gibi birçok işi yaklaşık on altı yıl yürüttü. 1841’de hazırlık okulu, 1845’te muhasebecilik okulu ve 1847’de Medresetü’ş-şerîati’l-İslâmiyye, Medresetü’l-elsün ile birleştirildiğinden Tahtâvî’nin yetki ve sorumluluk alanı da genişledi. Öte yandan 1836’da medreselerin yeniden düzenlenmesinden sonra Dîvânü’l-cihâd’ın yerini alan Dîvânü’l-medâris’e üye seçildi. 1841’den itibaren hocası Hasan el-Attâr’ın ilk editörlüğünü yaptığı el-Veḳāʾiʿu’l-Mıṣriyye gazetesinin yönetimi ve redaksiyonu işiyle vazifelendirildi ve gazete Türkçe-Arapça olarak çıkmaya başladı.
Tahtâvî çalışmalarından dolayı Mehmed Ali Paşa ve oğulları tarafından mükâfatlandırıldı. 1844’te kaymakam, 1847’de emîr alayı rütbesinin verilmesinin ardından bey unvanına sahip oldu ve döneminde daha çok Rifâa Bey olarak tanındı. Ayrıca kendisine Mehmed Ali, İbrâhim, Said ve İsmâil paşalar tarafından arazi hediye edildi (Cemâleddin eş-Şeyyâl, s. 141). I. Abbas Hilmi, Mısır valisi olunca Fransız danışmanların görevlerine son verdiği gibi birçok okulla birlikte Medresetü’l-elsün’ü de kapattı. Tahtâvî’yi de Medresetü’s-Sûdân’ı kurma göreviyle Hartum’a gönderdi (1850). Tahtâvî burada kaldığı dört yıl boyunca başlamış olduğu çeşitli tercümeleri tamamladı.
1854’te Mısır valisi olan Said Paşa tekrar Fransız danışmanlar edinirken Tahtâvî’yi de Kahire’deki Avrupa Bürosu’nun yöneticiliğine getirdi, ardından Medresetü’r-ricâl adlı askerî okula müdür vekili tayin etti. 1856-1860 yılları arasında el-Medresetü’l-harbiyye’de müdür ve hoca olarak görev yaptı. Bu okula daha sonra tercüme, muhasebe, mühendislik ve mimarlık bölümleri ilâve edildi. Tahtâvî’nin oğlu Bedevî Fethî Bey bu okulun mezunlarındandır. 1860’ta tuğgenerallik rütbesine yükseltilen Tahtâvî okulun aynı yıl kapatılmasının ardından bir süre açıkta kaldı. 1863’te Mısır valiliğine tayin edilen İsmâil Paşa’nın Dîvânü’l-medâris’i tekrar faaliyete geçirmesiyle birlikte Tahtâvî de buraya üye ve yeniden açılan Tercüme Kalemi’ne müdür oldu; bazı Fransız kanunlarını tercüme etti. 1870’te Dîvânü’l-medâris tarafından neşredilmeye başlanan Ravżatü’l-medâris dergisinin editörlüğüne getirildi ve ölümüne kadar altı sayının editörlüğünü yaptı. 27 (veya 29) Mayıs 1873’te Kahire’de vefat etti.
Rifâa et-Tahtâvî gerek tercüme ve telif eserleriyle gerekse yetiştirdiği talebelerle Osmanlı ve Mısır’ın düşünce hayatında önemli bir yer işgal eder. Kendisi ve talebeleri birçok kitabı Avrupa dillerinden Arapça ve Türkçe’ye tercüme etmiştir (Gibb, IV/4 [1928], s. 748). Eserlerinde Batı edebiyatını, eğitimini, siyasal ve sosyal kültürünü ele alması ve bunları Mısır şartlarıyla karşılaştırması itibariyle Tahtâvî, Mısır Batılılaşma hareketinin ve XIX. yüzyıl Mısır aydınlanması denilen “nehda” hareketinin önderlerinden kabul edilir. Onun fikrî gelişmesinde en önemli rolü hocası Hasan el-Attâr’ın yönlendirmesiyle Fransız düşüncesi oynamıştır. Fransa’daki gözlemlerinden oluşan Taḫlîṣü’l-ibrîz adlı eseri, XIX. yüzyıl Fransa’sını tanıtan seyahatnâme türünde Arapça tek eser olma özelliğini 1850’li yıllara kadar korumuştur. Eserde XIX. yüzyıl Fransa’sının gelenekleri, içtimaî ve siyasî hayatı, bunların Mısır’dakilerle karşılaştırılması, Fransızlar’ın örf ve