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SÂBİT b. KURRE Skip to content Ebü’l-Hasen Sâbit b. Kurre b. Zehrûn (Mervân) es-Sâbî el-Harrânî (ö. 288/901)
Matematik, astronomi, mekanik ve tıp âlimi, filozof ve mütercim.
221 (836) yılında Harran’da doğdu. İslâm matematiğinin oluşum dönemine katkıda bulunan Harranlı matematikçilerin başında gelmektedir. Çok sayıda âlim yetiştirmiş bir aileye mensuptur. Gençliğinde sarraflık yaptığı nakledilir. Felsefe konularında serbest düşünceleri yüzünden şehrin Sâbiî halkı ile anlaşmazlığa düşünce yargılandı ve görüşlerinden vazgeçmek zorunda kaldı. Ardından Dârâ yakınındaki Kefertûsâ kasabasına çekilip takipten kurtuldu. Rivayete göre, Bizans’tan Bağdat’a dönerken Sâbit b. Kurre ile karşılaşan Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed b. Mûsâ b. Şâkir, Sâbit’in matematikteki yeteneğini ve dille ilgili bilgisini farkederek onu Halife Mu‘tazıd-Billâh’a tavsiye etmek üzere beraberinde götürdü. Bazı kaynaklara göre Sâbit, Bağdat’ta Muhammed b. Mûsâ’dan ders almış, matematik, astronomi ve fizik ilimleri tahsil etmiş, daha sonra halifeye takdim edilerek saray astronomları arasında yer almıştır. Diğer bir rivayete göre ise Halife Muvaffak-Billâh oğlu Mu‘tazıd’ı hapse atmış ve Sâbit’i de onun hizmetine vermiş, Mu‘tazıd halife olunca Sâbit de saraya mensup astronomlar arasına girmiştir. Sâbit Süryânîce ve Grekçe bilmekteydi. Kadrî Hâfız Tûkān, İbrânîce de bildiğini söylemektedir (Türâs̱ü’l-ʿArabi’l-ʿilmî, s. 196). Sâbit b. Kurre, Bağdat’ta felsefî ilimlerle uğraşma imkânı buldu. Grek matematikçilerinin eserlerini Arapça’ya çevirerek şerhetti. Matematik ve astronomi alanında eserler yazdı ve hekimlikle meşgul oldu. Ayrıca kendisinden önce tercüme edilen bazı eserleri tashih etti. 26 Safer 288’de (19 Şubat 901) Bağdat’ta öldü.
Sâbit b. Kurre felsefe, matematik, astronomi, tıp ve tabii bilimler alanında tercüme ve telif eserleriyle ilme katkıda bulunmuştur. Sâlih Zeki’nin tesbitine göre Sâbit’in bu alanlarda 150’ye yakın eseri mevcuttur (Âsâr-ı Bâkıye, I, 159). Ayrıca Huneyn b. İshak ile beraber İslâm medeniyetindeki en büyük iki mütercimden biri kabul edilmektedir. Kâtib Çelebi, Sâbit b. Kurre’nin tercümeleri olmasaydı hiç kimsenin hikmete dair Yunanca kitaplardan faydalanamayacağının söylendiğini, nitekim onun tercüme etmediği kitapların öylece kaldığını belirtir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, II, 1594).
Sâbit’in İslâm matematiğine katkılarını üç aşamada özetlemek mümkündür. Birinci aşama, Yunan matematiğinin önemli eserlerini Arapça’ya çevirmesi veya daha önce yapılan tercümeleri tashih etmesidir. Sâbit özellikle Archimedes’in matematik alanındaki bütün çalışmalarını Arapça’ya çevirmiştir. Bugün Archimedes’in birçok eserinin Yunanca asılları kayıp olduğundan bu eserlerden Sâbit’in tercümeleri sayesinde haberdar olunmaktadır. Sâbit ayrıca Pergeli Apollonios’un Koni Kesitleri ve Nicomachus’un Aritmetiğe Giriş adlı kitaplarını Arapça’ya çevirmiştir. Öklid, Ptolemy ve Theodosios’un eserlerinden tercümeler yapmış veya yapılan tercümeleri düzeltmiştir. İkinci aşama, Sâbit’in tercüme ve tashihleri vasıtasıyla Arapça bir matematik dilinin oluşması konusundaki katkılarıdır. Sâbit matematiğe dair eserleri Yunanca veya Süryânîce’den çevirirken güçlü Arapça bilgisi sayesinde bu dillerdeki kavramlara uygun Arapça karşılıklar bulmuştur. Onun belirlediği kavramların bir kısmı daha sonra gelen İslâm matematikçileri tarafından değiştirilirken büyük bir kısmı kullanılmaya devam etmiştir. Sâbit’in İslâm matematiğine yaptığı üçüncü aşamadaki katkıları ise matematiğin aritmetik (sayılar teorisi), cebir, geometri, koni kesitleri ve trigonometri gibi alanlarında telif ettiği özgün eserlerdir. Bilhassa sayı kavramının pozitif reel sayıları içerecek biçimde genişletilmesi, integral kalkulus, küresel trigonometrinin bazı teoremleri, analitik geometri ve Öklidci olmayan geometri konularındaki çalışmaları kalıcı izler bırakmıştır.
