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RÛZNÂMÇE Skip to content Osmanlı bürokrasisinde çeşitli kalemlerde tutulan bir tür defterin adı.
Kelime Farsça’da “günlük” anlamına gelen rûznâmeye küçültme eki ilâvesiyle oluşturulmuştur. Rûznâmeden farklı olarak Osmanlı bürokrasisinde günlük işlemler için tutulan defterlerin genel adı haline gelmiş, ayrıca hazineye bağlı günlük gelir giderlere bakan kalemler için de kullanılmıştır. Resmî bir defter türü olarak rûznâmçe, daha ziyade maliye teşkilâtında hazinedeki işlemlerin gelir ve harcamaların kaydedildiği defterleri ifade eder. Defterdara bağlı olan ve hazinenin bütün işlemlerini yapan kalem Rûznâmçe-i Evvel (Büyük Rûznâmçe Kalemi) olarak anılır. Diğeri daha dar kapsamda devlet hazinesinden maaş alan kesimlerin hesaplarını tutan Rûznâmçe-i Sânî’dir (Küçük Rûznâmçe Kalemi). Doğrudan hazineyle ilgili bu iki kalemin gündelik muâmelâtı büro ile aynı adı taşıyan defterlere kaydedilirdi. İşlemleri yapan memura rûznâmçeci (rûznâmçeî), büronun başındaki görevliye de başrûznâmçeci denir. Söz konusu büroların ve defter türlerinin ortaya çıkışı ve standartlaşması muhtemelen XV. yüzyıl sonu ile XVI. yüzyıl başlarında gerçekleşmiştir. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in teşkilât kanunnâmesinde geçen rûznâmecinin hazine kâtibi olduğu kabul edilirse ona ait defterlerin varlığı XV. yüzyılın üçüncü çeyreğinin sonlarına kadar indirilebilir.
Rûznâmçe-i Evvel Kalemi tarafından tutulan hazinenin giriş ve çıkış hesaplarının kaydedildiği, Rûznâmçe-i Hümâyun da denilen defterlerin başında hangi sadrazamın ve defterdarın zamanında hazırlandığı yazılıdır. Günün tarihinden sonra hazine rûznâmçelerinin her sayfasında aynı hizada ikişer öbek halinde kayıtlar vardır. Defterlerdeki kayıtların her zaman günlük olmadığı, haftalık, birkaç haftalık veya bir aylık muamelelerin bir günün altında toplandığı da görülür. Günlük kayıtların altına bazan gelir gider ve mahsupların toplamı yapılır. Defterde rakamlar siyâkatle yazıldığında bunlar toplama yapmaya elverişli olmadığından rûznâmçe defterlerindeki kayıtların sadece rakamlarının dökümleri ayrı bir defterde (ecnâs-ı nukūd ve erkam defterleri) yer alır.
Rûznâmçelerin giriş (irad) kayıtları, “an-tahvîl-i …” başlığı ile hazineye değişik kalemlerden giren geliri gösterir. Çıkış (masraf) kayıtları ise “be-cihet-i …, teslîm-i …” gibi başlıkların altında hazineden çıkan paraların nerelere ve ne kadar harcandığına işaret eder. Bu defterlerdeki üçüncü bir işlem çeşidi ise gelir ve giderin birbirini karşılaması (mahsup) durumudur. Hazineye girmesi gereken gelir maliyeye teslim edilmeden devletten alacaklı olan bir yere harcanırsa buna mahsup denirdi. Başrûznâmçeci deftere bir kayıt girerken bunu bir belgeye dayanarak yapardı (Sahillioğlu, s. 115-121). Mukātaat, muhasebe, mevkūfat ve cizye gibi gelirlerin kaydını tutan kalemler topladıkları gelirlere dair belgeleri; teşrifat, yeniçeri kalemi ve küçük rûznâmçe gibi giderlerin kaydını tutan bürolar da harcamalarıyla ilgili evrakı Büyük Rûznâmçe Kalemi’ne verirlerdi; böylece bütün bu kayıtlar rûznâmçe defterlerine geçirilirdi. Rûznâmçe defterleri nevruzdan (22 Mart) nevruza bir yıllık olurdu (Uzunçarşılı, s. 339).
