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RUSÇUK Skip to content Bulgaristan’da tarihî bir şehir.
Bulgaristan’ın dördüncü büyük şehri olan Rusçuk (Bulgarca Ruse/Russe) önemli bir endüstri ve kültür merkezidir (2001 nüfusu 180.344). Osmanlı döneminde (1393-1878) hıristiyan bir Bulgar köyünden elli üç camisi, dokuz medresesi ve en az beş tekkesiyle müslüman Türk nüfusunun çoğunlukta olduğu Kuzey Bulgaristan’ın en büyük kozmopolit şehirlerinden birine dönüşmüştür. XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarında ve XIX. yüzyılda cereyan eden beş Rus-Türk savaşı sırasında etrafı taş döşeli toprak istihkâmla çevrili önemli bir kale-şehir özelliği kazanmıştır. Bu esnada ve özellikle 1811 ve 1877-1878 yıllarında defalarca bombalanmış ve yıkılmıştır. 1878’den önceye ait çok az sayıda mimari eserin kalmasının sebebi budur. 1864-1878 yılları arasında Rusçuk, Dobruca’nın tamamını ve Bulgaristan’ın yarısını içine alan Tuna vilâyetinin merkeziydi. Osmanlı Devleti’nin ilk demiryolu Rusçuk ile Karadeniz limanı olan Varna arasında yapılmıştı. Osmanlı idaresinin son dönemlerinde Rumeli’nin en hızlı gelişen modern bir şehri olmuştur.
Rusçuk, Rusenski Lom ırmağının Tuna’ya kavuştuğu yerin çok yakınında Tuna’nın sağ yakasında kurulmuştur. Tam karşısında Romanya’nın Giurgiu (Yergöğü) şehrinin uzandığı Eflak ovaları bulunmaktadır. Rusçuk ismi Bulgarca adı olan Ruse’ye Golyamo Yurgovo’nun karşı yakasındaki Malko Yurgovo’nun (Küçük Yurgovo) karşılığı olarak Türkçe küçültme ekinin eklenmesiyle ortaya çıkmıştır. Golyamo (Büyük Yurgovo) Tuna nehrinin öteki tarafındaki eski Giurgiu kalesi ve şehri olup Ortaçağ İtalyan kaynaklarında San Giorgio diye isimlendirmiştir. Buna dayanılarak en son ansiklopedi maddelerinde buranın XIV. yüzyılda Cenova/Ceneviz tüccarları tarafından inşa edildiği ifade edilmişse de bu yerin tarihi daha eskiye iner. Yergöğü, 600 yıllarında ortadan kalkan ve İmparator Jüstinyen (Iustinianos) tarafından inşa edilen antik Theodorapolis şehrinin yerine kurulmuştur. XV ve XVI. yüzyıllara ait Osmanlı kaynakları Rusçuk’u “Yergöğü beriyaka”, Yergöğü’nü ise, “Yergöğü öteyaka” olarak adlandırır. Rusçuk’un Bulgarca şeklini ifade eden en eski kaynak, 1380-1388 yılları arasında Bruggelu bir tüccarın seyahat notlarında yer alır ve “Rosi” şeklinde yazılır. 884 (1479) tarihli bir Osmanlı tahrir defterinde ise “Rusi olarak bilinen Yergöğü beriyaka” ifadesine rastlanır. Yergöğü, Giurgiu’nun değişmiş bir halidir. Zaman içerisinde Küçük Ruse Türkçe’ye Rusçuk diye çevrilmiş ve Yergöğü adının yerini almıştır. Mevcut literatürde hem Yurgovo/Giurgiu hem de Yurgovo/Rusçuk isimleri birbirleriyle karıştırılır.
