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RÛHULKUDÜS Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Cebrâil için kullanılan bir isim.
1/2 Müellif: ÖMER FARUK HARMAN Bölüme Git
Rûhu’l-kudüs tabiri Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de üçü Hz. Îsâ (el-Bakara 2/87, 253; el-Mâide 5/110), biri Kur’an’la (en-Nahl 16/102) ilgili olan dört âyette geçme…
2/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
EDEBİYAT. Türk edebiyatında Cebrâil bu isminden sonra en çok Rûhulkudüs adıyla anılmıştır. Cebrâil’in bu şekilde anılmasının sebebi, Hz. Îsâ’ya hamile…
Rûhu’l-kudüs tabiri Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de üçü Hz. Îsâ (el-Bakara 2/87, 253; el-Mâide 5/110), biri Kur’an’la (en-Nahl 16/102) ilgili olan dört âyette geçmekte, dördünde de Cebrâil kastedilmektedir. Hz. Îsâ hakkındaki âyetlerde onun Rûhulkudüs ile desteklendiği, Nahl sûresinde (16/102) ilâhî vahyin Rûhulkudüs vasıtasıyla indirildiği bildirilmektedir. Kur’an’da ruh kavramı “er-rûh” şeklinde tek başına kullanıldığı gibi değişik terkiplerle Allah’a nisbet edilerek veya rûhu’l-kudüs, er-rûhu’l-emîn gibi tabirlerle Cebrâil, ilâhî vahiy, ilâhî vahiy olarak İncil, Kur’an ve Hz. Îsâ için kullanılmıştır (bk. RUH; RÛHULEMÎN).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de sadece ruh kelimesiyle birlikte geçen kudüs “yüce olmak, temiz olmak, kutsal olmak” mânasına gelir. “Temiz ruh, bereket ruhu, mukaddes ruh” anlamındaki Rûhulkudüs’le ilgili çeşitli yorumlar söz konusudur. Bazılarına göre kudüs kelimesi kuddûs gibi Allah’ın isimlerindendir; dolayısıyla Rûhulkudüs, “rûhullah” demektir. Bu görüşü savunanlar, Hz. Îsâ Rûhulkudüs ile desteklendiği ve Rûhulkudüs de Allah’ın ruhu olduğu için Hz. Îsâ’ya rûhullah (en-Nisâ 4/171) denildiğini belirtirler. Bir rivayete göre Rûhulkudüs, Allah’ın ism-i a‘zamıdır, Hz. Îsâ bununla ölüleri diriltmişti. “İşte böylece sana da emrimizden bir ruh vahyettik” meâlindeki âyette (eş-Şûrâ 42/52) ruhla Kur’an kastedildiğine göre Îsâ’nın desteklendiği Rûhulkudüs’ün İncil olduğu da ileri sürülmüştür. Ancak yorumlar içinde en doğrusunun Rûhulkudüs’ün Cebrâil olduğuna dair rivayet olduğu belirtilmektedir (Elmalılı, I, 342-344; ayrıca bk. CEBRÂİL). Cebrâil’e ruh denilmesi Allah katında mertebesinin yüce olduğunu açıklamak ve onu şereflendirmek içindir. Beden nasıl ruhla diriliyorsa din de vahyi getiren Cebrâil ile hayat bulmaktadır. Ayrıca ruhanî bir varlık olduğu için de Cebrâil’e bu isim verilmiştir.