Rûznâmçe-i Sânî’nin mevâcib kayıtlarını tutan ve bu kayıtları ihtiva eden defterlerine küçük rûznâmçe defterleri denirdi. Küçük Rûznâmçe Kalemi’nden kazaskerler, rikâb-ı hümâyun ağaları, dergâh-ı âlî müteferrikaları, maliye kâtipleri, defter-i hâkānî kâtipleri, dîvân-ı hümâyun kâtipleri, maliye şâkirdleri, ehl-i hiref ağaları, hassa mimarları, hassa peykleri, hassa hekimleri, hassa müezzinleri, bîrun hazinedarları, çaşnigîrler, dergâh-ı âlî çavuşları, bâzdârân-ı enderun şakirdleri, şâhinciyân-ı enderun şâkirdleri, hassa avcıları, yahudi hekimler ve darbhâne-i âmire sikkezenleri gibi gruplarla bu zümrelerin bazılarının emeklileri maaş alırlardı. Yıllık olarak tutulan küçük rûznâmçe defterlerinin girişinde hangi yıla ait olduğunu gösteren, meselâ “defter-i mevâcib-i ağayân … vâcib sene 1036” şeklinde bir ibare bulunurdu. Ardından küçük rûznâmçeden maaş alan zümreler “cemâat-i …” şeklinde sırayla verilirdi. Defterlerde maaş alan kişilerin isimleri ve aldıkları yevmiyeler kaydedilirdi. Bazı defterlerde maaş alanların yevmiyelerinin altında maaşlarının aylık toplamı, isimlerinin üzerinde ise aldıkları üçer aylıklarının hangi tarihte ne şekilde ödendiğiyle ilgili bilgiler mevcuttu (BA, KK, nr. 3399).
Küçük rûznâmçeden maaş alanlar vefat eder, başka bir göreve tayin edilir veya maaşlarına zam yapılır, memuriyetten azledilir yahut herhangi bir görevlendirmeyle bir yere giderlerse bu durum tarihiyle birlikte şahsın isminin üzerinde belirtilirdi. Bu kaleme bağlı herhangi bir cemaatten yeni maaş almaya başlayan bir kişinin ibtidâ kaydı o zümrenin maaş alanlarının isimlerinden sonra yer alırdı. Maaş dağıtılmasıyla ilgili yazılan emirler defterlerin içerisine eklenir veya doğrudan defterlerin sayfalarına yazılırdı. Küçük rûznâmçecilik 1838’de kaldırılarak görevi maliye tezkirecisine verilmiştir (Akyıldız, s. 99).
Bu ikisinin dışında diğer rûznâmçelerden en önemlisi timar rûznâmçeleridir. Defterhâne’nin günlük muameleleriyle ilgili tutulan bu defterler Defterhâne’nin ve dolayısıyla timar sisteminin en önemli kaynaklarıdır. Timar rûznâmçe defterleri, timar almaya hak kazanmış kişinin berat alabilmesi için Defterhâne tarafından verilen tezkire sûretlerini ihtiva eder. Bu defterler, timar sisteminin kuruluşuna paralel olarak çok erken tarihlerde tutulmaya başlanmış olmalıdır. Fakat eldeki en erken tarihli defter II. Bayezid devrine 1487-1489 yıllarına aittir (BA, MAD, nr. 17893). Timar rûznâmçe defterleri XX. yüzyıl başlarına kadar aynı şekilde kullanılmıştır (TK, TRD, nr. 1929, 1938). Erken tarihli timar rûznâmçe defterleri çok geniş sahaları ve birkaç yılı ihtiva ederken timar sisteminin gelişmesiyle birlikte daha dar bölgelere göre hazırlanmıştır. Genellikle bir yıla ait olup bir eyalete bağlı sancakların tezkireleri ayrı cüzler içerisinde bir defter haline getirilmiştir. Timarlı sipahi sayısının çok fazla olduğu sancaklarda yıl yıl müstakil defter tutulmuş, bazan da birkaç sancağın bir yıllık tezkireleri bir defter haline konulmuştur. Bir defterde bir sancağın timar sistemindeki yerine göre birden fazla (bazan on-on beş) cüzden oluştuğu görülür. Bu durumda aynı sancağa ait cüzler numaralanır ve cüzlerin üzerine bunlardan sonra cüz tutulmuşsa belirtilir.