Sayılar Teorisi. Sâbit’in sayılar teorisine en önemli katkılarından biri Yunanlı matematikçi Nicomachos’un Aritmetiğe Giriş adlı eserini tercüme etmesidir (Kitâbü’l-Medḫal ilâ ʿilmi’l-ʿaded elleẕî veḍaʿahû Nîḳūmâḫus, nşr. el-Eb Vilhelm Kutş el-Yesûî, Beyrut 1958). Bu tercümeyle beraber İslâm matematiğine Pisagorcu sayı ve aritmetik anlayışının girmesi yanında eser “theologoumenates aritmetikes” anlamında bir sayı mistisizminin yerleşmesini sağlamıştır. Bu sayı mistisizmi bazı İslâm matematikçileri arasında taraftar bulmakla birlikte bu anlayışı İslâm medeniyetinde sistemli bir şekilde takip eden İhvân-ı Safâ olmuştur (Resâʾilü İḫvâni’ṣ-ṣafâ nşr. Butrus el-Bustânî, Beyrut, ts., I, 48-113). İslâm matematikçileri Pisagorcu aritmetik anlayışını Yunanca aslı ile “ârîtmetîkî” olarak adlandırmış ve bunu “ilmü’l-aded” ismini verdikleri Öklidci geometrik-aritmetik anlayışından ayırmıştır. İbnü’l-Heysem’e göre Pisagorcu aritmetik anlayışının en önemli özelliği tümevarım yöntemini kullanmasıdır. Bu da Pisagorcu aritmetiğin nokta (atom) sayı anlayışına dayanılmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Öklidci aritmetikte ise tam sayılar doğru çizgilerle temsil edilmekte ve ispatlarda Öklid’in Elementler’indeki geometrik burhan anlayışı esas alınmaktadır.
Sâbit’in Maḳāle fi’stiḫrâci’l-aʿdâdi’l-müteḥâbbe (Kitâbü’l-Aʿdâdi’l-müteḥâbbe, nşr. Ahmed Selîm Saîdân, Amman 1977) adlı eserinde yer alan sayılar teorisindeki ikinci ve özgün katkısı Öklidci aritmetik anlayışından hareket ederek tam, nâkıs ve zâit sayı çeşitlerinin özelliklerini incelemesi, tam bölen parçalar üzerinde çalışması ve bu iki çalışmanın sonucundan hareket ederek dost sayılar için genel bir formül ortaya koymasıdır. Bu araştırmaları esnasında asal sayıların, sayıların özelliklerini incelemedeki rolüne işaret etmesi oldukça önemli sonuçlar doğurmuştur. Sâbit’in verdiği formül şu şekilde özetlenebilir: Eğer m$nin N$’nin tam bölen parçaları veya fiili bölenleri, n sayısının kendisi hariç σo (n) ile gösterilirse bölenlerin toplamı σ(n) = σo (n) + n olarak yazılabilir. Bu durumda m$nin N$’i, eğer σo (n) > n ise zâit, σo (n) < n ise nâkıs ve σo (n) = n ise tam olarak isimlendirilir. Bu şartlarda m$m,nin N$’nin dost sayı olması demek, σo (m) = n ve σo (n) = m olması demektir. Sâbit’in bu şartı sağlayan dost sayı çifti formülü ise şöyledir: Pn = 3.2n – 1 ve qn = 9.22n-1 -1 olduğunu var sayalım; eğer qn , Pn ve Pn -1 asal sayı iseler m= 2n Pn-1 Pn ve n= 2n qn dost sayı olur; burada m zâit sayı, n ise nâkıs sayıdır.
