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RUANDA Skip to content Orta Afrika’da bir ülke.
Afrika’nın ortasında denize kıyısı olmayan ve ekvator çizgisinin güneyinde kalan ülkelerden biri olup, kuzeyde Uganda, batı ve kuzeybatıda Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti, güneyde Burundi, doğuda Tanzanya ile komşudur. Resmî adı Ruanda dilinde (Kinyarwanda) Repubulika y’u Rwanda, Fransızca’da Republique Rwanda, İngilizce’de Republic of Rwanda’dır. Küçük bir ülke olan Ruanda’nın yüzölçümü 26.338 km2 , nüfusu 11,5 milyon (2012) civarındadır, başşehri Kigali’dir (310.000 nüfus). Diğer önemli şehirleri Giterama, Butarame, Ruhengery ve Gisenyi’dir. Yerel dil olan Kinyarwanda’nın yanı sıra Fransızca ve İngilizce de ülkenin resmî dilidir. Sevâhilî resmî dil olmamakla birlikte ülkede yaygındır. Petrol bulunmayan ülke göller (en büyük gölü: 1677 km2 genişliğindeki Kivu gölü) ve nehirler gibi su kaynaklarının bolluğu, iklimi sayesinde özellikle ülkenin kuzeybatısında çok verimli tarım arazilerine sahiptir. Başlıca ihraç ürünleri kahve, çay ve yer altı kaynağı olan kasiterittir (kalay cevheri).
Ruanda’da ilk yerleşimin milâttan önce 8000’lere kadar gittiği tahmin edilmektedir. Afrika’nın göller bölgesinde yer aldığı ve zengin su kaynaklarına sahip olduğundan milâttan önce 700’lerde başlayan Bantu göçleri sonucunda günümüzde ülkedeki iki büyük etnik grup olan Hutular ve Tutsiler, Ruanda topraklarına yerleşti. Ruanda tarihinde Tutsiler daima yönetici sınıf olarak arazi sahibi oldu, Hutular ise daha çok tarım ve hayvancılıkla uğraştı. XV. yüzyılda bölgedeki kabileler Buganda, Bunyoro, Toro, Ankole, Ruanda ve Burundi gibi ilk devlet yapıları olan küçük krallıklar oluşturmaya başladılar. XVIII. yüzyıldan itibaren Tutsiler güçlendi. Tutsi kökenli Ruanda Krallığı bilhassa XIX. yüzyılda bölgeyi nüfuzu altına aldı. 1853-1895 yılları arasında Ruanda kralı olan Kigeri Rwabugiri döneminde ülke idarî ve askerî bakımdan en güçlü yıllarını yaşadı. Güçlü bir ordu kurarak ülke topraklarını kuzey ve doğu yönünde genişleten Kigeri ülkeye yabancıların girişini yasakladı. Öte yandan 1884’te yapılan Berlin Konferansı ile Ruanda, Almanya Doğu Afrikası sömürge yönetimine bırakılmakla birlikte Almanya ancak 1894’ten itibaren bölgede otorite kurabildi. Bununla birlikte Ruanda kralı ve mahallî yönetim varlığını sürdürdü. Alman orduları 1897’de Ruanda’yı tamamen işgal etti.
Ruanda kralları yabancıların bölgeye girmesine uzun süre direnmekle birlikte XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren ülke Avrupalı kâşifler ve misyonerler tarafından ziyaret edilmeye başlandı, 1898’de ilk misyoner teşkilâtı kuruldu. Özellikle XX. yüzyılın başlarında yoğunlaşan Protestan misyoner faaliyetleriyle ülkede Hıristiyanlık yayıldı. I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Almanya ve müttefiklerinin yenilmesinin ardından 1919’daki Versailles Barış Antlaşması ile Ruanda ve Burundi, Belçika’ya bırakıldı. Belçika manda yönetimi sağlık, eğitim, tarım gibi alanlarda projeler yaptı ve bu dönemde ülkede kahve üretilmeye başlandı. Belçikalılar tarafından kurulan Katolik misyoner teşkilâtı halkın büyük kısmını hıristiyanlaştırdı. Ruanda kralları da Hıristiyanlığı kabul edince ülke resmen hıristiyan bir devlet haline geldi. Ancak Belçika idaresi daha önce Almanlar’ın yaptığı gibi Hutular karşısında Tutsiler’in üstünlüğünü tanıyarak etnik gerilimin ve sınıf farklılıklarının güçlenmesine yol açtı. 1950’li yıllarda Ruanda’da ilk siyasî partiler kuruldu. Ancak bu partiler Hutu ve Tutsi gruplarının etnik bölünmüşlüğünün bir yansımasıydı. 1959’da Tutsiler’in elinde bulunan monarşiye karşı gerçekleştirilen Hutu isyanı oldukça kanlı oldu. 1961’de yapılan referandumla monarşi yönetimi ilga edilerek cumhuriyete geçildi. Burundi’den ayrılan Ruanda 1 Temmuz 1962’de bağımsızlığını ilân etti. Devlet başkanlığına Grégoire Kayibanda seçildi. Ancak Hutular ile Tutsiler arasındaki gerilim ve çatışmalar devam etti. İkinci defa başkanlık seçimlerini kazanan Grégoire Kayibanda 1 Temmuz 1973’te Hutu asıllı General Juvenal Habyarimana tarafından bir darbeyle devrildi. Habyarimana 1978, 1983 ve 1988 seçimlerini de kazanarak devlet başkanlığını sürdürdü.