Rusçuk, İmparator Vespasian (m.s. 69-79) idaresi altında güçlendirilen eski Roma nehir limanı Sexaginta Prista’nın (altmış gemi) alanı üzerine inşa edildi. Batlamyus’ta Priste Polis diye geçer. Bu yerleşim VII. yüzyılda cereyan eden Avar-Slav işgali esnasında ortadan kalktı. 1417’de Dobruca’ya ve bütün Tuna boyunca Vidin ve Severin’e yönelik olan seferde Çelebi Sultan Mehmed, Yergöğü’nü Mirčea’dan barış yoluyla aldı ve burayla bağlantılı olan nehrin Bulgar kıyılarına küçük bir kale yaptırdı veya mevcut olan kaleyi onarttı. Hemen hemen aynı dönemde yaşayan Osmanlı tarihçisi Şükrullah, Dobruca’nın fethi sırasında (820/1417) onun “kâfirler yüzünden yıkılmış” üç kaleyi onardığını, bunların da Sakçı, Yeni Sala ve Yorgovi olduğunu kaydetmiştir (Behcetü’t-tevârîh, s. 61). Âşıkpaşazâde ve Neşrî ise belki de Çelebi Mehmed’i yüceltmek amacıyla kaleyi onun yaptığını ifade ederler (Târih, s. 151).
1061’de (1651) Evliya Çelebi, Rusçuk Kalesi’nin yapımıyla ilgili yarı efsanevî bir hikâye anlatır ve ilk inşasını Niğbolu ve Eflak kralına atfeder. Bu ifade ancak Çar İvan Şişman’la (Susmanos, 1371-1393) ilgili olabilir. Evliya Çelebi, Rusçuk’un Yıldırım Bayezid tarafından fethedildiğini, Ankara Savaşı’ndan (1402) sonra elden çıktığını, Çelebi Mehmed tarafından tekrar alındığını ve kalenin inşa edildiğini mahallî kaynaklardan duymuş olmalıdır. Eflak Voyvodası Mirčea’ya ait üç resmî belge onun Eylül 1403, Mayıs 1409 ve Ağustos 1415’te Polonya Kralı II. Wladislaw ile yaptığı antlaşmayı imzaladığında Yergöğü’nde oturduğunu gösterir. Antlaşmada Mirčea, kendini aralarında Rusçuk Kalesi’nin de bulunduğu pek çok Türk kalesinin hâkimi diye adlandırır. XVI-XVIII. yüzyıllarda seyyahlar burayı küçük bir kale olarak belirtmişlerdir.
Tuna nehrinin Romanya tarafında bulunan Giurgiu şehrinin daha XIII. yüzyılda var olduğunu, hatta daha da eski olması gerektiğini arkeolojik bulgular göstermektedir. XII ve XIII. yüzyılları kapsayan ve İmparator II. Ioannes Komnenos ile (1118-1143) başlayan bir dizi Bizans parası bulunmuştur. Rusçuk’ta elde edilen en eski para Bulgar Çarı Mihail Asen (1360-1371) ve Ivan Sratsimir’e (1356-1396) ait olup buranın Osmanlı öncesi dönemine işaret etmekte, ayrıca Giurgiu’dan daha sonra kurulduğunu kanıtlamaktadır. Bunun yanında Rusçuk Kalesi’nin kısmen eski Sexaginta Prista’nın taşlarından inşa edildiği ileri sürülebilir.
Varna Savaşı’ndan (1444) sonra Walerand de Wavren kumandasındaki Burgundia donanması Eflak tarafındaki Yergöğü’ne ve Bulgaristan tarafındaki Tutrakan’a saldırarak buraları ele geçirdi. Eflak Voyvodası Vlad Drakul, Walerand’da Bulgar tarafındaki Rusiko Kalesi’nin Tutrakan’dan daha büyük ve daha önemli olduğunu söyleyip alınması talebinde bulundu. Burgundia donanması kaledeki küçük Osmanlı garnizonuna yaklaştığında muhafızlar Yergöğü ve Tutrakan’daki garnizonların âkıbetini bildiklerinden kaleyi ve yakınındaki köyü ateşe vererek kaçtılar.
