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RUBÂÎ Skip to content Dört mısralı nazım şekli.
1/2 Müellif: MÜRSEL ÖZTÜRK Bölüme Git
Arapça’da “dörtlü, dörtlük” anlamına gelen rubâî kelimesi (çoğulu rubâiyyât) edebiyatta dört mısradan meydana gelen şiirlere verilen addır. Farsça’da …
2/2 Müellif: NURETTİN ALBAYRAK Bölüme Git
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Rubâî nazım şekli Türk edebiyatına İran edebiyatından geçmiştir. Eski Türk şiirinde nazım biriminin dörtlük olması rubâînin Türk şairl…
Arapça’da “dörtlü, dörtlük” anlamına gelen rubâî kelimesi (çoğulu rubâiyyât) edebiyatta dört mısradan meydana gelen şiirlere verilen addır. Farsça’da dûbeytî (iki beyitlik şiir) yanında terâne ve çihârgânî olarak da isimlendirilir. Şems-i Kays’a göre (el-Muʿcem , s. 90) bestelenmiş rubâîlere terâne, bestelenmemiş olanlara dûbeytî denir. Rubâînin kaynağı hakkında çeşitli görüşler vardır. Bazı şarkiyatçılara göre (L. P. Elwell-Sutton ve A. Bausani) rubâînin kaynağı Türk edebiyatı olup Orta Asya’dan İran’a geçmiştir. Fritz Meier de (Die Schöne , s. 184) rubâînin Türk şiirinin etkisiyle ortaya çıktığını ileri sürmüş, Bausani, İran’a Türkistan tarafından geldiğini söylemiştir (Storia , s. 533-537). E. G. Brovne’a göre ise (LHP , I, 472) rubâî İran şiir dehasının en eski ürünlerindendir. M. Fuad Köprülü ile Nihad Sâmi Banarlı, eski Türk şiirindeki dörtlüklere çok benzeyen rubâînin, eski İran edebiyatına ait dörtlüklerle ve beste ile söylenen bir nazım şeklinin İslâmiyet’ten sonra aruzla söylenmesiyle meydana gelmiş bir İran nazım şekli olduğu görüşünü savunmuştur (Resimli Türk Edebiyâtı Târihi , I, 199).
Rubâînin İran edebiyatında ne zaman ortaya çıktığı kesin olarak belli değilse de kaynağının İslâm öncesine dayandığı ve halk arasında çok kullanılan bir tür olduğu bilinmektedir. Pehlevî dilinde ve Eski Farsça rubâî örneklerini bulmak için Arapça’ya aktarılan metinler ve Maniheist parçalar üzerinde çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. İran kökenli Arap şairi Ebû Nüvâs’ın (ö. 198/813 [?]) divanında özellikle hamriyyât ve gazel temalarında birçok rubâînin yer aldığı görülür. Rubâînin bugünkü anlamda Fars edebiyatında ortaya çıkışıyla ilgili olarak Şems-i Kays şunları yazar: “Rûdekî bir bayram günü Gaznin’de bir yerden geçerken cevizle oynayan çocuklar gördü. Cevizlerden birinin çukurun dışına doğru yuvarlanması ve ardından geriye dönerek çukura düşmesi üzerine bir çocuğun söylediği, ‘Galtân galtân hemî reved tâ bun-i gev’ (yuvarlana yuvarlana çukurun dibine kadar gidiyor) sözü ona hoş bir vezinde ve güzel bir nazım şeklinde göründü. Rûdekî aruz kaidelerine başvurarak bunda hezec bahrinden çıkmış vezinlerden birini buldu. Buna aynı veznin aynı şeklinden ikinci bir mısra, sonra bir ikinci beyit ilâve ettiler ve buna dûbeytî adını verdiler. Fakat bazı edipler bu şiirin dört mısra tuttuğunu düşünerek rubâî adını kabul ettiler. Bu türde ilk olarak Rûdekî temayüz etti” (el-Muʿcem , s. 88).