Sâbit b. Kurre’nin dost sayılar konusundaki çalışmasının İslâm matematiğinde doğurucu bir etkisi olmuş ve bu çalışma kendisinden sonra gelen matematikçiler tarafından farklı açılımları dikkate alınarak geliştirilmiştir. Kerecî el-Bedîʿ fî aʿmâli’l-ḥisâb, Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Bûzcânî Risâle fi’l-ârîtmetîkî, İbn Sînâ eş-Şifâʾ, Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî et-Tekmile fi’l-ḥisâb, Bîrûnî Kitâbü’t-Tefhîm, Ebü’s-Sakr el-Kabîsî Fî cemʿi envâʿ mine’l-ʿaded, Yaîş b. İbrâhim el-Ümevî Merâsimü’l-intisâb fî meʿâlimi’l-ḥisâb, İzzeddin ez-Zencânî ʿUmdetü’l-ḥüssâb , Cemşîd el-Kâşî Miftâḥu’l-ḥisâb, İbn Fellûs Kitâbü İʿdâdi’l-isrâr fî esrâri’l-aʿdâd ve Muhammed Bâkır Yezdî ʿUyûnü’l-ḥisâb adlı eserlerinde konuyu ele alıp geliştirmişlerdir. Ancak konuyla ilgili en önemli teorik çalışmayı Sâbit b. Kurre’nin bıraktığı yerden alıp geliştiren ünlü optikçi Kemâleddin el-Fârisî yapmıştır. Fârisî, Teẕkiretü’l-aḥbâb fî beyâni’t-teḥâb adlı eserinde tam bölen parçalar teorisini yeni bir anlayışla ele almış ve sayı analizinde asal sayıları temele koyarak aritmetiğin temel teoremini formüle etmiştir. Sâbit b. Kurre’nin araştırmaları tercümeler vasıtasıyla Avrupa’ya ulaşmış, Fermat ve Descartes üzerinde etkili olmuştur. Daha sonra Euler, Sâbit’in dost sayılar için geliştirdiği formülü modern Batı Avrupa matematiğinin verdiği yeni imkânlarla genelleştirmiştir (Rüşdî Râşid, s. 299-346; Brentjes, IV/11 [1988], s. 467-483, T trc. Melek Dosay, s. 485-500).
Kitâb fî teʾlîfi’n-niseb adlı eserinde Sâbit, Yunanlılar’ın yalnızca doğal sayıları sayı olarak kabul etmelerinden dolayı geometrik büyüklüklere aritmetik terminolojiyi uygulamaktan sakınarak kurmaya çalıştıkları geometrik niceliklerin oranları teorisini yeniden ele almış, Elementler’in konuyla ilgili “VI, 5” tanımını eleştirerek aritmetik terminolojiyi sistematik bir biçimde geometrik büyüklüklere uygulamıştır. Böylece yalnız doğal sayı anlamına gelen sayı kavramının içeriğini pozitif reel sayılara doğru genişletmiştir. Onun bu çalışması Bîrûnî’nin el-Ḳānûnü’l-Mesʿûdî ve Ömer Hayyâm’ın Risâle fî Şerḥi mâ eşkele min müṣâderâti Kitâbi Öḳlîdis adlı eserlerinde derinlemesine incelenerek sayı kavramı pozitif reel sayıları kuşatacak biçimde açık bir tanıma kavuşturulmuştur. Sâbit’in sayı konusundaki diğer bir çalışması, öğrencisi İbn Üseyd’in sorularına cevap olarak yazdığı Mesâʾil süʾile ʿanhâ S̱âbit b. Ḳurre el-Ḥarrânî adlı risâlesidir. Bu risâlede Sâbit sayının soyut özelliğine vurgu yaparak onu sayılan şeyden (mâdud) ayırır; Aristocu bilkuvve sonsuzluk kavramını sayıları örnek gösterip eleştirir ve, “Şeylerin var olması bilfiil sonsuzdur” varsayımında bulunur. Bilfiil sonsuzluk kavramını mekaniğe de uygulayan Sâbit özellikle Kitâb fi’l-ḳarasṭûn adlı eserinde bu düşüncesini kullanır (nşr. ve Fr. trc. Khalil Jaouiche, Le Livre de qarasṭūn, Leiden 1976).