âdetleri, kadın-erkek ilişkileri, yabancılara karşı davranışları, Fransa halkının dinî hayatı, Fransız düşüncesi ve tanık olduğu 1830 devrimiyle ilgili olaylar anlatılmıştır. Tahtâvî eserleri, tercümeleri ve talebeleriyle Batı-Doğu arasında bir nevi köprü vazifesi görmüştür. Mısır’da vatan kavramının siyasal içerikle kullanılmaya başlanmasında onun önemli rolü bulunmaktadır. Tahtâvî’nin, Mısır tarihini müslümanların Mısır’ı fethiyle değil firavunlar dönemiyle başlatması Arap tarih yazıcılığında bir yenilik kabul edilir. Eğitim alanındaki görüşlerini 1872’de kaleme aldığı el-Mürşidü’l-emîn li’l-benât ve’l-benîn isimli kitabında toplamıştır. Eğitimin önemini vurgulayan Tahtâvî bu hususta kız-erkek ayırımı yapmaz. Kızların eğitimi konusunda çabaları modern anlamdaki ilk kız okulunun Ocak 1873’te açılmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Tahtâvî, Arap dili ve edebiyatının gelişmesinde de önemli katkılarda bulunmuş, Fransızca’dan çeviri yaparken terimleri bazan Arapçalaştırmış, karşılığını bulamadıklarında Fransızca terimleri Arapça’ya adapte etmiştir. Onun Fénelon’dan tercüme ettiği Mevâḳıʿu’l-eflâk fî veḳāʾiʿi Tilîmâk (Les aventures de Télémaque ) adlı eser Batı dillerinden Arapça’ya çevrilen ilk edebî eserler arasında yer alır.
Eserleri. A) Seyahatnâme, Tarih, Coğrafya. 1. Taḫlîṣü’l-ibrîz fî (ilâ) telḫîṣi Bârîz (ed-Dîvânü’n-nefîs bi-îvâni Bârîs). İlk defa A. Caussin de Perceval tarafından “Relation d’un voyage en France” adıyla özetlenip Arapça bazı bölümleriyle birlikte yayımlanmış (JA, XI [Paris 1833], s. 222-251), daha sonra Bulak’ta (1250, 1265; Kahire 1323), ayrıca Ahmed el-Allâm, Ahmed Ahmed el-Bedevî ve Enver Lûkā tarafından dil ve gramer açısından düzeltilerek Kahire’de (1958) neşredilmiştir. Fransızca tam tercümesini Anouar Louca L’or de Paris: Relation de voyage, 1826-1831 adıyla yayımlamıştır (Paris 1988). Seyâhatnâme Tercümesi başlığıyla Rüstem Besim (Bulak 1255), Paris Gözlemleri adıyla Cemil Çiftçi (İstanbul 1992) tarafından Türkçe’ye çevrilen eseri Daniel L. Newman An Imam in Paris: Account of a Stay in France by an Egyptian Cleric 1826-1831 ismiyle İngilizce’ye tercüme etmiştir (London 2002). 2. el-Kenzü’l-muḫtâr fî keşfi’l-arâżî (iktişâfi’l-arżi) ve’l-biḥâr (Malta 1833; Kahire 1250). Tahtâvî’nin soru-cevap tarzında yazdığı beşerî ve siyasî coğrafyaya giriş niteliğinde bir ders kitabıdır. 3. el-Meṣâbîḥu’l-münîre fî tevârîḫi’l-ḳurûni’l-aḫîre (Bulak 1266). 4. Envârü tevfîḳı’l-celîl fî aḫbâri Mıṣr ve tevs̱îḳı Benî İsmâʿîl (Bulak 1285). Mısır’ın firavunlar döneminden müslümanların fethine kadarki tarihine dairdir. 5. Menâhicü’l-elbâbi’l-Mıṣriyye fî mebâhici’l-âdâbi’l-ʿaṣriyye (Kahire 1286, 1330). 6. Nihâyetü’l-îcâz fî sîreti sâkini’l-Ḥicâz. Tahtâvî’nin Ravżatü’l-medâris dergisinde tefrika edilen bu eseri Hz. Peygamber’in hayatına dair olup vefatından sonra oğlu Ali Fehmî Rifâa tarafından neşredilmiştir (Kahire 1291, 1990). Eserde Ali b. Muhammed el-Huzâî’nin Taḫrîcü’d-delâlâti’s-semʿiyye’sinin özeti de yer almaktadır (s. 305-531). 7. ed-Devletü’l-İslâmiyye niẓâmühâ ve ʿamâlâtühâ. Abdurrahman Hasan Mahmûd ve Fârûk Hâmid Bedr tarafından Nihâyetü’l-îcâz’a ilâve edilerek yayımlanmıştır (Kahire 1990).