Fars edebiyatının başlangıç asrı kabul edilen IV. (X.) yüzyıl şairlerinden Rûdekî’den başka onunla çağdaş olan veya ona yakın bir zamanda yaşayan Ebû Şekûr-i Belhî ve Dakīkī gibi şairlerin rubâîleri vardır. Ezrakī-i Herevî de (ö. 465/1072) çok sayıda rubâî yazmıştır. Fars edebiyatının olgunlaşma dönemi sayılan V. (XI.) yüzyılda rubâî de diğer türler gibi gelişip mükemmel hale gelmiş, bu asırda yaşayan önemli şairlerin hemen hemen hepsi rubâî söylemiştir. Gazne sarayı şairlerinden Ferruhî-yi Sîstânî, Unsurî, Menûçihrî ve Azerbaycan’da ilk Farsça şiir söyleyen şair olarak kabul edilen Katrân-ı Tebrîzî’nin rubâîleri vardır. Unsurî’nin terâne söylemekle şöhrete kavuştuğu belirtilir. Yine bu yüzyılda rubâî mutasavvıflar tarafından yoğun biçimde kullanılmıştır. Tasavvuf heyecanını dört mısralık bir nazım kalıbı içinde ifade etmeye imkân sağladığı için bu tür daha başlangıcından itibaren sûfîlerin ilgisini çekmiştir. Tasavvufî rubâînin Fars edebiyatındaki mûcidi olarak Ebû Saîd-i Ebü’l-Hayr (ö. 440/1049) anılır. Aynı yüzyılda Abdullah-ı Ensârî de güzel rubâîler yazmış, yüzyılın ortalarında ölmüş olan Baba Tâhir-i Uryân tasavvuf tecrübelerini Luristan lehçesiyle karışık Farsça rubâîlerinde açıklamıştır.
Gazneliler’in ardından Selçuklular’ın ortaya çıktığı VI. (XII.) yüzyılda genellikle kaside yaygınsa da kaside şairlerinin divanlarında çok sayıda rubâîye rastlanır. Bu devrin ünlü şairlerinden Emîrü’ş-şuarâ Muizzî rubâîyi methiyeye sokmuş, Mes‘ûd-i Sa‘d-i Selmân hapis hayatını bu türü kullanarak anlatmış, Ebü’l-Ferec-i Rûnî güzel rubâîler söylemiştir. İran edebiyatının en büyük rubâî şairi sayılan Ömer Hayyâm da bu dönemde yaşamıştır. Rubâî, gazelin ve tasavvufun zirveye çıktığı VII. (XIII.) yüzyılda da gelişme göstermiş, Ferîdüddin Attâr rubâî türüyle Muḫtârnâme adında bir eser kaleme almıştır. Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî’nin 2000 civarında rubâîsi bulunmaktadır. Bu asrın diğer önemli bir şairi de sadece rubâî söylemiş olan Baba Efdalüddîn-i Kâşânî’dir. İran edebiyatında sebk-i Irâkī denilen üslûbun ortadan kalkıp yerini sebk-i Hindî üslûbuna bıraktığı VIII. (XIV.) yüzyıldan itibaren rubâî gittikçe önemini kaybetmiş, son döneme gelinceye kadar da bir varlık gösterememiştir. XX. yüzyıl İran şairlerinden olup çağdaş İran şiirinin kurucusu sayılan Nîmâ Yûşîc eski türlerden sadece rubâîye ilgi göstermiş, onun ardından başka şairler de rubâî türünde şiirler yazmıştır.
Farsça rubâîlerin konusu çok çeşitli ise de bunları aşk, tasavvuf, felsefe ve hikmet olmak üzere üç başlık altında toplamak mümkündür. Bu başlıklar içinde methiye, sosyal ve siyasal konular, mersiye, hiciv, tasvir ve müstehcenlik gibi hususlar da yer almıştır. Rubâînin mûsikiyle de yakın ilgisi vardır. Mûsiki-şiir ilişkisi en çok rubâî ve gazel türlerinde görülür. Rubâî vezninde bestelenmiş şiirlere terâne denir. Terâne Farsça söylenmişse gazel, Arapça söylenmişse kavî adını alır.
Rubâîler ya birinci, ikinci ve dördüncü mısraları kafiyeli, üçüncü mısraı serbest ya da dört mısraı birbiriyle kafiyeli şekilde olur. Her mısraı birbiriyle kafiyeli rubâîlere “rubâî-i musarrâ‘” veya “terâne” denir. Rûdekî’nin şiirlerinde üç mısraı kafiyeli rubâîler çoğunlukta iken V. (XI.) yüzyıl şairlerinin çoğu dört mısraı kafiyeli rubâîyi tercih etmiştir. VI. (XII.) yüzyılda ise dört mısraı kafiyeli rubâîlerle üç mısraı kafiyeli rubâîler birlikte kullanılmıştır. L. P. Elwell-Sutton’a göre (CHIr. , IV, 656) Fars edebiyatında yazılan rubâîlerin yüzde otuzu dört mısraı kafiyeli, yüzde yetmişi üç mısraı kafiyelidir.