1462 Şubatında Vlad Tepeş (Kazıklı Voyvoda), Macar Kralı Matthias Corvinus’a mektup yazarak Tuna nehrinin her iki yakasındaki Yergöğü şehrini aldığını, Subaşı dahil olmak üzere Bulgar ve Türk 6414 kişinin hepsini kılıçtan geçirdiğini bildirdi. Harap edilen veya yıkılan Rusçuk Kalesi, Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in emriyle tekrar onarıldı. Rusçuk Müzesi’nde muhafaza edilen bir kitâbe parçasında bu durumu belirten ifadeler bulunur. 884 (1479) tarihli Niğbolu Sancağı Tahrir Defteri’ne göre Rusçuk dört müslüman hânesi ve 239 hıristiyan hânesiyle bir Bulgar kasabası durumundadır. Aynı kaynakta kaledeki muhafız sayısı sadece on bir kişiden ibaret gösterilmiştir. Stratejik olarak daha önemli Yergöğü Kalesi’nde ise 132 muhafız görev yapıyordu.
Kazıklı Voyvoda’nın saldırısından sonraki 134 yıl içerisinde Rusçuk büyüyerek gelişti, bir hıristiyan köyü olmaktan çıkıp Türk İslâm şehrine dönüştü. 1530 tarihli kayıtlara göre burada elli müslüman ve 350 hıristiyan hânesi (% 13’ü müslüman) ikamet ediyordu. Çerven kazasına bağlı bulunan Rusçuk’un yeni gelişen kesimleri küçük fakat sarp bir dağ eteği yerleşmesi olarak Rusenski Lom nehrinin bir kıvrımının içinde kuruldu. 963 (1556) tarihli Tahrir Defteri, 467 müslüman ve isimlerinden dolayı hepsinin Bulgar olduğuna hükmedilen 628 hıristiyan hânesinin varlığını belirtir. Bu tarihte şehrin nüfusunun % 43’ü müslümandı. 987 (1579) tarihli en son Niğbolu sancağına ait Tahrir Defteri, şehrin daha genişlemiş durumu hakkında bilgi verirken 525 müslüman ve 532 hıristiyan hânesinden söz eder. Bu rakamlar müslüman yerleşimini yansıtmanın yanında belirli orandaki hıristiyanın İslâmiyet’e geçtiğini de gösterir. 1555 tarihli Tahrir Defteri ayrıca şehirde bir cami ve altı mescidin bulunduğuna işaret eder.
884 (1479) ve 890 (1485) tarihli tahrir defterleri nisbeten ovalık ve açık olan büyük Çerven kazasının kuzeyinin yarısının büyük oranda boş olduğunu belirtir. Güney yarısı ise eski Bulgar köylerinin yer aldığı dağlık bölge olup geçişe kapalıydı. 922 (1516), 936 (1530), 962 (1555) ve 988 (1580) tahrir defterleri, XVI. yüzyılda kazanın kuzey yarısının özellikle Kalender isyanından (934/1527-28) sonra Anadolu’dan gelen göçebeler tarafından doldurulduğunu göstermektedir. Yeni gelenlerin çoğunluğu heterodoks bir İslâm anlayışının taraftarları idi. Göçebelerin köylerinin çoğu yeni yerleşim birimi olduğuna dair işaretler taşıyordu. XVII. yüzyılda kazanın güney yarısındaki Bulgar hıristiyanlarının önemli bir bölümü İslâmiyet’i seçmiş ve tedrîcen Türkleşmişti. Bu süreç cizye ve avârız defterinde gösterilmiştir. Bu sürecin sonucu olarak XIX. yüzyılın üçüncü çeyreğinde kazanın bütün nüfusunun seksen bir köyle kasabalar dahil olmak üzere % 79’u müslümandı. XVII. yüzyılın ortalarında eski Çerven küçük bir köye dönüştü ve Rusçuk bu bölgenin merkezi olarak öne çıktı. XVII. yüzyılın ilk yıllarından itibaren idarî bölge Rusçuk kazası şeklinde adlandırılmaya başlandı.