B) Şiirleri ve Diğer Eserleri. 1. Cemâlü’l-Âcurrûmiyye (Bulak 1280). İsmâil Paşa zamanında açılan yeni okullarda İbn Mâlik’in el-Elfiyye’sinin yerine okutulmak üzere el-Âcurrûmiyye esas alınarak hazırlanan manzum küçük bir gramer kitabıdır. 2. et-Tuḥfetü’l-mektebiyye li-taḳrîbi’l-luġati’l-ʿArabiyye (Kahire 1286/1869). Silvestre de Sacy’nin et-Tuḥfetü’s-seniyye’sinden (Paris 1831) etkilenerek yazılmıştır. 3. Ḳaṣîde vaṭaniyye Mıṣriyye (Bulak 1272). Kendisini Sudan’dan geri çağıran Hidiv Said Paşa’ya ithafen yazdığı şiirlerden oluşur. 4. Ḳaṣîde vaṭaniyye Mıṣriyye. Hidiv İsmâil Paşa’ya ithafen yazılan bir kasidedir (Kahire 1281). 5. Muḳaddime vaṭaniyye Mıṣriyye (Bulak 1283). 6. el-Kevâkibü’n-neyyire fî leyâlî efrâḥi’l-ʿAzîz el-muḳmire (Bulak 1289). Tevfik Paşa’nın evliliğini tebrik için yazılan şiirlerden oluşur. 7. Taḫmîsü ḳaṣîdeti’ş-Şihâb Maḥmûd (Kahire 1309). 8. Tehniʾe ʿîdiyye vaṭaniyye (Bulak, ts.). 9. Tehniʾe vaṭaniyye li’l-vizâreti’s-seniyye (Bulak, ts.). 10. Dîvânü Rifâʿa eṭ-Ṭahṭâvî (nşr. Tâhâ Vâdî, Kahire 1979, 1984). 11. el-Mürşidü’l-emîn li’l-benât ve’l-benîn (Kahire 1289). 12. el-Ḳavlü’s-sedîd fi’l-ictihâd ve’t-taḳlîd (Kahire 1287).
C) Tercümeleri. 1. Naẓmü’l-ʿuḳūd fî kesri’l-ûd (Paris 1827). Agoub’un (Agop Paşa ?) La lyre brisée adlı kitabının tercümesidir. 2. Coġrâfiyye ṣaġīre (Bulak 1830). Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın emriyle ders kitabı olarak Fransızca’dan çevrilmiştir. 3. Fi’l-meʿâdini’n-nefîse li-tedbîri meʿâyişi’l-ḫalâʾiḳ (Bulak 1248). Cyprien Prosper Brard’ın eserinin tercümesidir. 4. Ḳalâʾidü’l-mefâḫir fî ġarîbi ʿavâʾidi’l-evâʾil ve’l-evâḫir (Bulak 1249). İki bölümden oluşan eserin birinci bölümünün Moeurs et usages des nations adlı bir eserin tercümesi olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. İkinci bölüm, Georg Bernhard Depping’in Aperçu historique sur les moeurs et coutumes des nations başlıklı eserin çevirisidir. 5. et-Taʿrîbâtü’ş-şâfiye li-mürîdi’l-coġrâfiyye (Bulak 1250, 1838). 6. el-Coġrâfiyyetü’l-ʿumûmiyye (Bulak, ts. [1834]). Conrad Malte-Brunn’un Geographie completaire universelle isimli eserinin ilk cildinin tercümesidir. 7. Bidâyetü’l-ḳudemâʾ ve hidâyetü’l-ḥukemâʾ (Bulak 1254, 1282). Tahtâvî ile birlikte Mustafa Efendi ez-Zerâbî, Muhammed Abdürrâzık ve Medresetü’l-elsün öğrencilerinden bazılarının tercüme ettiği Yunan, Hint, Arap, Acem vb. milletlerin tarihi ve kültürüyle ilgili bir eserdir. 8. Kitâbü Ḳudemâʾi’l-felâsife (Bulak 1252; Kahire 1256). 9. el-Manṭıḳ (Bulak 1254). Dumarsais’nin La logique adlı eserinin çevirisidir. 10. Mebâdiʾü’l-hendese (Bulak 1291; Kahire 1258). Andrien-Marie Legendre’nin Eléments de géometrie başlıklı eserinin tercümesidir. 11. el-Ḳānûnü’l-medenî el-ifrencî (I-II, Bulak 1283, 1293). Tahtâvî ile öğrencisi Abdullah es-Seyyid tarafından yapılan Fransız Medenî Kanunu’nun tercümesidir. 12. Ḳānûnü’t-ticâre (Bulak 1285). 13. Mevâḳıʿu’l-eflâk fî veḳāʾiʿi (aḫbâri) Telîmâk (Beyrut 1867). Bu eser Mısır ve Arap romancılığının gelişiminde bir hareket noktası teşkil etmiştir. Rifâa’nın bunlardan başka coğrafya, madenler ve hendeseyle ilgili bazı eserlerinin yanı sıra (Serkîs, I, 943-947) yayımlanmamış kitapları da vardır. el-Meẕâhibü’l-erbaʿa ve Şenferâ’ya ait Lâmiyyetü’l-ʿArab üzerine yaptığı şerh bunlardandır. Müellifin eserleri ayrıca el-Aʿmâlü’l-kâmile li-Rifâʿa Râfiʿ eṭ-Ṭahṭâvî adıyla Muhammed İmâre tarafından yayımlanmıştır (I-V, Beyrut 1973-1981).
