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RIZA TEVFİK BÖLÜKBAŞI Skip to content (1869-1949)
Feylesof lakabıyla tanınan II. Meşrutiyet devri şairi, edebiyatçı, felsefeci ve politikacı.
Asıl adı Ali Rıza olup babasının kaymakamlık yaptığı Edirne vilâyetine bağlı Cisr-i Mustafa Paşa’da (bugün Bulgaristan’da Svilengrad) doğdu. Babası Arnavutluk’tan Debre-i Bâlâlı Hoca Mehmed Tevfik Efendi, annesi Kafkasya’dan kaçırılarak İstanbul’da bir konağa satılan Çerkez asıllı Münîre Hanım’dır. Öğrenimine Üsküdar Dağ Hamamı’nda babasının hocalık yaptığı Sion Mektebi’nde başladı. Bir süre yine babasının yanında Beylerbeyi ve Dâvud Paşa rüşdiyelerine devam ettiyse de babasının İzmit’e savcı vekili olarak tayini üzerine tahsili yarım kaldı (1879). İzmit’te annesi sıtmadan öldü. Çocukluk ve ilk gençlik yılları ailenin göç ettiği Gelibolu’da geçti. 1884’te girdiği Galatasaray Sultânîsi’ne sadece bir yıl devam edebildi. 1887’de Mekteb-i Mülkiyye’ye kaydolduysa da bir talebe hareketine karışınca okuldan uzaklaştırıldı (1890). Sonunda bir hocasının tavsiyesiyle Tıbbiyye-i Mülkiyye’ye girdi. Buradaki öğrenimi sırasında zaman zaman yine bazı öğrenci olaylarına karıştı, bu yüzden birkaç defa hapse atıldı. Hayatının bir düzene kavuşacağı düşüncesiyle akrabaları tarafından 1895’te Dârülmuallimât müdîresi Ayşe Sıdıka Hanım ile evlendirildi. Tıbbiyenin son sınıfında iken II. Abdülhamid’in iradesiyle, 1897 Türk-Yunan Muharebesi’nde yaralı askerleri Manastır’dan İstanbul’a nakleden seyyar bir hastahanede Fahri Paşa’nın yanında stajyer doktor olarak çalıştı.
Tıbbiyeden ancak 1899’da mezun olabildi ve Cenab Şahabeddin’in yardımıyla Karantina İdaresi’ne doktor olarak tayin edildi. Ayrıca İstanbul Gümrüğü’nde Eczâ-yı Tıbbiyye müfettişliğine getirildi; bir süre sonra Cem‘iyyet-i Mülkiyye-i Tıbbiyye’ye üye seçildi. Bu görevleri 1908 yılına kadar sürdü. 1903’te karısının ölümü üzerine Nazlı Hanım ile evlendi. 1907’de girdiği İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nde üst kademelerde görev aldı. II. Meşrutiyet’in ilân edildiği günlerde Selim Sırrı (Tarcan) ile birlikte İstanbul halkına meşrutiyet ve hürriyeti anlatan nutuklar verdi. Aynı yıl yapılan seçimlerde Edirne mebusu olarak Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’a girdi. 1909’da İngiliz Parlamentosu’nun davetlisi olarak Talat Paşa başkanlığındaki bir heyetle birlikte Londra’ya gitti. Birtakım pervasız hareketleri yüzünden kısa zamanda partili arkadaşlarıyla arası açılınca 1911’de parti içindeki muhaliflerin kurduğu Hürriyet ve İtilâf Fırkası’na geçti. 1912’de Büyükada’da yaptığı bir konuşma seçim usullerine aykırı bulunarak İstanbul mebusu Kozmidi Efendi ile beraber bir ay kadar hapsedildi. Hapisten çıktıktan kısa bir süre sonra propaganda konuşması yapmak üzere gittiği Gümülcine’de İttihatçılar’ın tuttuğu adamlar tarafından dövüldü. 1913-1918 yılları arasında politikadan uzaklaşarak tekrar Karantina İdaresi’nde çalışmaya başladı. Bir yandan da Rehber-i İttihâd-ı Osmânî Mektebi’nde felsefe dersleri verdi ve Istılâhât-ı İlmiyye Encümeni’nde çalıştı.