Geometri. III. (IX.) yüzyılda trigonometrik hesaplamalarda Yunanlılar’ın kullandığı kirişler anlayışı bırakılarak sinüslere dayalı bir trigonometrinin temelleri atılmakla birlikte bu adımı ilk atan kişiyi tesbit etmek oldukça zordur. Ancak en azından Sâbit’in Menelaus problemini ilk çözen kişi olduğunu gösteren deliller mevcuttur. Batlamyus, küresel astronomi problemlerini çözmek için Menelaus’un tam küresel dörtgen teoremini kullanmaktaydı. Sâbit, Risâle fi’ş-şekli’l-ḳaṭṭâʿ adlı eserinde konuyu yeniden ele almış ve Menelaus’un teoreminin mükemmel bir ispatını vermiştir. Ayrıca bu teoremin farklı ve çeşitli formlarını elde etmek için kendi geliştirdiği birleşik oranlar teorisini kullanmıştır. Sâbit’in bu çalışması daha sonra Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin Kitâb fî şekli’l-ḳaṭṭâʿ adlı eseriyle tamamlanmış, böylece İslâm matematiğinde düzlemsel ve küresel trigonometri bilim dalı olarak kurulmuştur.
Sâbit b. Kurre’nin İslâm geometrisinde ele alıp çözmeye çalıştığı ve daha sonra gelecek İslâm matematikçilerini, özellikle İbnü’l-Heysem’i Öklid’in el-Uṣûl’ü (Elementler) şerhinde etkilediği problem ünlü beşinci postula problemidir. Sâbit bu postulayı ve dolayısıyla paraleller teoremini ispatlamak için Maḳāle fî burhâni’l-müṣâdereti’l-meşhûre min Öḳlîdis ve Maḳāle fî enne’l-ḫaṭṭayn iẕâ uḫricâ ʿalâ zâviyeteyn eḳal min ḳāʾimeteyn ilteḳayâ adlı iki risâle kaleme almıştır. Özellikle ikinci risâlede kinematik fikrine dayalı bir teşebbüste bulunarak hareket kavramını geometriye aktarmaya çalışmış, geometrik inşalarda bu kavramı çok az kullandığı için Öklid’i eleştirmiştir. Sâbit, hareket kavramının geometride kullanılamayacağına dair Yunan görüşüyle ilgili eleştirisini felsefî sahaya taşımış ve özellikle Maḳāle fî telḫîṣi mâ etâ bihî Arisṭoṭâlîs fî Kitâbihî fîmâ baʿde’ṭ-ṭabîʿa adlı çalışmasında hem Eflâtun’u hem Aristo’yu mahiyetin / özün hareketsizliği konusundaki fikirlerinden dolayı tenkit etmiştir. Bu risâlelerde ileri sürdüğü düşünceler daha sonra özellikle İbnü’l-Heysem’in konuyla ilgili çalışmaları başta olmak üzere beşinci postula konusunda yapılan ispat çalışmalarını derinden etkilemiş, benzer çalışma ve yaklaşımlar neticede non-Euclidean geometrilerin oluşumuna götürmüştür (Sâbit’in bu iki metni için bk. Naẓariyyetü’l-mütevâziyyât fi’l-hendeseti’l-İslâmiyye, s. 58-84; bu iki metnin değerlendirmesi için bk. Rosenfeld – Youschkevitch, s. 58-74).
Yunan matematiğinde, öncüleri Eudoxos ve Archimedes olan tüketme (exhaustion, ifnâ) yöntemiyle cisimlerin hacimlerini hesaplama usulü İslâm matematikçileri tarafından ele alınıp geliştirilmiş, özellikle bir parabolün kendi ekseni etrafında dönmesinden ortaya çıkan cismin hacmi problemiyle birçok matematikçi uğraşmıştır. Bu ve benzeri problemleri İslâm matematiğinde ilk defa Sâbit, Kitâb fî misâḥati ḳaṭʿi’l-maḫrûṭ elleẕî yüsemmâ bi’l-mükâfî ve Maḳāle fî misâḥati’l-mücessemâti’l-mükâfiye adlı eserlerinde ele almış ve bir parabolün ekseninde dönmesinden ortaya çıkan cismin hacmini hesaplamıştır. Ancak yöntemi oldukça uzun ve karmaşıktı. Sâbit’in tekniği daha sonra Ebû Ca‘fer el-Hâzin ve Ebû Sehl el-Kûhî tarafından tekrar ele alınmıştır. Sâbit’in torunu İbrâhim b. Sinân meseleyi yeniden gündeme getirmiş, ardından İbnü’l-Heysem, kendisinden önce yapılan problemle ilgili bütün çalışmaları eleştirerek Sâbit’in yöntemini geliştirmiştir. Sâbit, bu hesaplama esnasında modern “calculuste” kullanılan integral hesap tekniğine benzer bir teknik kullanmıştır. Dolayısıyla Sâbit, Smith tarafından Stevin ile beraber calculus hesabın ilk kurucuları arasında gösterilmektedir.