Belirli sayıdaki Bulgar ve Türk tarihçileriyle sanat tarihçileri, Vezîriâzam Rüstem Paşa’nın Rusçuk’ta Mimar Sinan’ın eseri olan bir medrese ve bir cami inşa ettirdiğini belirtir. Bazıları ise bunlara bir imaret, bir han ve bir tekke ilâve eder. Bununla birlikte bu binalar 962 (1555) ve 988 (1580) tarihli mufassal tahrir defterlerinde yer almaz. Sadece Evliya Çelebi bunlardan 1061’de (1651) söz eder. Burada şehrin isminin yazımından kaynaklanan bir yanlış yapıldığı açıktır. Söz konusu binalar Rusçuk’ta değil Rodosçuk’tadır (Tekirdağ). Rusçuk adı bazı basma eserlerde ve birtakım arşiv belgelerinin katalog fişlerinde Rodosçuk ile karıştırılmıştır.
Rusçuk’un huzurlu büyümesi 1595 Şubat ayı itibariyle kesintiye uğradı. Uzun Türk savaşları sırasında hıristiyan güçlerine katılan Eflak Voyvodası Michael kaleyi alamamakla birlikte şehri ele geçirip yaktı. 1598’de ordusuyla tekrar geldi ve bu defa kaleyi de ele geçirmeyi başardı. Dönemin bir seyyahı şehrin Bratislava kadar büyük olduğunu kaydeder. Bu olayların ardından şehir iki yüzyıldan fazla bir süre huzurlu bir gelişme seyri izledi. XVII. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Başdefterdar Bâki Paşa Rusçuk’ta bir cami, bir medrese ve bir mahkeme binası inşa ettirdi, 143 dükkânlı bir arasta yaptırdı. Daha sonra bu cami Eskicami diye bilinmeye başladı ve yeniden inşa edilen şehrin ilk eserlerinden biri oldu.
8 Eylül 1640’ta burayı gören Gelibolu Katolik Piskoposu Peter Bogdan Bakčić, Tuna nehri kıyısındaki şehrin surlarının bulunmadığını, kalesinin içeride yer aldığını, fakat çok büyük olmadığını yazar. Arazisi verimlidir. Katolik kilisesi bulunmamaktadır. Ortodoks hıristiyan evlerinin sayısı 200’den fazla olup bu da 1000 kişiye tekabül eder. Ortodokslar’ın ağaçtan yapılmış iki kilisesi vardır ve sadece Bulgarlar’a aittir. Türkler’in 3000 evi bulunmakta olup nüfusları 15.000’dir. Beyaz taştan inşa edilmiş on camisi mevcuttur. Ermeniler’in ev sayısı 200’dür ve 1000 kişiden fazla nüfusu içermektedir. Bunların kiliseleri yoktur ve hepsi tüccardır. Onun verdiği müslümanlara ait evlerin sayısı fazla olsa da yazdıkları, 988 (1580) tarihli Tahrir Defteri’nden sonraki Rusçuk şehrinin büyük dönüşümüne işaret eder. XVII-XIX. yüzyılların seyyahları burayı büyük bir tüccar şehri diye nitelendirmiştir. Rusçuk’taki Ermeni cemaatinin, İranlı Şah Abbas tarafından Kafkasya’nın işgalinden kaçarak Anadolu ve Balkanlar’a göç edenlere mensup olup şehre XVII. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde gelmiş olması mümkündür.