Meryem sûresinde (19/17) Hz. Meryem’e Îsâ’nın müjdelenmesi olayı anlatılırken, “Onlarla kendi arasına bir perde çekmişti. Biz de ona ruhumuzu gönderdik. Meryem’e düzgün bir insan şeklinde göründü” denilmekte olup burada geçen “ruhumuz” (rûhanâ) ifadesiyle Cebrâil’in kastedildiği kabul edilir. Esasen Kur’an’da Hz. Meryem’e çocuğunun olacağını meleklerin müjdelediği bildirilmekte (Âl-i İmrân 3/45-47), dolayısıyla düzgün bir insan şekline girerek Meryem’e müjde veren bu ilâhî ruhun melek olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. İncil’e göre de Hz. Meryem’e bir çocuk doğuracağını müjdeleyen melek Cebrâil’dir (Luka, 1/26-38). Ancak Meryem’in Îsâ’ya hamile kalması konusunda Kur’an ile İncil’deki beyanlar arasında fark vardır. Luka İncili’ne göre (1/26-35) Meryem’e müjdeyi veren melek Cebrâil ile onun hamile kalmasına vesile olan Rûhulkudüs aynı varlık değildir. Kur’an’da ise Allah, Meryem’e gönderilen melekten “bizim ruhumuz” diye söz eder ve genellikle bunun Cebrâil olduğu kabul edilir (Taberî, XVI, 45; Fahreddin er-Râzî, XXI, 195). Melek Meryem’e müjdeyi vermiş, daha sonra -rivayete göre- Meryem’in yakasından üflemiş ve Meryem, Îsâ’ya hamile kalmıştır (Âl-i İmrân 3/45-46; Meryem 19/17-22; el-Enbiyâ 21/91; et-Tahrîm 66/12).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Cebrâil’den “ruh” ve “ruhumuz” diye bahsedilmekte, diğer taraftan gerek ilk insanın yaratılmasında (el-Hicr 15/29; Sâd 38/72) gerekse Meryem’in Îsâ’ya hamile kalmasında (el-Enbiyâ 21/91; et-Tahrîm 66/12) “ruhumdan üfledim” ve “ruhumuzdan üfledik” denilmektedir. Bundan hareketle bazı yorumcular “üfledim, üfledik” ifadeleriyle Allah’ın Cebrâil vasıtasıyla insanda ruh yaratmasını kastettiğini söylemişlerdir. Buna göre, “Biz ona ruhumuzdan üfledik” ifadesi, “Meryem’e üfleme işini ruhumuz vasıtasıyla yaptık” demektir ki ruh Cebrâil olduğuna göre Meryem’e üfleyen de Cebrâil’dir. Rûhulkudüs’ün Cebrâil olduğunu destekleyen bir başka delil Hz. Peygamber’in Hassân b. Sâbit’e bir defasında, “Kureyş’i hicvet, Rûhulkudüs seninledir”, bir başka zaman da, “Ve Cebrâil seninledir” demesidir. Nitekim Hassân b. Sâbit bir beytinde, “Allah’ın elçisi Cibrîl bizdedir, Rûhulkudüs’ün eşi, benzeri yoktur” diyerek Cibrîl ve Rûhulkudüs ile aynı varlığı kastetmiştir. “De ki: Rûhulkudüs onu rabbinden hak olarak indirmiştir” âyetinde (en-Nahl 16/102) Kur’an’ı indirenin Rûhulkudüs olduğu belirtilmektedir. Kur’an’ı Hz. Peygamber’e indiren Cebrâil olduğundan bu âyet de Rûhulkudüs’ün Cebrâil olduğunu göstermektedir. Rûhulkudüs Cebrâil olduğuna ve bütün peygamberlere o vahiy getirdiğine göre Hz. Îsâ’nın Rûhulkudüs ile desteklendiğine dair ifade (el-Bakara 2/87, 253; el-Mâide 5/110), doğumunun bizzat onun tarafından müjdelenmesi ve bizzat onun üflemesiyle annesinin hamile kalması şeklinde açıklanmaktadır.
Kutsal ruh (ruah ha-kodeş) tabiri Rabbânî literatürde benimsenmiş olsa da Eski Ahid’de daha ziyade Tanrı’nın ruhu (ruah El / Elohim / Yehova) ifadesi yer alır (Eyub, 27/3; 33/4; krş. Mezmurlar, 51/13; İşaya, 63/10). Bu ifade Tanrı’nın sözü ve nefesi, varlığın ve her yaratılmışın temelinde mevcut olan hayatî kuvvet olarak anlaşılmıştır. Daha dar mânasıyla ilâhî ilham ve vahiyle bağlantılı biçimde kullanılan kutsal ruh ya da Tanrı’nın ruhu kavramı, Tanrı’nın kendi iradesini gerçekleştirmek veya mesajını aktarmak için dilediği kişiler üzerinde etkili kıldığı kuvvet şeklinde de nitelendirilmiştir (Çıkış, 31/3; Hâkimler, 3/10; II. Samuel, 23/2; İşaya, 42/1; Hezekiel, 2/2). Bu durumda kutsal ruh, söz konusu seçilmiş kişileri güç ve akılla destekleyen veya peygamberi vahyi almaya hazırlayan kuvvet olmaktadır (bk. İLHAM). Dünya yaratılmadan önce yaratılmış on şeyden biri olarak nitelendirilmesine (Haggai, 12, a, b) ve bazan rüzgâr, ışık veya ses biçiminde tasvir edilmesine rağmen yahudi geleneğinde bu kavram Tanrı’dan ayrı ya da bağımsız bir varlık olarak görülmemiş, Tanrı yerine geçecek şekilde sıkça kullanılmıştır.