1918’de Ahmed Tevfik Paşa kabinesinde Maarif nâzırı olarak politikaya döndü; aynı zamanda İstanbul Dârülfünunu’nda felsefe ve estetik dersleri veriyordu. Damad Ferid Paşa kabinesinde iki defa Şûrâ-yı Devlet reisliği yaptı (1919-1920). 1919’da Paris’te toplanan Barış Konferansı’na Osmanlı Devleti’ni temsilen önce danışman, ardından delege sıfatıyla katıldı. Sevr Antlaşması’nı imzalayan heyette yer aldı (10 Ağustos 1920). Gerek Sevr Antlaşması’nı imzalaması, gerekse aynı günlerde Anadolu’da başlayan Millî Mücadele hareketine muhalif bir tavır takınarak millî vicdanı incitecek yazılar yazması Dârülfünun talebelerinin tepkisine yol açtı. Yapılan protestolar sonunda Cenab Şahabeddin, Ali Kemal, Hüseyin Dâniş ve Barsamyan Efendi ile birlikte Dârülfünun’daki görevinden istifa etmek zorunda kaldı (8 Nisan 1922). Yakın arkadaşı Ali Kemal’in İstanbul’dan kaçırılıp Ankara’ya götürülürken İzmit’te linç edilmesi üzerine aynı âkıbete uğrama korkusuyla 8 Kasım 1922’de bazı arkadaşlarıyla beraber Mısır’a gitti. Daha sonra Sevr’i imzalaması yüzünden Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi tarafından 150’likler listesine alındı. Kahire’de karşılaştığı eski dostu Emîr Abdullah’ın davetine uyarak Ürdün’e gitti ve kralın divan tercümanı oldu; ayrıca Sıhhiye ve Âsâr-ı Atîka Müzesi müdürlüğü yaptı. 1934’te buradaki görevinden emekliye ayrılarak Lübnan sahilinde Cünye kasabasına yerleşti. 1936’da eşiyle birlikte Avrupa seyahatine çıktı ve bir yıl kadar İngiltere ile Fransa’da kaldı. 150’liklerin affına dair kanunun yürürlüğe girmesinden yaklaşık beş yıl sonra İstanbul’a döndü (1943). Burada gazetelerde edebiyat, sanat ve estetikle ilgili yazılar yayımladı. 30 Aralık 1949’da vefat etti ve Zincirlikuyu’daki Asrî Mezarlığa defnedildi.
Türk kültür ve edebiyat tarihinde “feylesof” lakabıyla tanınan Rıza Tevfik bugün daha çok şair olarak hatırlanmaktadır. 1895’ten itibaren dergilerde önce Abdülhak Hâmid ile Hugo ve Lamartine gibi romantik şairlerin etkisi altında aruz vezniyle şiirler yayımlayan Rıza Tevfik asıl şöhretini 1913’ten sonra hece vezniyle yazdığı şiirlerle kazanmıştır. Millî Edebiyat akımının teşekkül yıllarına rastlayan bu tarihlerde hece vezni ve sade Türkçe ile o günkü Türk şiirinin en beğenilen örneklerini ortaya koyarken 1900’lerde Mehmed Emin’in başlatmış olduğu “parmak hesabı” şiiri de asıl yerine o oturtmuştur. Küçük yaştan itibaren halk kültür ve âdetleri içinde yetişen şair sanatkâr kişiliğiyle gelenekten ustaca yararlanmış, bu konuda yazdığı makaleleriyle şiir estetiğine bu doğrultuda sağlam bir zemin hazırlamıştır.
Rıza Tevfik, felsefî ve dinî anlamda gerçeği aramak üzere başladığı araştırmaları sonunda Türk milletinin öz malı olan ve onun ruhunu en güzel biçimde dile getiren tekke ve halk edebiyatı örneklerini keşfeder. Milletin hâfızasındaki folklor malzemesiyle sadece halk şairleri ve Bektaşî dervişlerinin elinde kalan halk ve tekke şiirlerini samimi ifadeleriyle Türk milletinin karakterini en güzel şekilde yansıtan örnekler olarak değerlendirir. 1914-1922 yılları arasında konuyla ilgili elliye yakın makale yayımlayan Rıza Tevfik’in bu yazıları, Millî Edebiyat hareketini fikrî planda hazırlayan ve bir kamuoyu oluşmasına büyük ölçüde yardım eden unsurlar arasında ele alınmıştır. Ancak onun âşık tarzı ve tekke edebiyatı geleneği konusundaki görüşleri uzun süre iyice anlaşılamamış, zaman zaman devrin önde gelen Türkçüler’i tarafından tenkit edilmekten kurtulamamıştır.