1651’de Rusçuk’u ziyaret eden Evliya Çelebi kalesini taştan yapılmış küçük bir dikdörtgen bina olarak tanımlar. Açık şehir ağaçtan yapma, “şendere tahta” ile kaplama 2206 eve sahiptir. Üç hıristiyan mahallesi mevcut olup şehirde ticaret için gelenlerin dışında yaşayan yahudi bulunmamaktadır. Rusçuk’taki Osmanlı binaları hakkında ise Evliya Çelebi pek bir şey söylemez. Burada zikredilen Rüstem Paşa’nın camisi daha önce ifade edildiği gibi bir karıştırmadır. Şehirde medrese veya bedesten yoktur, ancak nüfus bakımından çok kalabalıktır. Sakinlerinin tamamı tüccardır; insanları çok iyi giyinir, zevk ehli ve konuk severdir (Seyahatnâme, III, 312-313). Evliya Çelebi’den sekiz yıl sonra Katolik Papaz Philipp Stanislavov, Rusçuk’ta Türkler’in oturduğu ahşap 6000 ev bulunduğunu belirtir, cami sayısını da otuz olarak verir.
Nisbeten sakin olan XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Rusçuk iki defa Rus tehdidiyle karşılaştı (1768-1774 ve 1787-1792 Rus-Türk savaşı). Bu tehditler karşısında Osmanlılar bütün şehrin etrafını tahkim etmek zorunda kaldı. Taşlarla desteklenen derin ve kuru hendekler (meteriz) kazıldı, siperler, tabyalar oluşturuldu. 1773’te Feld Mareşal Rumyantzov kumandasındaki Ruslar, Rusçuk’un hemen dışında ciddi bir yenilgiye uğradı. Şevval 1220’de (Ocak 1806) Rumeli âyanından Tirsinikli İsmâil Ağa, Rusçuk’taki saat kulesini yeniden tamir ettirdi. Bu kule 1919 yılına kadar ayakta kaldı. Çok zarif Osmanlı kitâbesi Rusçuk Müzesi’nde muhafaza edilmektedir. İsmâil Ağa ayrıca Horasanlı Ali Baba için bir Bektaşî tekkesi inşa ettirdi, burası 1826’da yeniçeri ocağının kaldırılması sırasında, hükümetin emriyle yıkıldı.
1806-1812 Osmanlı-Rus savaşı esnasında Rusçuk, Count Kaminski kumandasındaki Rus ordularınca gerçekleştirilen uzun ve kanlı bir kuşatmaya direndi; 26 Eylül 1810’da garnizonun ve sivillerin şehri güven içerisinde terketmesi karşılığında teslim oldu. 1811 Haziranında alınan ağır yenilgiler ve tersliklerden sonra Ruslar geri çekilmeye zorlandı. Ayrılmadan önce Başkumandan Kutuzov, şehir etrafındaki istihkâmın ve Ortaçağ dönemi kalesinin havaya uçurulmasını emretti. Şehir bu sırada çıkan yangından büyük ölçüde etkilendi. 1810’da şehirde mevcut otuz sekiz camiden on ikisi ve sekiz mescidden ikisi bütünüyle yıkıldı. İstihkâm barış antlaşmasının ardından tekrar yapıldı. Rusçuk Müzesi’nde bulunan 1232 (1817) tarihli âbidevî bir Osmanlı kitâbesi bu işin bitirilme tarihine işaret eder. Rusçuk 1244’te (1828-29) tekrar Rus kuşatması ve bombardımanı ile karşılaştı. Bu aşamada şehrin kuzey tarafında bulunan mahalleler çok güçlü siperler ve üç tabya ile (kule) çevrildi. 1838’de Şeyh Ahmed Efendi, Rusçuk’ta Eskicami mahallesinde Şâzeliyye tarikatına ait bir tekke yaptırdı (1971 yılına kadar ayakta kalmıştır). 1854 Ocak ayında Kırım savaşının ilk aşamasında Rusçuk, Rus orduları tarafından tekrar kuşatılıp bombardıman edildi, fakat ele geçirilemedi. Bunun üzerine şehrin istihkâmı güney tarafına doğru tepelerde yapılan dört ayrı tabya ile güçlendirildi.