Rubâîler rubâî vezinleri denilen, tamamıyla bu şiire mahsus vezinlerle söylenir. Her ne kadar rubâî için on ikişerden yirmi dört ayrı vezin gösterilirse de bunlar aslında tek bir rubâî vezninden türlü aruz hareketleriyle elde edilen vezinlerdir. Bunlardan on ikisine “ahreb”, on ikisine de “ahrem” vezinleri denir. Birinci grubun ilk tef‘ilesi “mef‘ûlü”, ikincisinin “mef‘ûlün” şeklinde olur.
Ahreb kolu. 1. Ahreb-i makbûz-i mekfûf-i (mef‘ûlü mefâilün mefâilü fa‘l). 2. Ahreb-i makbûz-i mekfûf-i ahtem (mef‘ûlü mefâilün mefâilü feûl). 3. Ahreb-i makbûz-i ezel (mef‘ûlü mefâilün mefâîlün fâ‘). 4. Ahreb-i makbûz-i ebter (mef‘ûlü mefâilün mefâîlün fâ‘). 5. Ahreb-i mekfûf-i ahtem (mef‘ûlü mefâîlü mefâilü feûl). 6. Ahreb-i mekfûf-i mecbûb (mef‘ûlü mefâilü mefâîlü feûl). 7. Ahreb-i mekfûf-i mecbûb (mef‘ûlü mefâîlü mefâîlün fâ‘). 8. Ahreb-i mekfûf-i ebter (mef‘ûlü mefâîlü mefâilü fâ‘). 9. Ahreb-i mecbûb (mef‘ûlü mefâîlün mef‘ûlü fa‘l). 10. Ahreb-i ahtem (mef‘ûlü mefâilün mef‘ûlü fa‘l). 11. Ahreb-i muhannik-i ezel (mef‘ûlü mefâilün mef‘ûlün fâ‘). 12. Ahreb-i muhannik-i ebter (mef‘ûlü mefâilün mef‘ûlün fâ‘).
Ahrem kolu. Ahreb kolundan türemiş olup buna göre daha az kullanılmıştır. 1. Ahrem-i ahreb-i mekfûf-i mecbûb (mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlü mefâîlü fa‘l). 2. Ahrem-i ahreb-i mekfûf-i ahtem (mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlü mefâîlü feûl). 3. Ahrem-i ahreb-i ezel (mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlü mefâîlün fâ‘). 4. Ahrem-i ahreb-i ebter (mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlü mefâîlün fâ‘). 5. Ahrem-i muhannik-i ahreb-i ahtem (mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlün mef‘ûl feûl). 6. Ahrem-i muhannik-i ahreb-i mecbûb (mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlü fa‘l). 7. Ahrem-i muhannik-i ezel (mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlün fâ‘). 8. Ahrem-i muhannik-i ebter (mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlün mef‘ûlün fâ‘). 9. Ahrem-i eşter-i mekfûf-i ahtem (mef‘ûlün fâilün mefâilün fa‘l). 10. Ahrem-i eşter-i mekfûf-i mecbûb (mef‘ûlün fâilün mefâîlün fâ‘). 11. Ahrem-i eşter-i ezel (mef‘ûlün fâilün mefâîlün fâ‘). 12. Ahrem-i eşter-i ebter (mef‘ûlün fâilün mefâîlün fâ‘).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Şems-i Kays, el-Muʿcem fî meʿâyîri eşʿâri’l-ʿAcem (nşr. Muhammed Kazvînî – Müderris-i Razavî), Tahran 1314 hş., s. 88, 90, 119-136.
Browne, LHP , I, 472.
A. Bausani, Storia della Letteratura persiana , Milano 1960, s. 527-578.
F. Meier, Die Schöne Mahsati , Wiesbaden 1963, s. 184.
Pervîz Nâtil Hânlerî, Vezn-i Şiʿr-i Fârsî , Tahran 1345 hş., s. 272-275.