Rifâa et-Tahtâvî hakkında Karl Stowasser, Shehu Ahmad Saîd Galadanci, İsrael Altman, John Ricardo Cole, Salwa Ali Rida Sawi, Lâmia Mahmûd Zekî, Ahmed Ahmed Seyyid Ahmed yüksek lisans ve doktora tezleri hazırlamış; Fethî Rifâa et-Tahtâvî, Nu‘mân Âşûr, Abdülhamîd Hilâl Abdülazîz, Raouf Abbas Hamed, Semîr Ebû Hamdân, İhlâs Fahrî İmâre, Ahmed Ahmed Bedevî, Cemâleddin eş-Şeyyâl, Sâlih Mecdî, Rüşdî Sâlih, Bedrâvî Zehrân, Muhammed İmâre, Hüseyin Fevzî en-Neccâr, Süleyman Hatîb ve Sâmî Süleyman Ahmed monografiler yazmıştır. Ayrıca müellifle ilgili çok sayıda makale yayımlanmış olup bunların yazarları arasında Leon Zolondek, Nadye Ebû Zehre, W. Walter, İmâd Şâhîn ve Juan R. I. Cole yer alır (Goldschmidt, s. 419-423; Abdülcebbâr er-Rifâî, s. 327-330).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Rifâa et-Tahtâvî, Ein Muslim entdeckt Europa (trc. Karl Stowasser), Leipzig 1988, tercüme edenin son sözü, s. 305-324; Serkîs, Muʿcem, I, 943-947; Cemâleddin eş-Şeyyâl, Târîḫu’t-terceme ve’l-ḥareketi’s̱-s̱eḳāfiyye fî ʿaṣri Muḥammed ʿAlî, Kahire 1951, s. 119-146; A. Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798-1939, London 1962, s. 67-102, ayrıca bk. Fihrist; J. A. Haywood, Modern Arabic Literature: 1800-1970, London 1971, s. 32-35; P. Gran, Islamic Roots of Capitalism: Egypt, 1760-1840, Austin 1979, s. 197-208, ayrıca bk. Fihrist; J. Brugman, An Introduction to the History of Modern Arabic Literature in Egypt, Leiden 1984, s. 18-25; Abdülcebbâr er-Rifâî, el-İḥtirâḳu’s̱-s̱eḳāfî, Kum 1374/1416, s. 327-330; A. Goldschmidt, Ḳāmûsü terâcimi Mıṣri’l-ḥadîs̱e (trc. Abdülvehhâb Bekir), Kahire 2003, s. 418-423; Jomard, “Ecole égyptienne de Paris”, JA, II (1828), s. 96-116; H. A. R. Gibb, “Studies in Contemporary Arabic Literature”, BSOAS, IV/4 (1928), s. 745-760; J. Heyworth-Dunne, “Rifāʿah Badawī Rāfiʿ al-Ṭaḥtāwī: The Egyptian Revivalist”, a.e., IX/4 (1939), s. 961-967; X/2 (1940), s. 399-415; B. Lewis, “Watan”, Journal of Contemporary History, XXVI/3, London 1991, s. 523-533; J. W. Livingston, “Western Science and Educational Reform in the Thought of Shaykh Rifā‘a al-Tahtāwī”, IJMES, XXVIII (1996), s. 543-564; Mohammed Sawaie, “Rifāʿa Rafiʿ al-Tahtawi and His Contribution to the Lexical Development of Modern Literary Arabic”, a.e. , XXXII/3 (2000), s. 395-410; K. Öhrnberg, “Rifāʿa Bey al-Ṭahṭāwī”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 523-524.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 95-97 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.