1864-1878 yıllarında Rusçuk, Midhat Paşa’nın ilham verici idaresindeki Tuna vilâyetinin merkezi idi. Şehir çok büyük bir düzenlemeye tâbi tutularak Avrupaî tarzda yeniden inşa edildi. 1868’den itibaren Bulgaristan’ın ilk demiryolu olan hatla Karadeniz kıyısındaki Varna Kalesi’ne ve şehrine bağlandı. Osmanlı Devleti’nin son dönemlerine ait Tuna vilâyeti salnâmesi, Batılı seyyahların hesapladığı gibi 1870’li yıllarda Rusçuk kazasının büyüklüğü ve şehir nüfusunun kompozisyonu hakkında güvenilir bilgiler verir. Şehirde 4306 hâne, otuz cami, 1541 dükkân, yirmi iki han, iki hamam, dört kilise ve sinagoglar bulunmaktaydı. F. Kanitz şehrin nüfusunun 23.000 olduğunu tahmin etmektedir (Donau-Bulgarien, II, 15-21). Bunların 10.800’ü Türk, 7700’ü Bulgar, 1000’i yahudi, 800’ü Ermeni, 500’ü Çingene, 1000 Türk askeri, 800 Eflaklı ve Sırp, 400 kadarı da “diğer” Avrupalılar’dan oluşmaktadır (% 53’ü müslüman). 1290 (1873) tarihli salnâmeye göre 18.850’si müslüman (% 79) ve 5111’i gayri müslim olmak üzere toplam 23.961 hâne ve seksen bir köy mevcuttu. Aubaret ise bütün Rusçuk sancağının nüfusunu 680.000 olarak hesaplamaktadır (388.800 Türk, 229.500 Bulgar, 33.000 Çerkez, 2000 Ermeni, 1000 Eflaklı, 2200 yahudi, 20.000 müslüman ve 3500 hıristiyan Çingene). Bütün Rusçuk sancağının % 65’i müslüman, % 34’ü Bulgar-hıristiyan ve % 1’i Ermeni, yahudi ve Eflaklı’dan oluşuyordu.
1877 yılının başlarında Rus ordusunun gelmesinden önce stratejik önemi haiz güneydeki tepelere yeni tabyalar yapıldı. 1877 sonbaharında Rusçuk, Tuna’nın Romanya tarafından Rus topçusunca şiddetli biçimde bombalandı. Garnizondan yapılan şiddetli çıkışlarla ve karşı hücumlarla işgalciler uzak tutuldu. Direniş 1878’in Ocak ayındaki Edirne antlaşmasına kadar sürdü. 21 Şubat’ta Osmanlı garnizonu Rusçuk’u terketti. Bombardıman şehrin büyük bir kısmının ve önemli binalarının yıkılmasına yol açmıştı. Berlin Antlaşması’nın neticesinde şehir yeni oluşturulan Bulgaristan Devleti’ne katıldı ve istihkâmlar yıkıldı. 1880 yılında hemen hemen tamamen ortadan kalktı. Kalenin taşları kısmen kutsal teslîs (Troitsa) ve bütün azizler kiliselerinin inşasında kullanıldı. 1878’den sonra önemli orandaki Türk nüfusu şehri terketti. Dağlardaki Bulgarlar şehre indi. Camiler en kısa sürede yıkıldı. 1908’de on iki, 1974’te dört, bugün ise sadece bir cami kalmıştır. 1887 tarihli Bulgar seçimlerine göre şehrin 27.194 sakini vardı. Bunların 14.229’u Bulgar, 8214’ü Türk, 1975’i yahudi, 2776’sı diğerleriydi. Böylece birkaç yıl içerisinde müslümanların nüfusu % 53’ten % 30’a gerilemiş oluyordu. 1900 yılında bütün nüfus 32.712’ye çıkmış olup müslümanların oranı % 20 dolayındaydı. 1915’te Rusçuk, Romen ordusunca bombalandı. 1934 yılında şehirde sadece % 15’i müslüman olan 49.449 kişi yaşıyordu. II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra komünist yönetiminde şehir yeni endüstri girişimleriyle büyük gelişme gösterdi. Tuna nehri üzerinden şehri Giurgiu’ya bağlayan, trafiği kolaylaştıran büyük kara ve demir yolu köprüsü yapıldı.
