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RİHLE Skip to content Hadis öğrenmek için yapılan yolculuklara verilen ad.
Sözlükte “yola koyulmak; bir şeyin sırtına binmek” anlamlarındaki rahl kökünden türeyen rihle kelimesi, terim olarak “hadis öğrenmek (talebü’l-hadîs) ve râvi hakkında bilgi edinmek için seyahate çıkma” mânasında er-rihle fî talebi’l-hadîs şeklinde kullanılır. Bu yolculuğa çıkan kimseye râhil, bu maksatla çok yolculuk yapanlara rahhâle, ruhle, cevvâle, tavvâfü’l-ekālîm denir. Rihle muhaddislerle görüşmek, mevcut rivayetleri derlemek ve hadisle ilgili bilgilere ulaşmak amacıyla yolculuk yapmayı da ifade eder. Tanınmış pek çok musannif, önceki hadis mecmualarında mevcut hadisleri dinlemek ve rivayet icâzeti almak üzere uzun yolculuklara çıkmıştır (Sezgin, s. 37, 75-77). Goldziher, rihleyi ilk üç asırda çeşitli bölgelerdeki şifahî hadis kültürünü derlemek için yapılmış faaliyetler olarak kabul etmiş olup (Muslim Studies, II, 165-167) onun bu değerlendirmesi, ilk üç asırdaki ilim yolculuklarını sadece şifahî rivayetlerle sınırlı tutması ve yerel hadis kültürünü toplama şeklinde algılaması dolayısıyla yanlıştır.
Rihlenin meşruiyetine, genellikle Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de anlatıldığı üzere Hz. Mûsâ’nın yol arkadaşı gençle birlikte ilim uğrunda yolculuk etmesi (el-Kehf 18/60-82) ve bir bedevînin Resûl-i Ekrem’e gelerek elçisinin söylediği sözleri tahkik etmesi (Müslim, “Îmân”, 12) delil gösterilmiştir. Buhârî ise el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ’inde (“ʿİlim”, 26), bir kadının Ukbe b. Hâris’e hem kendisine hem yeni evlendiği hanımına süt emzirdiğini söylemesi üzerine onun bu iddiayı Resûl-i Ekrem’e sormaya gelişini rihleye delil gösterir. Rihlenin aklî dayanağı ise elde edilen âlî isnadlar sayesinde seneddeki râvi sayısının azalması sebebiyle rivayetteki yanılgı ihtimalinin de azalacak olmasıdır. Öte yandan bazı hadis âlimleri, daha çok râvinin tenkidiyle meşgul olmanın münekkidi daha derin araştırmaya ve titiz davranmaya sevkedeceği gerekçesiyle nâzil isnadı makbul saymış, fakat daha fazla rivayet toplamak amacıyla yapılan rihleyi gereksiz bulmuştur. Rihlenin âlî isnad elde edilmesi yanında bir diğer faydası da meşhur hadis hâfızlarıyla tanışarak onlardan faydalanmaktır (Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, el-Câmiʿ, II, 223).
Rihlenin ilk uygulamaları Resûl-i Ekrem dönemine kadar gider. Hz. Muhammed’in peygamber olduğunu duyan bazı kimseler onu tanımak, Kur’an’ı, İslâm esaslarını ve yeni dinin tatbikatını öğrenmek maksadıyla yanına gelirler, ihtiyaç duydukları bilgileri öğrendikten sonra kabilelerine dönüp oradakilere anlatırlardı. Her ne kadar bu seyahatler İslâmiyet’i öğrenmeye yönelik ise de bu vesileyle hadis de öğrenilir ve diğer insanlara öğretilirdi. Bilinen anlamıyla rihle faaliyeti başlamadan önce özellikle hac ve umre ziyareti dolayısıyla Hicaz’a gelenler, gerek yolculukları sırasında gerekse mukaddes topraklarda hadis ehliyle karşılaşıp onlardan hadis öğrenirlerdi. Rihlenin daha çok rivayet almak veya rivayeti teyit etmek amacıyla yapılması tâbiîn dönemine rastlar. Ancak bazı çağdaş müelliflerin iddialarının aksine (Hamza Abdullah Melîbârî, s. 87-88) Hz. Peygamber’in vefatından sonra hadis öğrenmek için hac güzergâhı dışında yolculuk yapılması işi bazı sahâbîlerle sınırlı değildir. Ashabın kendi aralarındaki yolculukları, Resûlullah’tan bizzat duydukları haberleri arkadaşlarının bilgisiyle kontrol etme ve duymadıkları bir haberi ilk ağızdan dinleme düşüncesine dayanmaktaydı. Resûl-i Ekrem’in ilim öğrenmeye teşvik etmesi ve ashabın bir tek hadis için bile seyahate çıkması tâbiîn neslini etkilemiş, onların bu uygulaması VI. (XII.) yüzyılın başlarına kadar sürmüştür.