Defterlerdeki timar tezkirelerinin kaydı şu şekildeydi: Timarın ait olduğu bölgeyi (nahiye ve bağlı olduğu sancak) gösteren başlığın altında timar sahibinin ismi ve timarın intikal şekli “an-tahvîl-i …” biçiminde yazılıdır. Bunun altında timarın gelirini oluşturan yerlerin adları, hâsılları ve genel yekün yer alır. Daha sonra timarın veriliş aşamalarına dair açıklama ile tezkirenin verildiği tarih kayıtlıdır. Tezkire deftere kaydedildikten sonra aslı ile deftere kaydedilen sûreti bir başka kâtip tarafından karşılaştırılır (BA, TRD, nr. 254, s. 90-91; BA, A.DFE, Dosya, nr. 2/17) ve bir hataya rastlanmazsa asıl tezkire defter emininin mührüyle mühürlenir. Tezkirenin mühürlendiği, timar rûznâmçe defterindeki timar tezkiresi sûretinin sağ üst köşesine “mühürlenmiştir” ibaresi yazılarak belirtilir. Bu işlem yapılmamışsa defterde yazılı kayıt geçerli sayılmaz (BA, TRD, nr. 287, s. 100). Eğer şüpheli bir durum görülürse tezkire mühürlenmez ve defterdeki kayda şerh düşülür (BA, TRD, nr. 286, s. 354). Bu işlemi yapan kâtip timarın önceki berat tezkiresini bularak oraya o timarın yeni durumunu belirten bir şerh koyar. Buna “kayıt bozma” adı verilirdi. Böylece önceki kayıt geçerliliğini kaybeder. Bu muamele yapılmazsa bir timar birden fazla kişiye berat edilebilir. Nitekim bu muamelenin düzgün yapılmaması sonucunda XVII. yüzyıl başlarında bir timarın birkaç kişiye berat edildiği görülmektedir. Timar tezkiresini rûznâmçe defterine kaydeden kâtipler sayfa kenarlarına kendi paraflarını atarlar. Bu durum usulsüzlüklerin artması üzerine 1585’lerden itibaren ortaya çıkmıştır. Bir diğer rûznâmçe türü defter kazasker rûznâmçeleridir. Bunlar Anadolu ve Rumeli kazaskerlerinin yaptığı kadı ve müderris tayinleriyle ilgili bilgileri ihtiva eder. Bunların dışında teşrifat, şehremini, tophâne, mevcudatî, tersane, arpa eminliği ve ıstabl-ı âmire gibi birçok Osmanlı kurumunun rûznâmçecileri ve defterleri vardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, MAD, nr. 233, s. 75; nr. 559; nr. 2775, s. 145; nr. 6977, s. 1/1; nr. 17893, s. 252-261; BA, TRD, nr. 35, s. 458-459; nr. 62, s. 199-202; nr. 77, s. 230-233; nr. 484, s. 4; nr. 554, s. 48, 70; BA, D.EVM, nr. 26278, s. 126; BA, KK, nr. 3433, 3475; BA, D.KRZ, nr. 33118, 33120; TK, TRD, nr. 576, 974, 1200; İn‘âmat Defteri, İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, Muallim Cevdet, nr. O. 71; Fatih Sultan Mehmed, Kānûnnâme-i Âl-i Osman (haz. Abdülkadir Özcan), İstanbul 2003, s. 10, 17; Ayn Ali Efendi, Risâle-i Vazîfehoran ve Merâtib-i Bendegân-ı Âl-i Osmân (nşr. Ahmet Akgündüz, Osmanlı Kanunnâmeleri ve Hukukî Tahlilleri IX içinde), İstanbul 1996, s. 89-105; Koçi Bey, Risâle (Aksüt), tür.yer.; Abdullah Üsküdârî, Vâkıât-ı Rûzmerre , TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 1221, I, vr. 134a , 138b ; nr. 1222, II, vr. 108a , 122a-b , 126a-b , 211b -212a ; nr. 1223, III, vr. 26a , 50a , 114b ; Ahmed b. Mahmûd, Târih, Berlin, Preussische Staatsbibliothek, Orientalische Abteilung, nr. 1209, vr. 229b , 296b , 300b , 310b , 323b -324a , 340b , 370a ; Âkif Mehmed, Târîh-i Cülûs-i Sultân Mustafâ-yı Sâlis, Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 2108, vr. 28b , 41b , 204a , 210b , 213b , 259a ; Uzunçarşılı, Merkez-Bahriye, s. 338-339, 353-354, 367-368, 371, 429; Halil Sahillioğlu, “Ruznâmçe”, Tarih Boyunca Paleografya ve Diplomatik Semineri: 30 Nisan – 2 Mayıs 1986 Bildiriler, İstanbul 1988, s. 113-139; Ali Akyıldız, Tanzimat Dönemi Osmanlı Merkez Teşkilâtında Reform: 1836-1856, İstanbul 1993, s. 99, 101-103, 110; Halil İnalcık, “Kazasker Ruznamçe Defterine Göre Kadılık”, Adalet Kitabı (ed. Bülent Arı – Selim Aslantaş), Ankara 2007, s. 117-138; Ömer Lütfi Barkan, “İstanbul Saraylarına Ait Muhasebe Defterleri”, TTK Belgeler, IX/13 (1979), s. 1-380; D. Howard, “The BBA Ruznamçe Tasnifi: A New Resource for the Study of the Ottoman Timar System”, TSAB , X/1 (1986), s. 11-18; L. Darling, “Ottoman Salary Registers as a Source for Economic and Social History”, a.e., XIV/1 (1990), s. 13-33; Nejat Göyünç, “Tarih Başlıklı Muhasebe Defterleri”, Osm.Ar., sy. 10 (1990), s. 1-37; a.mlf., “Timar Ruznâmçe Defterleri’nin Biyografik Kaynak Olarak Önemi”, TTK Belleten, LX/227 (1996), s. 127-138.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 276-278 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.