XXI. yüzyılın başlangıcında Rusçuk, Midhat Paşa döneminden bu yana kazandığı modern ve hoşgörülü bir şehir olma vasfını öne çıkarmıştır. Şehirde hâlâ Aşkenazi sinagogunu kullanan yahudi yaşamı hareketlidir. Ermeniler de kendilerine ait kiliseleriyle aktif bir cemaate sahiptir. Rusçuk Katolikliğin büyük bir merkezidir. Osmanlı idaresinin son dönemlerinden itibaren Metodistler, Baptistler ve Adventistler olmak üzere üç Protestan mezhebi kendi cemaatine sahiptir. Metodist kilisesi Osmanlı-Balkan-Anglo-Yeni İngiltere tarzının güzel bir örneğidir. Müslüman cemaatin ibadet yapabileceği tek yer Mirza Said Paşa (Silistre valisi) Camii’dir. 1839’da inşa edilmiş olup bir medrese ve kütüphanesi vardır. Cami şehirdeki büyük bir yangından oldukça hasar görmüş, 1870’te ağaçtan ilâve bir kubbeyle oldukça güzel bir biçimde tekrar yaptırılmıştır. Rusçuk’taki vakıf mallarının 1993’te müslüman cemaate iade edilmiş olması önemlidir. Buna şehrin ortasında bulunan âbidevî Pliska Oteli de (Krum Hanı) dahildir. Mirza Said Paşa Camii’nin yanındaki konak, Bulgaristan Başmüftülüğü’ne bağlı olarak Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı’nın katkıları ile İmam-Hatip Lisesi haline getirilmiştir. Yine Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı’nın desteğiyle kurulan kızlara ait İmam-Hatip Lisesi de bu camiye çok yakın bir yerde Mirza Said Paşa tarafından yaptırılmış bir konakta hizmet vermektedir.
Rusçuk, Osmanlı edebiyatının bazı yazar ve şairleriyle bazı önemli siyasetçilerinin doğum yeridir. Bunlar arasında şuarâ tezkiresi sahibi Beyânî, Rusçuklu Kâtib Amânî, şair ve yazar Kādiriyye dervişi Hâfız Abdullah Efendi, 1210’da (1795-96) ölen ve 1985 yılına kadar süregelen komünist rejimin İslâm karşıtı kampanyasına kadar var olan Tombul Cami’nin hazîresindeki bir türbeye defnedilen Sa‘diyye şeyhi Zarîfî sayılabilir. Sa‘dî dervişi Resâ Mustafa Maksud Efendi mistik şiirler kaleme almıştır. Osmanbeyzâde Fetih Ali Efendi arkasında altı ilmî eser bırakmıştır. XVIII. yüzyılın sonları ve XIX. yüzyılın başlarındaki karışık dönemlerde siyasî açıdan faal rol oynayan Tirsiniklizâde İsmâil Ağa ile Alemdar Mustafa Paşa, Rusçuk âyanıdır. Tirsiniklizâde’nin kitâbeli kabir taşı, 1985 yılına kadar Tombul Cami’nin avlusunda duruyordu. Halen Rusçuk Müzesi’nde sergilenmektedir. Rusçuk’ta Mirza Said Paşa Camii’nin dışında II. Mahmud’un şehri ziyareti anısına dikilen sütun olan İstanbul Kapısı, güney tepesindeki Levent Tabya Kalesi (şu anda bir restoran haline getirilmiştir) ve Rusçuk Müzesi’ndeki bazı kitâbeler şehrin çok uzun süreli Türk-İslâm tarihiyle ilgili önemli eserlerdir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Şükrullah