Cebir. Muhammed b. Mûsâ el-Hârizmî ve İbn Türk’ün çalışmalarından sonra İslâm matematikçileri, “quadratic” denklemlerin cebirsel çözümleri için gerekli olan geometrik temellerin antik gelenekten çok Öklid geometrisine dayanması gerektiğini kararlaştırmıştır. Bunu ilk defa uygulayan ve muhtemelen ilk çalışmaları Ḳavl fî taṣḥîḥ mesâʾili’l-cebr bi’l-berâhini’l-hendesiyye adlı risâlesinde gerçekleştiren Sâbit b. Kurre olmuştur. Sâbit bu fikrini öncelikle x2 + bx = c denklemi için hayata geçirmiş ve bu denklemin çözümünde Öklid’in takip ettiği geometrik yol ile Hârizmî’nin izlediği cebirsel yol arasındaki benzerliklere dikkat çekmiştir. Daha sonra bu yöntemini katışık denklemlerin x2 = bx + c ve x2 + c = bx şeklindeki diğer iki türüne uygulamıştır. Sâbit’in açtığı bu yolu takip eden Ebû Kâmil, Kitâbü’l-Cebr ve’l-muḳābele adlı eserinde bütün cebiri Öklid geometrisi üzerinde yeniden kurmuş, ancak Hârizmî’nin başlattığı cebirsel tavır içinde sayısal örneklendirmeyi de ihmal etmemiştir. Sâbit, ikinci derece denklemlerin yanında daha sonra Ömer Hayyâm’ın kübik denklemlerin pozitif köklerini bulmak için geliştireceği yönteme benzer bir yaklaşımla bir daire ile bir hiperbolün kesişme noktalarını tesbit ederek kübik bir denklemi çözmeyi başarmıştır. İlginç olan, Sâbit’in, Mesʾele fî ʿameli’l-mütevaṣṣıṭayn ve ḳısmetü zâviyetin maʿlûme bi-s̱elâs̱eti aḳsâmin mütesâviye adlı eserinde bu yöntemi matematik tarihinde meşhur, dar açıyı üç eşit parçaya bölme ve orta oran inşa etme problemlerini çözerken kullanması, yönteminin de Archimedes’in konuyla ilgili benzer yöntemine eşdeğer olmasıdır.
Astronomi. Astronomi tarihinde Batlamyus sisteminde düzeltme yapmaya kalkışan ilk reformistlerden biri kabul edilen Sâbit özellikle Latince’ye tercüme edilen, Arapça’sı günümüze ulaşmamış De motu octave sphere ile Risâle ilâ İsḥâḳ b. Ḥuneyn adlı eserlerinde kinematik varsayımını ileri sürer ve hareket olgusunu sekizinci felekle açıklamaya çalışır. Ekinoksların trepidasyonunu dokuzuncu felek yardımıyla izah eden Sâbit’in bu çalışmasıyla trepidasyon teorisi ilk defa İslâm astronomisinde ortaya çıkmaya başlar. Sâbit, astronomide ayrıca Kitâb fî ṣanʿati’ş-şems’te güneşin, Ḳavl fî îżâḥi’l-vech elleẕî ẕekere Baṭlamyus’ta ayın görünen hareketleriyle Fî Ḥisâbi rüʾyeti’l-ehille’de yeni ayın görülmesi konusunda çalışmalar yapmıştır.