Nihad Sâmi Banarlı, Resimli Türk Edebiyâtı Târihi , Ankara 1971, I, 198-202.
Zeynelâbidin Mü’temen, Taḥavvül-i Şiʿr-i Fârsî , Tahran 1352 hş., s. 87-105.
B. Reinert, “Die Prosodische Unterschiedlichkeit von Persischem und Arabischem Rubāʿī”, Islamwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen (ed. R. Gramlich), Wiesbaden 1974, s. 205-224.
L. P. Elwell-Sutton, The Persian Metres , Cambridge 1976, s. 59-60, 134-135, 252-255.
a.mlf., “The Rubā‘ī in Early Persian Literature”, CHIr. , IV, 633-657.
F. Thiesen, A Manual of Classical Persian Prosody , Wiesbaden 1982, s. 166-173.
Sîrûs Şemîsâ, Seyr-i Rubâʿî der Şiʿr-i Fârsî , Tahran 1363 hş.
Celâleddin Hümâî, Fünûn-ı Belâġat ve Ṣınâʿât-ı Edebî , Tahran 1363 hş., s. 151-154.
M. Rızâ Şefîî Kedkenî, “Rûdekî ve Rubâʿî”, Nâmverâ-yi Duktûr Maḥmûd-i Efşâr , Tahran 1367 hş., IV, 2330-2342.
G. Lazard, “Comment traduire le robāī?”, Yād-Nāma: In Memoria di Alessandro Bausani , Roma 1991, II, 399-409.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1995, s. 450-451.
Ziyâi Muvahhid, “Rubâʿî”, Ferhengnâme-i Edeb-i Fârsî (nşr. Hasan Enûşe), Tahran 1376 hş., II, 622-624.
Seyyid Ali Mîr Efzalî, “Nigâhî be-Kitâb-ı Seyr-i Rubâʿî der Şiʿr-i Fârsî”, Maʿârif, XIII/3, Tahran 1375 hş., s. 303-329.
H. Massé, “Rubâî”, İA , IX, 759-761.
C. H. De Fouchecour, “Rubāʿī”, EI2 (İng.) , VIII, 578-580.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 176-177 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Rubâî nazım şekli Türk edebiyatına İran edebiyatından geçmiştir. Eski Türk şiirinde nazım biriminin dörtlük olması rubâînin Türk şairleri tarafından kolayca benimsenmesini sağlamıştır. M. Fuad Köprülü’nün Türk şairlerinin XII. yüzyıldan itibaren rubâî veznini kullandıklarını belirtmesi bununla alâkalı olduğu gibi İran’da rubâînin ortaya çıkışında İslâmiyet öncesi Türk şiirinin etkisi büyüktür. Divan edebiyatı şairlerinin çoğu bu nazım şeklini bir millî şiir gibi kabul ettiğinden her biri birkaç rubâî yazmıştır. Hikemî ve felsefî düşüncelerin yer aldığı rubâîleriyle Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî bu nazım biçiminin Anadolu’da fikir öncüsü olmuş, Dîvân-ı Kebîr ’de yer alan rubâîleri pek çok Türk şairini etkilemiştir.
Türk edebiyatında rubâî XVI. yüzyılda olgun örneklerini vermeye başlamış ve yaygınlaşmıştır. Bu dönemde Kara Fazlî’nin rubâîleri sevilerek okunmuştur. Fuzûlî (81 rubâî) ve Rûhî-yi Bağdâdî (28 rubâî) XVI. yüzyılda rubâî yazan diğer şairler arasında önemli bir yere sahiptir. XVII. yüzyıl Türk edebiyatında rubâînin altın çağı kabul edilebilir. Ziyâ Paşa’nın, “Hâletî evc-i rubâîde uçar ankā gibi” mısraında işaret ettiği gibi bu dönemde Azmîzâde Hâletî 1000 kadar rubâîsiyle Türk edebiyatının en çok ve en güzel rubâîlerini yazan şairi olmuştur. Daha sonraki dönemlerde tesbit edilebilen örneklerine göre Cevrî (37), Nâbî (218), Sâbit (24), Sezâî-yi Gülşenî (49), Erzurumlu İbrâhim Hakkı (82) ve Esrar Dede (145) gibi rubâî yazmaya önem veren şairler yetişmiştir. Şeyh Galib’in divanındaki altmış üç rubâîsi onun tasavvufî düşüncelerini etkili biçimde dile getirdiği şiirleridir. Âsafî mahlasını kullanan Âsaf Mahmud Celâleddin Paşa 171 rubâîsiyle daha sonraki dönemde rubâî yazan şairler arasında yer almıştır. Rubâî dört mısradan fazla olmadığı halde Şeyhülislâm Yahyâ rubâî vezniyle bir gazel yazarak yenilik yapmak istemiş, ancak bu uygulama yaygınlık kazanmamıştır.