Çelebi, Behcetü’t-tevârîh (trc. Çiftçioğlu N. Atsız, Osmanlı Tarihleri I içinde), İstanbul 1949, s. 61; Âşıkpaşazâde, Târih (Atsız), s. 151; Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme, III, 312-315; B. de Perthes, Voyage a Constantinople, Paris 1855, II, 413 vd.; F. Kanitz, Donau-Bulgarien und der Balkan, Leipzig 1879, II, 15-21; Acta Bulgariae Ecclesiastica: 1565-1799 (ed. E. Fermendži), Zagreb 1887, XVIII, 74-75; N. Popov, Opisanie na Rusčuk za vremeto ot 1860-1879 godina, Ruse 1924; Ž. Čankov, Geografski Rečnik na Balgarija, Sofia 1939, s. 375-377; Y. Tonev – J. Zarčev, Kratka Istorija na Dobrudža, Varna 1986, tür.yer.; Machiel Kiel, “Little-known Ottoman Gravestones from Some Provincial Centres in the Balkans (Eğriboz / Chalkis, Niğbolu / Nikopol and Rusçuk / Russe)”, Cimetières et traditions funéraires dans le monde islamique: İslâm Dünyasında Mezarlıklar ve Defin Gelenekleri (ed. J. L. Bacqué-Grammont – Aksel Tibet), Ankara 1996, I, 319-332; a.mlf., Bulgaristan’daki Osmanlı Dönemi Kentsel Değişmesi ve Mimari Eserleri, Ankara 2000, s. 34-37; Teodora Bakardžieva – Stoyan Yordanov, Podbrani Izvori za istorijata na grad Ruse i Rusenski Kraj (II-XIX vek), Ruse 1999, tür.yer.; a.mlf.ler, Ruse, Prostranstvo i Istorija, Ruse 2001, tür.yer.; Ali Akyıldız, “Balkanlar’a Osmanlılardan Miras Bir Çağdaş Medeniyet Ürünü: Rusçuk-Varna Demiryolu”, Balkanlarda İslâm Medeniyeti Milletlerarası Sempozyumu Tebliğleri, İstanbul 2002, s. 123-145; Orlin Sabev, “Bulgaristan’da Osmanlı Medreseleri”, Türkler (nşr. Hasan Celal Güzel v.dğr.), Ankara 2002, XI, 463-472; P. Miyatev, “Njakolko Turski Epigrafski Pametnitsi v Rusenskija Muzej”, Izvestija Naroden Muzej Ruse, III (1968), s. 44; Eşref Eşrefoğlu, “Bulgaristan Türklerine ve Rusçuk’taki Türk Eserlerine Dair 1897 Tarihli Bir Rapor”, GDAAD, I (1972), s. 19-37; L. Zlatev – I. Dimitrov, “Ethnic and Demographie Development of Rousse and District during the Ottoman Dominatian (15th-19th)”, Istoričeski Pregled, X (1986), s. 58-68; Mahir Aydın, “Ahmed Arif Hikmet Beyefendi’nin Rumeli Tanzimat Müfettişliği ve Teftiş Defteri”, TTK Belleten, LVI/215 (1992), s. 69-165; Teodora Bakardžieva, “Dervish Lodges in Russe and their Place in its Spiritual Atmosphere”, Izvestija na Rusensko Istoričeski Muzej, V (1998), s. 70-78; “Ruse”, Kratka Bǎlgarska Enčiklopedija, Sofia 1967, IV, 426-427; F. Babinger – Bekir Sıtkı Baykal, “Rusçuk”, İA, IX, 784-787; F. Babinger – [B. Lory], “Rusčuk”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 633-635.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 246-250 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.