Fizik ve Mekanik. Mekanik biliminde statiğin kurucusu sayılan Sâbit, Kitâb fî ṣıfati’l-vezn ve iḫtilâfihî’de ağırlıklar konusunu ele alır ve Aristo’nun dinamik ilkesini yeniden formüle eder, denge sorununu inceler. Kitâb fi’l-ḳarasṭûn’da ise mekanik konularını gözden geçirir, yine dinamik ilkesini uygulayarak çeşitli aletlerde denge konusunu ayrıntılı biçimde işler; çözümlerde özellikle matematikte geliştirdiği tüketme yöntemiyle en alt ve en üst entegral toplamlarını kullanır. Fizik alanında deniz suyunun tuzlu olması ile dağların oluşmasının sebeplerini inceleyen iki risâle kaleme alan Sâbit müzik konusunda da iki çalışma yapmıştır.
Tıp sahasında da henüz incelenmeyen pek çok eseri bulunan Sâbit genel tıp, hastalıklar, embriyoloji, kan dolaşımı, kuşların anatomisi, veteriner hekimlik konularını ele almış, kaynakların zikrettiği, ancak pek çoğu zamanımıza ulaşmayan felsefî metinler de yazmıştır. Aristo’nun mantık kitapları üzerine kaleme aldığı şerhler yanında mantık, psikoloji, ahlâk ve bilimlerin sınıflandırılması konuları ile Süryânî dili ve Sâbiîlik hakkında da çalışmalar yapmıştır. Sâbit b. Kurre’nin oğlu Ebû Saîd Sinân b. Sâbit tıp, matematik ve özellikle geometri alanında bilinirken torunlarından İbrâhim b. Sinân b. Sâbit daha çok bir matematikçi ve mühendis, Sâbit b. Sinân ise tarihçi olarak tanınmıştır.
Eserleri. Sâbit b. Kurre’nin eserlerinin tam bir dökümünü yapmak zordur. Bunların önemli bir kısmı neşredilmiş; Rusça, Almanca, Fransızca ile diğer Batı dillerine tercümeleri yapılmıştır. Sâbit’in pek çok Yunanca matematik eserini, özellikle Archimedes’in bütün eserleriyle Pergeli Apollonios’un Konikler’ini Arapça’ya çevirdiği, Öklid’in el-Uṣûl’ü ile Batlamyus’un el-Mecisṭî’sini şerhettiği bilinmektedir. Metinde atıf yapılan eserleri dışında yaygın kullanılan bazı çalışmaları şunlardır: 1. Kitâbül’Mefrûżât. Sâbit, Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin tahrir ederek mutavassitâtına eklediği bu eserinde otuz altı geometri ve geometrik cebir önermesi yanında on iki inşâî geometri problemiyle çözümü quadratik bir denkleme eşit bir geometri sorusunu çözer (Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî, Mecmûʿu’r-resâʾil, Haydarâbâd 1940 içinde). 2. Kitâb fî misâḥati’l-eşkâli’l-müsaṭṭaḥa ve’l-mücesseme. Bu eserde düzlem ve cisimlerin alan ve hacimlerine ilişkin formüller yer alır. 3. Kitâb ilâ İbn Vehb fi’t-teʾettî li’stiḫrâci ʿameli’l-mesâʾili’l-hendesiyye. Bu eserinde geometri problemlerini inşa, ölçme ve ispat biçiminde üç yöntemle çözer. 4. Risâle fi’l-ḥücceti’l-mensûbe ilâ Suḳrâṭ fi’l-murabbaʿ ve ḳuṭrihî (nşr. Aydın Sayılı, “Sâbit İbn Kurra’nın Pitagor Teoremini Temini”, Belleten, XXII/88, 1958, s. 527-549). Bu çalışmada Pisagor teoremi diye bilinen dik açılı bir üçgende iki dik kenarla hipotenüs arasındaki ilişkinin ele alındığı teoremin üç farklı ispatı verilir; ayrıca bu teoreme ilişkin ispat genelleştirilir. 