Bütün bu hazırlığın arkasından onun bir devre damgasını vuran asıl sanatkâr şahsiyeti tekke şairleri ve halk âşıklarının genellikle mûsiki eşliğinde okudukları divan, nefes ve ilâhi gibi şiirlerden yola çıkarak kaleme aldığı divan, koşma ve nefesleriyle belirir. Millî Edebiyat’ın daha yeni yeni teşekkül etmeye başladığı II. Meşrutiyet sonrasında onun bu tarz şiirler yazmak suretiyle Türk edebiyatının asıl kaynağına yönelmesi dönemin birçok şair ve aydını için yol açıcı bir rol oynar. Bu yıllarda hece vezniyle yazdığı lirik divan ve koşmalarıyla şöhret kazanan şair sanat anlayışı olarak sübjektivizmi benimser. Bundan dolayı şiirlerinde teşbih, istiare ve mecaz gibi edebî sanatlara başvurmaz; doğrudan doğruya dış dünyadaki varlıkların ruhunda uyandırdığı tesirleri aksettirmek suretiyle daha çok izlenimlere dayalı bir sanat anlayışını savunur.
Rıza Tevfik dil, şekil ve üslûp bakımından en mükemmel şiirlerini 1911-1922 yılları arasında yazar. Aruz vezniyle kaleme aldığı ilk denemelerinde daha çok ferdî ıstıraplarına bağlanabilecek bazı temalar çevresinde dolaşan şairin şiirlerine yeni konular girer. Bu dönemde ferdî ıstıraplarıyla birlikte içinde yaşadığı toplumun meseleleriyle de yakından ilgilenir; başta tarih, vatan sevgisi ve aşk olmak üzere toplumsal, dinî ve felsefî birçok yeni temayı işler. “Sfenks”, “Gelibolu’da Hamzabey Sahili”, “Selma, Sen de Unut Yavrum!” başta olmak üzere “Harap Mâbed”, “Fikret’in Necip Ruhuna” ve “Uçun Kuşlar” adlı şiirleri onun en tanınmış eserleri arasında yer alır.
Doğu ve Batı dünyasına ait oldukça geniş bir felsefî birikime sahip olan Rıza Tevfik, yeni bir ekol kurmaktan ziyade mevcut felsefî bilgileri yorumlayarak bunlarla modern görüşler arasında dikkate değer benzerlikler üzerinde durmuştur. Bütün bu faaliyetleri yanında 1905’te Mehmed Emin’in şiirleri dolayısıyla dilde sadeleşme ve hece vezni üzerine Ömer Nâci ile, 1918’de Zerdüşt’ün Türk asıllı olup olmadığı konusunda Sâmih Rifat’la, yine aynı yıl Tevfik Fikret’in inancı konusunda Babanzâde Ahmed Naim’le fikir tartışmalarına girmiş, bu tartışmalar sırasında bütün bilgi birikimini ortaya koyduğu dikkate değer makaleler yazmıştır.
Eserleri. 1. Textes houroûfîs (I. Clément Huart’la birlikte, Leiden 1909). “Etude sur la religion des houroûfîs” başlıklı ikinci bölümü (s. 220-313) Rıza Tevfik tarafından kaleme alınan eserde, bir kısım yazma metinlere başvurulmak suretiyle Hurûfîliğin kurucusu Fazlullah-ı Hurûfî ile bu mezhebin inanç sistemi ve Anadolu’daki başlıca temsilcileri hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi verilmekte, eserde ayrıca Hurûfîliği benimseyen Osmanlı şairlerinin şiirlerinden örnekler bulunmaktadır.