Rubâî, modern Türk edebiyatı şairleri tarafından da kullanılmış, Cumhuriyet döneminde rubâî yazan önemli şairler ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunların başında Yahya Kemal Beyatlı gelir. Muhittin Râif Yengin, Cemal Yeşil, Arif Nihat Asya, Rıfkı Melûl Meriç, Bekir Sıtkı Erdoğan, Fuat Bayramoğlu, Bedri Gürsoy, Talat Sait Halman ve Yılmaz Karakoyunlu gibi isimler bu dönemde rubâî yazan diğer şairler arasında yer alır. Muhtevalarından dolayı rubâî adı taşımalarına rağmen vezin yönünden klasik rubâîye benzemeyen dörtlükler yazan şairler arasında Nazım Hikmet, Azmi Güleç, Cengiz Alpay, Ümit Yaşar Oğuzcan, Recep Bulut, Feyyaz Sağlam ve Yusuf Ahıskalı gibi isimler sayılabilir.
Rubâînin kafiye düzeni a a x a şeklindedir; ancak sonraları kafiyelenişi x a x a şeklinde olan veya bütün mısraları birbiriyle kafiyeli rubâîler de ortaya çıkmıştır. Rubâînin tuyuğdan ve diğer dört mısralık şiirlerden farkı, sadece hezec bahrinin bu nazım şeklinde kullanılan yirmi dört özel kalıbıyla yazılmış olmasıdır. Bunlardan “mef‘ûlü” ile başlayan on iki kalıba “ahreb”, “mef‘ûlün” ile başlayan on iki kalıba da “ahrem” denir. Türk şairleri daha çok ahreb kalıplarını tercih etmiş, ahremin yalnız ilk iki kalıbıyla rubâî yazmıştır. Türkçe rubâîlerde kullanılan sekiz kalıp şunlardır:
Ahreb. 1. “Mef‘ûlü mefâîlü mefâîlün fâ‘”. 2. “Mef‘ûlü mefâîlü mefâîlü feûl”. 3. “Mef‘ûlü mefâilün mefâîlün fâ‘”. 4. “Mef‘ûlü mefâilün mefâîlün feûl”. 5. “Mef‘ûlü mefâîlün mef‘ûlün fâ‘”. 6. “Mef‘ûlü mefâîlün mef‘ûlü feûl”.
Ahrem. 1. “Mef‘ûlün fâilün mefâîlün fâ‘”. 2. “Mef‘ûlün fâilün mefâîlü feûl”.
Klasik Türk edebiyatı nazım şekillerinin hepsinde bir şiirin bütünüyle aynı vezinde yazılması zorunlu olduğu halde bir rubâîde tek vezin yanında iki, üç, hatta dört farklı kalıp kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Rubâî şairi olarak tanınan Azmîzâde Hâletî, “Esrârını dil zaman zaman söyler imiş / Hengâme-i gamda dâstan söyler imiş / Aşk ehli olup da mihnet-i hicrâna / Ben sabr ederim diyen yalan söyler imiş” rubâîsinin 1, 2 ve 4. mısralarında “mef‘ûlü mefâilün mefâîlün feûl”, 3. mısraında “mef‘ûlü mefâilün mefâîlün fâ‘” veznini kullanmıştır. Yenişehirli Avni Bey’in, “Mecnûn ki ‘lâ ilâhe illâ’ der idi / Teklîf-i şuûr eyleseler ‘lâ’ der idi / Ol mertebe meşgūl idi Leylâ ile kim / ‘Mevlâ’ diyecek mahalde ‘Leylâ’ der idi” rubâîsinde 1 ve 4. mısraların ölçüsü “mef‘ûlü mefâilün mefâîlün feûl”, 2 ve 3. mısraların ölçüsü “mef‘ûlü mefâîlü mefâîlü feûl”dür. Rubâîde farklı vezinler kullanılmasının amacı şairlerin çok önem verdikleri ses âhenginin daha etkili biçimde sağlanmasıdır. Aynı etkiyi kafiye düzeniyle elde etmek isteyen şairler de olmuştur. Rubâînin 3. mısraının serbest olması bu açıdan önemlidir. Şeyh Galib’in, “Fem nâmına bir sırr-ı hüveydâdır bu / Ruh nâmına bir nâr-ı tecellâdır bu / Leb nâmına bir mu‘ciz-i Îsâ’dır bu / Dil nâmına bir mahşer-i gavgādır bu” rubâîsi gibi dört mısraı birbiriyle kafiyeli olan rubâîlerde üçüncü mısrada kafiye değişikliği olmadığından dördüncü mısrada söylenmek istenen asıl düşünce güçlü bir etki bırakmaz. İki beyitten oluşan kıtalarla nazım ve tuyuğlarda olduğu gibi rubâîlerde de genellikle mahlas söylenmez. Ancak Hâletî ve Erzurumlu İbrâhim Hakkı gibi şairlerin bazı rubâîlerinde mahlaslarına yer verdikleri bilinmektedir.