5. eẕ-Ẕaḫîre fî ʿilmi’ṭ-ṭıb. Otuz bir bölümden (makale) oluşan eserde hıfzıssıhha hakkında genel bilgiler verilmekte, değişik organlarla ilgili hastalıklar ve çareleri ele alınmaktadır (nşr. Corcî Subhî, Kahire 1928; nşr. Ahmed Ferîd el-Mezîdî, Beyrut 1419/1998; eserlerinin listesi, neşirleri ve üzerlerinde yapılan çalışmalar için bk. Sezgin, III, 260-263, 377; V, 264-272, 402; VI, 163-170; VII, 151-152, 268-270, 404-405; DSB, XIII, 292-295; Rosenfeld – İhsanoğlu, s. 48-56; matematiğe dair eserlerinin dökümü için bk. Ebü’l-Kāsım Kurbânî, s. 204-210). Francis J. Carmody, Sâbit’in astronomiye dair eserlerinin Latince tercümeleri üzerine bir çalışma yapmış (The Astronomical Works of Thabit b. Qurra, Berkeley 1941, 1960), Régis Morelon da astronomiyle ilgili dokuz Arapça risâlesini Fransızca tercüme ve açıklamalarıyla birlikte neşretmiştir (Thābit Ibn Qurra, Oeuvres d’astronomie, Paris 1987).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbn Cülcül, Ṭabaḳātü’l-eṭıbbâʾ (nşr. Fuâd Seyyid), Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 75; İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (nşr. Nâhid Abbas Osman), Devha 1985, s. 548-550; Bîrûnî, Taḥdîdü nihâyâti’l-emâkin (nşr. Muhammed b. Tâvît et-Tancî), Ankara 1962, s. 27, 72, 203; Sâid el-Endelüsî, Ṭabaḳātü’l-ümem, s. 41, 42; İbn Ebû Usaybia, ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ, s. 295-300, 307; İbnü’l-Kıftî, İḫbârü’l-ʿulemâʾ, s. 42-43, 80-85, 130-133, 300-304; İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât, I, 313-315; Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde, I, 270, 374; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, II, 1594; Suter, Die Mathematiker, s. 34-38, 51-52, 53-54; Sâlih Zeki, Âsâr-ı Bâkıye, İstanbul 1329, I, 157-159; D. E. Smith, History of Mathematics, New York 1953, II, 685; Sarton, Introduction, I, 599-600, 631-632, 641; Kadrî Hâfız Tûkān, Türâs̱ü’l-ʿArabi’l-ʿilmî fi’r-riyâżiyyât ve’l-felek, Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’ş-şark), s. 195-205; Sezgin, GAS, III, 260-263, 377; IV, 163-170, 193-195; V, 264-272, 291, 292-295, 402; VI, 151-152, 163-170, 269-270, 274-275, 329-339; VII, 151-152, 268-270, 404-405; B. A. Rosenfeld – A. T. Grigorian, “Thabit b. Qurra”, DSB, XIII, 288-295; Aydın Sayılı, Abdülhamid İbn Türk’ün Katışık Denklemlerde Mantıkî Zaruretler Adlı Yazısı ve Zamanın Cebri, Ankara 1985, s. 74; Naẓariyyetü’l-mütevâziyyât fi’l-hendeseti’l-İslâmiyye (nşr. Halîl Çâvîş), Tunus 1988, s. 58-84; B. A. Rosenfeld – A. P. Youschkevitch, Naẓariyyetü’l-ḫuṭûṭi’l-mütevâziyye fi’l-meṣâdiri’l-ʿArabiyye (trc. Sâmî Şelhûb – Kemâl Necîb Abdurrahman), Halep 1989, s. 58-74; Rüşdî Râşid, Târîḫu’r-riyâżiyyâti’l-ʿArabiyye beyne’l-cebr ve’l-ḥisâb (trc. Hüseyin Zeynüddin), Beyrut 1989, s. 279, 299-346; a.mlf. – R. Morelon, “Thābit b. Ḳurra”, EI2 (İng.), X, 428-429; Ebü’l-Kāsım Kurbânî, Zindegînâme-i Riyâżîdânân-ı Devre-i İslâmî, Tahran 1365 hş., s. 204-210; Victor J. Katz, A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, New York 1993, s. 233-234, 252-253; Ilias Fernini, A Bibliography of Scholars in Medieval Islam: 150-1000 A.H. (750-1600 A.D.), Abu Dhabi 1998, s. 424-435; B. A. Rosenfeld – Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, Mathematicians, Astronomers and Other Scholars of Islamic Civilization and Their Works (7th -19th c.), Istanbul 2003, s. 48-56; S. Brentjes, “The First Perfect Numbers and Three Types of Amicable Numbers in a Manuscript on Elemantary Number Theory by Ibn Fallûs”, Erdem , IV/11, Ankara 1988, s. 467-483 (Türkçe tercümesi: Melek Dosay, s. 485-500); J. Ruska, “Sâbit”, İA, X, 14-15.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 353-356 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.