İncil’e göre Tanrı ruhtur (Yuhanna, 4/24) ve Îsâ yeryüzündeki faaliyeti boyunca hep kutsal ruhla desteklenmiştir (Luka, 4/14, 18; Resullerin İşleri, 1/7). Kutsal ruh Meryem’i Îsâ’nın doğumuna hazırlamış, Meryem’de Tanrı’nın takdirini gerçekleştirmiştir. Meleğin müjdesinden sonra kutsal ruh vasıtasıyla Meryem bâkire olduğu halde Îsâ’ya hamile kalmış ve onu doğurmuştur (Luka, 1/35, 41). İlâhî kelâmın bedenlenmesi sürecinde kutsal ruhun meshetmesiyle Tanrı oğlu Mesîh olmuştur (Matta, 3/16; Markos, 1/10-11; Luka, 3/22; Catéchisme de l’église catholique, s. 164).
Hıristiyan âmentüsüne göre kutsal ruh teslîs inancının üçüncü unsuru olması dolayısıyla Tanrı’dır, çünkü Katolik inancına göre baba ve oğuldan çıkmış olup; baba ve oğul ile aynı cevhere sahip ve bu sebeple aynı tâzim ve tapınmaya lâyıktır. Kutsal ruh hayat verir, Tanrı’nın sözünü insana duyurur, fakat insan onu duyamaz. Peygamberler aracılığıyla konuşmuş, kutsal metinleri ilham etmiştir (Resullerin İşleri, 1/8, 16; 2/4; 4/25; 28/25). Hıristiyan inancına göre Hz. Îsâ’dan sonra gelecek olan Faraklit, Rûhulkudüs’tür. İslâm inancında peygamberlere vahiy getiren, ilâhî kitapları peygamberlere ulaştıran Cebrâil’dir; Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de bu mümtaz yeri sebebiyle Rûhulkudüs diye isimlendirilmiştir. Hıristiyan inancında ise kutsal ruh Cebrâil’den ayrı ve farklı kabul edilmekte, Tanrı’nın mukaddes ruhu olarak algılanmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât, “rûḥ”, “ḳds” md.leri; Mustafavî, et-Taḥḳīḳ, IV, 254-265; IX, 209-212; Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân, XVI, 45; Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb, XXI, 195; Elmalılı, Hak Dini, I, 342-344; Catéchisme de l’église catholique, Paris 1998, s. 152-164; J. Jacobi – L. Blau, “Holy Spirit”, JE, VI, 447-450; E. E. Calverley, “Nefis”, İA, IX, 178-183.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 216-217 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
EDEBİYAT. Türk edebiyatında Cebrâil bu isminden sonra en çok Rûhulkudüs adıyla anılmıştır. Cebrâil’in bu şekilde anılmasının sebebi, Hz. Îsâ’ya hamile kalması için Allah’ın emriyle Meryem’e veya kaftanına üflemesiyle açıklanmaktadır. Rûhî-yi Bağdâdî’nin, “Sûrette n’ola zerre isek ma‘nîde yuhuz / Rûhulkudüs’ün Meryem’e nefhettiği rûhuz” beyti bu anlayışın ifadesidir. Bundan dolayı Rûhulkudüs adı Hz. Îsâ’ya da izâfe edilmektedir. Cebrâil ilâhî kelâmı doğruluğunda şüphe edilmeyecek şekilde Hz. Peygamber’e aktaran bir melek olduğundan şairler onu rûh-ı kudsî yanında Cibrîl-i emîn, Rûhu’l-emîn, Cibrîl-i rûh gibi isimleriyle de anarlar. Ayrıca hümâ-yi kuds / kudsî, tûtî-i kuds, bülbül-i kudsî tamlamalarında görüldüğü gibi bülbüle, tûtîye ve hümâya teşbih ederler. Bu adlandırma Cebrâil’in Kur’an’ı Hz. Peygamber’e aktarıp tâlim etmesi kadar Allah katından ona ulaşan kutlu mesajı yüce bir emanet olarak taşıması, ona mânevî devleti sunmasıyla da ilgilidir. Edebî metinlerde Rûhulkudüs, Allah’a yakınlığı ve O’nun özel elçisi oluşu, melekler arasındaki üstün yeri, makamının sidretü’l-müntehâda bulunması gibi sebeplerle anılır. Yahyâ Bey terciibendinde, “İki cihânı bir kadem et bâl ü per açıp / Cibrîl gibi sidre-i âlîde kıl makam” derken Rûhulkudüs’ün bu özelliğine işaretle insanın da “âlî-makam” olması gerektiğini belirtir. Cebrâil’le ilgili atıflarda ayrıca onun Hz. Peygamber’le konuşması, onunla birlikte mi‘racı, Hz. İbrâhim ateşe atıldığında ona yardımla görevlendirilmesi, Lût kavminin helâk edilmesi sırasında şehirlerini altüst etmesi, mümin kulları koruması ve yükseklerde uçması gibi hususlar zikredilir. Ayrıca bazı şiirlerde şairin niyazlarına âmin diyen, güzel söz söyleyen ve güzelliklerden bahseden kutlu bir ağız, müjde veren bir melek kimliğiyle yer aldığı da görülür. Ganîzâde Mehmed Nâdirî bir na‘tının matlaındaki, “Ey vücûdun nahl-i bî-mânend-i nüzhet-gâh-ı dîn / Bülbül-i şeydâ gül-i ruhsârına Rûhulemîn” beytinde Resûl-i Ekrem’i öven bülbülün bu özelliğinin Rûhulemîn’den kaynaklandığını ifade eder. Nev‘î de bir na‘tında Hz. Peygamber’i methederken onun sözlerini ilâhî vahye, dudaklarını ise Rûhulemîn’e benzetmiştir: “Sühanı olmuş idi vahy-i Hudâ / Lebi Rûhulemîn idi gûyâ.”