2. Felsefe Dersleri (I, İstanbul 1330). Rıza Tevfik’in Rehber-i İttihâd-ı Osmânî Mektebi’nde vermiş olduğu ders notlarından meydana gelmiştir. “Mebhas-i Ma‘rifet” adını taşıyan, genel anlamda bir felsefe tarihi mahiyetindeki eserin bu ilk cildinde felsefenin esas konusu ve belli başlı problemleri hakkında bilgiler yer almaktadır. Eser aynı adla ve kısmen sadeleştirilmek suretiyle M. Münir Dedeoğlu tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Ankara 2001).
3. Mufassal Kāmûs-ı Felsefe (I-II, İstanbul 1332 r., 1336 r.). Felsefe kavramlarına Osmanlı Türkçesi’nde karşılıklar bulmak amacıyla hazırlanmaya başlanan bir eser olup I. Dünya Savaşı ve Rıza Tevfik’in 1918’de tekrar politikaya dönmesi yüzünden tamamlanamamıştır.
4. Abdülhak Hâmid ve Mülâhazât-ı Felsefiyyesi (İstanbul 1334 r.). Türk edebiyatı tarihinde bir şairin felsefî görüşleri üzerine ilk defa yapılan bu tahlil denemesiyle Abdülhak Hâmid’in felsefî anlayışı ortaya konurken bir yandan da tasavvufî düşünce ile Batı felsefesine ait çeşitli konular tartışılmaktadır. Şeyhülislâm Mustafa Sabri Efendi’nin oğlu İbrâhim Sabri tarafından eḍ-Ḍarîḥ (el-Melḥametü’ş-şiʿriyyetü’l-kübrâ) adıyla Arapça’ya da tercüme edilen eseri (İskenderiye 1979) Abdullah Uçman bir inceleme ve dizinle birlikte neşretmiştir (İstanbul 1984).
5. Mâba‘dettabiiyât Derslerine Ait Vesâik (İstanbul 1335).
6. Ontoloji Mebâhisi (İstanbul 1336).
7. Estetik (İstanbul 1336). Bu üç eser Rıza Tevfik’in Dârülfünun’da verdiği derslerin notlarından oluşmaktadır.
8. Bergson Hakkında (İstanbul 1337). Yine Dârülfünun’da verdiği ders notlarından meydana gelen eser, Abdullah Uçman’ın kaleme aldığı bir incelemeyle birlikte Erdoğan Erbay ve Ali Utku tarafından aynı adla yayımlanmıştır (Konya 2005).
9. Rubâiyyât-ı Ömer Hayyâm (Hüseyin Dâniş’le birlikte, İstanbul 1340/1922). Rubâî türü hakkında geniş bilginin yer aldığı eserde Rıza Tevfik, Hayyâm’ın rubâîlerindeki felsefî görüşleri ele alıp yorumlamıştır. Eser ilâvelerle beraber 1945’te yeniden basılmıştır.
10. Serâb-ı Ömrüm (Lefkoşe 1934; İstanbul 1949). Rıza Tevfik’in şiirlerinin büyük bir kısmını bir araya getirdiği eski harflerle basılan kitabın ilk baskısında yetmiş üç şiir yer almaktadır. Rıza Tevfik’in ölümünden kısa bir süre önce yapılan ikinci baskısında toplam 115 şiire yer verilmiştir. Eser, daha sonra dergi ve gazete sayfalarında kalmış otuz kadar şiirin ilâvesiyle Serâb-ı Ömrüm ve Diğer Şiirleri adıyla Abdullah Uçman tarafından yeniden yayımlanmıştır (İstanbul 2005).
11. Tevfik Fikret: Hayatı, San’atı, Şahsiyeti (İstanbul 1945). Rıza Tevfik, yakın arkadaşı Tevfik Fikret’in otuzuncu ölüm yıl dönümü münasebetiyle kaleme aldığı bu eserde Tevfik Fikret’in mizacı, sanat anlayışı ve dünyaya bakışı üzerinde durmaktadır. Abdullah Uçman eseri, Rıza Tevfik’in Fikret hakkında kaleme aldığı diğer yazıların da ilâvesiyle Tevfik Fikret’in doksanıncı ölüm yıl dönümünde yeniden neşretmiştir (İstanbul 2005).