Hadislerin II (VIII) ve III. (IX.) yüzyıllarda büyük ölçüde hadis külliyatı şeklinde derlenmesinden sonra da rivayetin geçerli olabilmesi için hadislerin bizzat hocadan alınması şartı aranmış ve bu amaçla rihlelere devam edilmiştir. Hıfz, kitâbet ve icâzetin birbirini takviye edecek biçimde varlığını sürdürmesinde rihle çok önemli katkılar sağlamış, ancak zamanla yazma işinin belirli esaslara bağlanması, icâzetle kitaptan rivayete izin verilmesi, kitaba olan güvenin artması gibi hususlar rihlelerin azalmasına yol açmış ve Ebû Abdullah İbn Mende (ö. 395/1005) yoğun rihle döneminin son temsilcilerinden sayılmıştır. II-IV. (VIII-X.) yüzyıllar arasında en hareketli dönemini yaşayan rihle geleneği kısmen devam etmiş, büyük hadis mecmualarının tasnif edilmesinin ardından V. (XI.) yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren medreselerin, VI. (XII.) yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren dârülhadislerin kurulmasıyla ilim yolculuğuna çıkma âdeti sona ermiş, dârülhadislerin yaygınlaşmasından sonraki rihleler belirli kitapların rivayet icâzetini almak için yapılmıştır.
Fetihler dolayısıyla pek çok ülkeye dağılan sahâbîlerin bildiği hadisler rihleler sayesinde kaybolmaktan kurtulmuştur. Öte yandan bu yöntemle tek bir hadisin çok sayıda tarikine ulaşmak, bilinmeyen rivayetleri elde etmek, âlî isnada sahip olmak, zabt kusurundan dolayı zayıf kabul edilen hadisin başka tariklerini bularak onu takviye etmek, âlimlerle bilgi alışverişinde bulunarak hadislerin illetleri, cerh ve ta‘dîli gibi konularda yeni bilgiler elde etmek, olayı bizzat yaşamış sahâbîye veya ondan edinilmiş bilgiye ulaşıp hadislerin vürûd sebeplerini öğrenmek, râvilerin hayatlarına dair bilgilere ulaşmak mümkün olmuş, böylece tabakat literatürü zenginleştirilmiştir. Rivayet edilen metinlerin ortak vasıfları rihleler sayesinde anlaşılmış, hadislerin ifade tarzı tesbit edilmiş, icmâ edilen uygulamalarla şâz ve münker rivayetler ortaya çıkmıştır. Metinleri birbirine benzeyen hadislerin sıhhat derecesinin artmasıyla uygulama farklılıkları kalkmış, güvenilirlik derecesine göre rivayetlerin arası telif edilmiştir. Rihle İslâm ülkeleri arasındaki bağların kuvvetlenmesinde ve kültür birliğinin sağlanmasında da etkili olmuştur. Rihle muhaddisin hem ilmî hem insanî açıdan kemale ermesini sağlayan bir faaliyettir. Hadis rivayetiyle ünlü bir âlimin üstün edebini, dini yaşama tarzını ve kabiliyetlerini görmek râvi üzerinde olumlu tesir bıraktığı için pek çok kimse fazilet ehli ulemâyı tanımak, onları kendine örnek almak için ilim yolculuğuna çıkmıştır. Öte yandan rihleler sayesinde hadis külliyatı oldukça erken bir dönemde toplanmış, sadece bir kişinin bildiği bir hadis topluma mal edilmiş, nesiller arasında güçlü bir iletişim kurulmuş ve bilgiler sağlam şekilde sonraki nesillere aktarılmıştır. Hadis öğrencileri hocalarının hayatını tesbit ederek tabakat, tezkire, meşyeha, terâcim, nakd-i ricâl, vefeyât, menâkıb gibi adlarla anılan ricâl edebiyatını geliştirmişler, ayrıca gittikleri yerlerle ilgili tarihî ve coğrafî bilgileri kaydederek diğer bilim dalları açısından da zengin bir miras bırakmışlardır. Rihle zamanla hadis öğreniminin bir parçası haline gelmiş, rihle yapanların cerh ve ta‘dîle ilişkin görüşlerine daha fazla itibar edilmiştir. Meşhur muhaddislerin rivayetlerde aradıkları hoca ile görüşme (likā) ve aynı zaman diliminde yaşama (muâsarat) şartları rihle ile doğrudan ilgilidir. Rivayetin rihle sırasında şifahî olarak alınması rihle yapılmadan doğrudan kitaptan alınmasından daha değerli görülmüştür. Hatta kitâbî rivayetlerin yaygınlaştığı dönemlerde bile kitabın rivayet icâzetini vicâhen almak bir üstünlük sebebi sayılmıştır.