Rûhulkudüs’ün güzelliği dillere destandır. Şeyhî’nin, “Melek misin yâ perîsin yâ Rûh-ı Kuds aceb / Bu hüsn ile bu melâhat beşerde buluna mı?” beyti, meleklerin en güzeli olduğu kadar Hz. Peygamber’e zaman zaman çok güzel bir insan sûretinde görünen Cebrâil’in sevgilinin güzelliğinde de en üstün dereceyi ifade etmesinden mülhemdir. Yine onun, “Ol sanem Rûhulkudüs’tür yâ Mesîh / Kim bağışlar her öpüp kuçana can” beytinde Meryem’e ruh nefhetmesiyle Hz. Îsâ’nın ölüleri diriltme mûcizesi anılarak sevgilisine can bağışlayan cânanın nefesi yerine kullanılmıştır.
Rûhulkudüs mevlid, siyer ve mi‘râciyye gibi eserlerde ve na‘tlarda, Muhammediyye gibi didaktik mesnevilerde, Hz. İbrâhim’i konu alan Halîlnâme ’lerde, Mârifetnâme gibi kitaplarda geniş yer bulmuştur. Ayrıca teşbih, telmih, istiâre vb. sanatlara konu edilerek beyit ve mısralarda yer alır. Bu tür şiirlerde ruh ve kuds/kudüs kelimelerinden kaynaklanan zengin tedâiler görülür. Bursalı Ahmed Paşa’nın, “Halin üzre zülfünü depretse âhım der gören / Oldu hüsnüne meges-rân şehper-i Rûhulemîn” beytinde Rûhulemîn’in kanatları âh-nefes-rüzgâr-hal-zülüf irtibatıyla zengin çağrışımların bir örneği olarak zikredilmiştir. Yahyâ Bey’in Şeyhülislâm Kemalpaşazâde için söylediği, “Dehânı Rûh-ı Kudüs’tür hatı ana per ü bâl / Zebânı lutf ile peygamber oldu devrâna” beytiyle yine onun hakkında kaleme aldığı bir methiyesinde yer alan, “Rûh-ı Kuds oldu dehânı vü dili peygamber / Hatı ashâb-durur gül yanağı hayrü’l-âl” beytinde de bu zengin çağrışımların değişik açılardan aksettirildiği görülür.
İslâm tasavvufunda Rûhulkudüs âlem-i melekûtun iki kısmından birinde belirleyici rol oynar. Buna göre Kerrûbiyyûn diye anılan birinci kısmın başında rûh-ı a‘zam (Hz. Peygamber), sonunda rûh-ı kudsî (Cebrâil) bulunur. Rûh-ı kuds “rahmanî nefes” mânasıyla gönüllere ilâhî bilgileri aktararak onları ihya eden Cebrâil için kullanılır. Rûh-ı ilkā tabiri de bu mânada tasavvufî bir terimdir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Yahyâ Bey, Dîvan (haz. Mehmed Çavuşoğlu), İstanbul 1977, s. 79, 86, 147, 155; Ali Nihat Tarlan, Şeyhî Divanını Tetkik , İstanbul 1964, s. 157, 160, 225; Harun Tolasa, Ahmet Paşa’nın Şiir Dünyası , Ankara 1973, s. 18-19; Süleyman Uludağ, Tasavvuf Terimleri Sözlüğü, İstanbul 1995, s. 439-440; İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1999, s. 332; Pakalın, III, 56.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 217-218 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.