12. Biraz da Ben Konuşayım . Rıza Tevfik’in başta Sevr olmak üzere II. Abdülhamid, II. Meşrutiyet ve Mütareke dönemlerinde içinde bulunduğu siyasî mahiyetteki olayları anlattığı hâtıratıdır. Daha önce Yeni Sabah gazetesinde tefrika edilen eser yazarın seksen yıllık hayatıyla hesaplaştığı ilk elden bir belge niteliği taşımaktadır (haz. Abdullah Uçman, İstanbul 1993).
13. Rıza Tevfik’in Tekke ve Halk Edebiyatı ile İlgili Makaleleri . Rıza Tevfik’in gazete ve dergilerde çıkan elli kadar makalesinden meydana gelmektedir (haz. Abdullah Uçman, Ankara 1982; İstanbul 2001).
14. Şiiri ve Sanat Anlayışı Üzerine Rıza Tevfik’ten Ali İlmî Fânî’ye Bir Mektup . Rıza Tevfik’in 1935 yılında Lübnan’ın Cünye kasabasından yine kendisi gibi sürgün olan Antakya Lisesi edebiyat hocası Ali İlmî Fânî’ye hitaben yazdığı uzun bir mektuptur. Kendi şiir ve sanat anlayışı ile birlikte şiirlerinde yer alan bazı konuların da açıklandığı bu mektup Rıza Tevfik’in terekesinden kalan müsveddeleri arasından çıkmıştır (haz. Abdullah Uçman, İstanbul 1996).
15. Rıza Tevfik’in Sanat ve Estetikle İlgili Yazıları I (haz. Abdullah Uçman, İstanbul 2000).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Filozof Rıza Tevfik , İstanbul 1328.
Ruşen Eşref [Ünaydın], Diyorlar ki , İstanbul 1334, s. 152-160.
İsmail Hikmet [Ertaylan], Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , Bakü 1925, III, 798-812.
Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil, Kırk Yıl , İstanbul 1936, III, 123-128.
a.mlf., Tevfik Fikret: Hayatı, Şahsiyeti ve Eserleri , İstanbul 1963, s. 72-75, 117-119, 128-143.
Ramazan Gökalp Arkın, Rıza Tevfik: Hayatı ve Şiirleri , İstanbul 1939.
İbnülemin, Son Asır Türk Şairleri , s. 1486-1500.
[Feridun] Kandemir, Kendi Ağzından Rıza Tevfik , İstanbul 1943.
Refî Cevat Ulunay, Rıza Tevfik: Şiirleri ve Mektupları , İstanbul 1943.
Hilmi Yücebaş, Bütün Cepheleriyle Rıza Tevfik: Şiirler, Makaleler, Hâtıralar , İstanbul 1950.
Mustafa Ragıp Esatlı, Ölümünden Sonra Rıza Tevfik , İstanbul 1950.
Tarık Zafer Tunaya, Türkiye’de Siyasî Partiler: 1859-1952 , İstanbul 1952, s. 186-187, 445-447.
Yusuf Ziya Ortaç, Portreler , İstanbul 1960, s. 51-57.
Hilmi Ziya Ülken, Türkiye’de Çağdaş Düşünce Tarihi , Konya 1966, I, 406-424.
Mehmet Kaplan, Şiir Tahlilleri I: Tanzimat’dan Cumhuriyet’e Kadar , İstanbul 1969, s. 175-181.
E. E. Ramsaur, Jön Türkler ve 1908 İhtilâli (trc. Nuran Ülken), İstanbul 1972, s. 78-80, 93-96.
Mahir İz, Yılların İzi , İstanbul 1975, s. 153-156, 285.
Th. Zarcone, Mystiques, philosophes et francs-maçons en Islam: Rıza Tevfik, penseur ottoman (1868-1949) , Paris 1993, s. 329-448.
Hakkı Süha Gezgin, Edebî Portreler (haz. Beşir Ayvazoğlu), İstanbul 1997, s. 248-251.
Abdullah Uçman, Türk Dilinin Sadeleşmesi ve Hece Vezni Üzerine Bir Münakaşa , İstanbul 1997.
a.mlf., Rıza Tevfik’in Şiirleri ve Edebî Makaleleri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma , İstanbul 2004.
Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, “Millî Edebiyat Devri Şiir Sahasında Âşık Tarzı Tesirleri”, Ülkü , sy. 74, Ankara 1939, s. 155-166.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 68-70 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.