Rubâîler çok zengin bir mâna ve muhteva örgüsüne sahiptir. Aşk, hâtıra, yalnızlık, talihten şikâyet, hiciv gibi ferdî; Allah, tasavvuf, rintlik, ölüm gibi dinî ve metafizik; adalet, zulüm, barış gibi toplumsal yahut siyasî, millî, tarihî, felsefî, ahlâkî vb. pek çok konu rubâîde dile getirilebilir. Bununla birlikte rubâî oldukça zor söylenen bir şiir biçimidir. Çünkü ele alınan konunun kısa, özlü ve çarpıcı biçimde ifadesi gerekir. Bu sebeple pek çok divan şairi rubâî yazmazken rubâî şairi olarak anılanlar da bununla övünmüştür. Fehîm-i Kadîm’in, “Nâçar ki mest-i aşk-ı Hayyâm oldum / Bu çârsû-yi cihanda bed-nâm oldum / Aşk ile edip rubâîye meyl Fehîm / Hayyâm-sıfat şöhret-i eyyâm oldum” rubâîsi bu anlayışa örnek gösterilebilir. Rubâîde 1 ve 2. mısralar mani nazım şeklinde olduğu gibi söylenmek istenen düşüncenin hazırlayıcısı sayılır. Esas düşünce 3 ve özellikle 4. mısrada dile getirilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Muallim Nâci, Istılâhât-ı Edebiyye , İstanbul 1307, s. 181-184.
Tâhir Olgun [Tâhirülmevlevî], Edebiyat Lügatı , İstanbul 1355/1936, s. 108-109.
Hikmet İlaydın, Türk Edebiyatında Nazım , İstanbul 1958, s. 112.
Köprülü, Edebiyat Araştırmaları I , s. 336, 344.
a.mlf., “Klasik Türk Nazmında ‘Rubâî’ Şeklinin Eskiliği”, TM , II (1926), s. 437-440.
Cem Dilçin, Örneklerle Türk Şiir Bilgisi , Ankara 1983, s. 207-210.
Halûk İpekten, Eski Türk Edebiyatı: Nazım Şekilleri , Ankara 1985, s. 97-105.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1989, II, 279-281.
Cevat Yerdelen, Azmizâde Hâletî’nin Rubaileri (doktora tezi, 1992), Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
a.mlf., Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk Edebiyatında Rubai , Erzurum 1997.
Ali İhsan Öbek, Divan Şiirinde Dinî ve Sosyal Konulu Rübaʾiler , İstanbul 1995.
Nurullah Çetin, Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk Şiirinde Rubaî , Ankara 2004.
Turan Karataş, Ansiklopedik Edebiyat Terimleri Sözlüğü , Ankara 2004, s. 396-397.
S. Mahmut Kaşgarlı, “Türkiye Türkleri Edebiyatı ile Doğu Türkistan Uygur Türkleri Edebiyatında Ruba’i”, TK , sy. 430 (1999), s. 25-33.
G. Doerfer, “Rubāʿī”, EI2 (İng.) , VIII, 580-583.
Mustafa İsen, “Rubaî”, TDEA , VII, 350-351.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 177-178 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.