1990’da mülteci Tutsiler’den oluşan Ruanda Vatansever Cephesi isyan ederek Ruanda’nın kuzeyini ele geçirince ülkede iç savaş çıktı. 1993’te Ruanda yönetimiyle isyancılar arasındaki ateşkes, devlet başkanı Juvenal Habyarimana’yı taşıyan uçağın 1994’te düşürülmesi, devlet başkanının ölümüyle sona erdi ve Hutu çoğunluğuna mensup silâhlı güçlerce “Ruanda soykırımı” olarak bilinen katliam başlatıldı. Nisan ve temmuz (1994) arasındaki üç aylık süre içerisinde çoğunluğu Tutsiler’den ve ılımlı Hutular’dan oluşan 1 milyona yakın Ruandalı öldürüldü. Buna rağmen Ruanda Vatansever Cephesi aynı yıl ülkenin büyük kısmını hâkimiyeti altına aldı. Bu esnada Hutular’a mensup 2 milyondan fazla kişi komşu ülkelere iltica etti. Birleşmiş Milletler’in Kasım 1994’te kurduğu Ruanda Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi soykırım suçlularını çeşitli cezalara çarptırdı ve ülkede göreceli bir istikrar sağlandı. Yedi yılda bir yapılan seçimler yoluyla başkanlık sistemiyle yönetilen Ruanda’da 1994’teki soykırımın ardından başkan seçilen Pasteur Bizimungu 2000 yılında görevinden istifa edince devlet başkanlığına getirilen Paul Kagame 2003 ve 2010 seçimlerini arka arkaya kazanarak halen görevine devam etmektedir. Günümüzde Ruanda’da toplumun % 85’ini Hutular, % 15’ini Tutsiler oluşturur. Ruanda halkının % 93’ü hıristiyan, % 5’i müslümandır.
Ülkede İslâmiyet. Ruanda toprakları ancak 1890’lardan itibaren içlerinde müslüman tâcirlerin de bulunduğu tüccarlara açıldı. Böylece Doğu Afrika’nın sahil bölgelerindeki müslümanlar Ruanda halkıyla doğrudan ticaret yapmaya başladı. Özellikle Zengibar’ın önemli bir müslüman ticaret merkezi olması Ruanda’da İslâm’ın yayılmasında rol oynadı. Zengibarlı müslümanlar Ruanda’nın doğu sınırında Kefura adı verilen ilk ticarî merkezi kurdular. Ruanda’da İslâmiyet müslüman tüccarlar vasıtasıyla yayılmaya başladı. Ruanda’ya İslâm’ın girişi hakkında bilinenler büyük ölçüde Avrupalı seyyah ve misyonerlerin verdikleri bilgilere dayanmaktadır. 1890’lara kadar yabancılara kapalı olan Ruanda’ya ilk gelen Batılı gazeteci ve kâşiflerden Henry Morton Stanley hâtıralarında (1876 ve 1889 yılları) müslüman Arap tüccarların Ruanda sınırlarına gelmesiyle ilgili ilk bilgileri verir ve Ahmed İbrâhim adlı müslüman bir tâcirden bahseder. 1894’te işgalci Alman ordusuyla birlikte Ruanda’ya Doğu Afrika’nın sahil bölgesinden müslüman askerler de geldi. Alman sömürge yönetiminde çalışan müslüman öğretmenler ve memurlar da Ruanda’da İslâmiyet’in yayılmasında etkili oldular. Müslüman tüccarlar özellikle Tebure, Tanga ve Bukuba gibi komşu yerleşim merkezleri vasıtasıyla Ruanda’ya nüfuz ettiler ve 1901’de o dönemde ülkenin başşehri olan Nyanza, ardından Kivu gölü kıyısında bir ticaret merkezi kurdular. Misyoner kayıtlarından, 1910’lara gelindiğinde Ruanda’da Arap ve Sevâhilî müslümanların sayısının arttığı ve İslâm kültürünün yayıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Müslümanlar 1908’de kurulan yeni başşehir Kigali’de ilk camilerini 1914’te inşa ettiler. Bir müddet sonra Alman sömürge yönetimi Ruanda’da İslâm’ın yayılmasından rahatsız oldu ve buna karşı bazı önlemler aldı, hıristiyan misyonerleri teşvik etti.