Rihle sırasında ibadet ve zikirde devamlılık yanında cömertlik, sefer meşakkatine katlanma gibi sefer âdâbına riayet gereklidir. İlim yolculuğuna çıkmak isteyen kimse öncelikle kendi beldesindeki ulemânın rivayetlerini öğrenmeli ve gittiği yerlerde bunları rivayet etmelidir. Yola çıkmadan önce beldesindeki hocalarıyla istişare edip hangi bölgelere gideceğini ve kimlerle görüşeceğini tesbit ettikten sonra bir perşembe günü yola çıkmalıdır. Varmak istediği yere ulaşınca hadis öğrenmek istediği hoca ile bir an önce görüşüp onun rivayetlerini almaya çalışmalıdır. Râvi birçok hocadan hadis öğrenmek yerine âlî isnadla aldığı rivayet sayısını arttırmalı, kendisinin bilmediği rivayetlerin ve isnadların peşine düşmeli, her hocanın kendine has rivayetlerini öncelikle almalı, aşırı semâ arzusuna kapılmamalı ve rihlesinin çokluğunu böbürlenme vesilesi yapmamalıdır. Bir beldede mutlaka bilinmesi gereken bilgileri öğretecek kimsenin bulunmaması halinde rihle yapmak zorunlu olduğundan ailesi izin vermese bile râvi ilim yolculuğuna çıkmalıdır. Elde edilmek istenen bilginin bir beldede bulunması halinde rihleye gerek olmadığı söylenmişse de diğer beldelerde farklı bilgiler bulunabileceği için rihle teşvik edilmiştir. Rihleye çıkacak kişi ailesinin nafakasını temin etmek zorunda olduğundan bazı muhaddisler erken dönemde evlenmeyi uygun görmemiştir. Hadis talebesinin rihleye çıkmadan önce iyi bir yol arkadaşı edinmesi tavsiye edilmiştir. Rihle sırasında yollarda fazla oyalanmamalı, amacına ulaştıktan sonra hemen geri dönüp rivayetleri tasnif etmeli ve öğretmeye vakit ayırmalıdır. Diğer İslâmî ilimlerde de rihle yapılmakla birlikte bunların hiçbiri hadis ilminde olduğu gibi geniş bir coğrafyayı kapsamamıştır. Fetihlerle İslâm toprakları genişledikçe rihlenin kapsamı da genişlemiştir.
Rihleye dair en önemli eser Hatîb el-Bağdâdî’nin er-Riḥle fî ṭalebi’l-ḥadîs̱’idir (nşr. Nûreddin Itr, Beyrut 1395/1975). Hadis ilminde tek bir hadis için yapılan rihleleri ele alan bu eser sahâbenin bir hadis için yaptığı rihleler yanında tâbiîn nesli ve daha sonraki nesillerin rihleleri, âlî isnad elde etmek için yapılan rihleler gibi konuları içermektedir. Nâşir, eserin sonuna ilâve ettiği İstidrâkü’z-ziyâdât ʿalâ Kitâbi’r-Riḥle adlı otuz yedi sayfalık incelemesinde ashabın Hz. Peygamber’e yaptığı rihlelerle tâbiînin, daha sonraki nesillerin ve bazı muhaddislerin rihlelerini ele almıştır. Eseri ayrıca Subhî es-Sâmerrâî Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil fî ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ (Medine 1389/1969, s. 37-72) ve Nasr Ebû Atâ Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil fî ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ (Riyad 1415/1994, s. 127-242) içinde neşretmiştir. Rihle konusunu ele alan diğer bazı çalışmalar şunlardır: Îsâ ez-Zeytûnî, er-Riḥle ve es̱eruhâ fi’l-ḥadîs̱ ve ʿulûmih (doktora tezi, 1988, Câmiatü’z-Zeytûne el-külliyyetü’z-Zeytûniyye [Tunus]); Yusuf Açıkel, Hadis Toplamak İçin Yapılan Seyahatler (Rihle) (yüksek lisans tezi, 