Ruanda’da İslâmiyet, Doğu Afrika ülkelerinde olduğu gibi bazan siyasî açıdan etkin ve önemli roller üstlenmiş olsa da fazla yaygınlık kazanmamıştır. Ülkede İslâmiyet, misyoner teşkilâtları ve yönetimin iş birliğiyle aldıkları önlemler neticesinde putperest-animist kabilelerin hâkim olduğu kırsaldan ziyade, Kigali ile Butarame gibi şehirlerde ve “Sevâhilî mahalleleri” adı verilen belirli bölgelerde yayıldı. Alman sömürge yönetimi altındaki Ruanda kralları da yeni müslüman olanların aile ve kabileleriyle yaşamasına engel olarak İslâm’ın yayılmasına karşı tedbirler aldılar. Bu dönemde resmî eğitim kilise okulları tarafından verildiğinden müslümanların ayrı eğitim müesseseleri kurmalarına müsaade edilmedi.
Müslümanlar, 1962’de Ruanda’nın bağımsızlığını kazanması ve Arap devletleriyle iyi ilişkiler kurmasının ardından eğitim ve İslâm’a davet hususunda daha özgür bir ortama kavuştu. Juvenal Habyarimana döneminde Kigali’de cami ve Arapça İslâmî eğitimin yapıldığı bir liseden oluşan kültür merkezi kurdular. Bu merkez aynı zamanda çeşitli yayımlar yapmaktadır. Günümüzde Ruanda’da pek çok cami ve İslâmî cemiyet vardır. Müslümanlar özel okullar açabilmekte olup ramazan bayramı devlet tarafından resmî tatil olarak kabul edilmiştir. Özellikle 1994 katliamının ardından Ruanda’da ihtidâlar artmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Mahmud Brelvi, Islam in Africa , Lahore 1964, s. 522-523, ayrıca bk. İndeks; The Cambridge History of Africa (ed. M. Crowder), Cambridge 1984, VIII, 734-735, ayrıca bk. İndeks; Abdülmelik Avde v.dğr., el-ʿArab ve İfrîḳıyâ , Beyrut 1987, s. 32-36, 151, 156-158; Târîḫu İfrîḳıyâ el-ʿâm , Paris 1988, III, 513-516, ayrıca bk. İndeks; Muhammad Zuhdi Yakan, Almanac of African Peoples and Nations , New Brunswick 1999, s. 22, 95, 361-362, 682-683; Ali A. Mazrui, Afrikalılar: Üç Farklı Kültürel Miras (trc. Yusuf Kaplan), İstanbul 1992, s. 99, 203, 205; E. Isichei, A History of Christianity in Africa , London 1995, s. 246-247; M. Ben Arrous, “Le génocide rwandais dans la pressede Dakar”, Médias et conflits en Afrique , Paris 2001, s. 89-116; T. Longman, “Rwanda”, Countries and Their Cultures (ed. M. Ember – C. R. Ember), New York 2001, III, 1872-1883; R. E. Gribbin, In the Aftermath of Genocide: The US Role in Rwanda , New York 2005; R. J. Reid, A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present , Chichester 2012, s. 52-53, 168, 172, 180, 221, 262, 264, 278, 336, 341, 344, 347, 349; R. M. Benda, The Test of Faith: Christians and Muslims in the Rwandan Genocide (doktora tezi, 2012), The University of Manchester; Omar Hassan Kasule, “Muslims in Rwanda: A Status Report”, JIMMA , IV/1-2 (1982), s. 133-144; Muhammed Süleyman el-Kāid, “Ḳıṣṣatü düḫûli’l-İslâm ilâ Rûʾanda”, Mecelletü Külliyyeti’d-daʿveti’l-İslâmiyye , VII, Trablus 1995, s. 525-547; Muhammed Süleyman, “Rûʾanda”, el-Mevsûʿatü’l-ʿArabiyye , Dımaşk 2004, X, 19-22.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 429-430 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.