1992, AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); Hüseyin Nassâr, Edebü’r-riḥle (Kahire 1991); Hüsnü Mahmûd Hüseyin, Edebü’r-riḥle ʿinde’l-ʿArab (Kahire 1976); Mustafa Münîr Edhem, Riḥletü’l-İmâm eş-Şâfiʿî ilâ Mıṣr (Kahire 1930); Ahmed Ramazan Ahmed, er-Riḥle ve’r-raḥḥâletü’l-müslimîn (Cidde 1984 [?]); İmâdüddin Halîl, Riḥle fî ʿaṣri’r-risâle (Bağdat 1987); Ali Muhsin Mâlullah, Edebü’r-riḥlât ʿinde’l-ʿArab fi’l-meşriḳ neşʾetühû ve teṭavvürühû ḥattâ nihâyeti’l-ḳarni’s̱-s̱âmini’l-hicrî (Bağdat 1978); Kāsım b. Yûsuf et-Tücîbî es-Sebtî, Müstefâdü’r-riḥle ve’l-iġtirâb (nşr. Abdülhafîz Mansûr, Libya-Tunus 1395/1975); İsmâil el-Arabî, Târîḫu’r-riḥle ve’l-istikşâf fi’l-berri ve’l-baḥr (Cezayir 1986); I. R. Netton, Seek Knowledge: Thought and Travel in the House of Islam (Richmond-Surrey 1996); Nazik Saba Yared, Arab Travellers and Western Civilization (London 1996).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Râmhürmüzî, el-Muḥaddis̱ü’l-fâṣıl (nşr. M. Acâc el-Hatîb), Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 216-218, 234; Hâkim en-Nîsâbûrî, Maʿrifetü ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ (nşr. Seyyid Muazzam Hüseyin), Haydarâbâd 1935 → Medine-Beyrut 1397/1977, s. 1-5; Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, el-Câmiʿ li-aḫlâḳı’r-râvî ve âdâbi’s-sâmiʿ (nşr. Mahmûd et-Tahhân), Riyad 1403/1983, II, 223-248; a.mlf., er-Riḥle fî ṭalebi’l-ḥadîs̱ (nşr. Nûreddin Itr), Beyrut 1395/1975, neşredenin girişi, s. 12-59; İbnü’s-Salâh, ʿUlûmü’l-ḥadîs̱ (nşr. Nûreddin Itr), Beyrut 1401/1981, s. 222-223; Bedreddin el-Aynî, ʿUmdetü’l-ḳārî, Kahire 1392/1972, II, 52-53; Şemseddin es-Sehâvî, Fetḥu’l-muġīs̱, Beyrut 1403/1983, II, 6-7, 60-65, 151, 314; III, 6; Süyûtî, Tedrîbü’r-râvî (nşr. Abdülvehhâb Abdüllatîf), Kahire 1385/1966, II, 45, 142, 160; Tâhir el-Cezâirî, Tevcîhü’n-naẓar (nşr. Abdülfettâh Ebû Gudde), Beyrut 1416/1995, II, 720-721; M. Tayyib Okiç, Bazı Hadis Meseleleri Üzerinde Tetkikler, İstanbul 1959, s. 99-100; M. Acâc el-Hatîb, es-Sünne ḳable’t-tedvîn, Beyrut 1383/1963, s. 176-183; Seyyid Abdülazîz Sâlim, et-Târîḫ ve’l-müʾerriḫûne’l-ʿArab, İskenderiye 1967, s. 211-212; I. Goldziher, Muslim Studies (trc. C. R. Barber – S. M. Stern), London 1971, II, 165-167; Muhammad Zubayr Siddiqi, Hadīth Literature (ed. Abdal Hakim Murad), Cambridge 1993, s. 40-42; C. F. Beckingham, “The Rihla: Fact or Fiction?”, Golden Roads: Migration, Pilgrimage and Travel in Mediaeval and Modern Islam (ed. I. R. Netton), Richmond 1993, s. 86-94; Subhî es-Sâlih, Hadîs İlimleri ve Hadîs Istılahları (trc. M. Yaşar Kandemir), İstanbul 1997, s. 36-45; Hamza Abdullah Melîbârî, ʿUlûmü’l-ḥadîs̱ fî ḍavʾi taṭbîḳāti’l-muḥaddis̱îne’n-nuḳḳād, Beyrut 1423/2003, s. 87-88; Fuat Sezgin, Buhârî’nin Kaynakları Hakkında Araştırmalar, Ankara 2007, s. 37, 75-77; L. Librande, “The Categories High and Low as Reflections or the Rihlah and Kitabah in Islam”, Isl., LV/2 (1978), s. 267-280.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 106-108 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.