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SA‘DÎLER Skip to content Fas’ta hüküm süren bir İslâm hânedanı (1511-1659).
Fas’ta (el-Mağribü’l-Aksâ) hüküm süren Fas şerifleri hânedanlarından biri olup Hz. Peygamber’in torunu Hasan’ın soyundandır. Sa‘dîler’in Resûl-i Ekrem’in sütannesi Halîme’nin kabilesi Benî Sa‘d’a mensup olduğunu söyleyenler de vardır. VI. (XII.) yüzyılda Fas’ın güney kesiminde yer alan Der‘a vadisine yerleşen Sa‘dîler’in tarih sahnesine çıktığı dönemde Fas’ın Akdeniz kıyıları İspanyollar, Atlantik sahilleri Portekizliler tarafından işgal edilmişti. Vattâsîler’in son devrini yaşadığı ve mahallî yönetimlerin topraklarını savunamadığı bu dönemde işgalcilerle mücadeleyi kabileleri yönlendiren tarikat şeyhleri, murâbıtlar ve şerifler üstlendi. Portekizliler’e karşı Sûsülaksâ bölgesinde yürütülen cihad hareketine o bölgede yaşayan Sa‘dî liderleri öncülük ediyordu. Hz. Hasan soyundan olmaları yanında bu mücadelede kazandıkları başarılar onları millî kahraman haline getirmişti. Bu sırada Ebû Abdullah Mevlây Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Abdurrahman es-Sa‘dî, cihadda etkili olan Cezûliyye tarikatı şeyhi Muhammed b. Mübârek el-Akāvî’nin tavsiyesiyle hıristiyanlara karşı cihadı organize etmek üzere Sûs bölgesine çağrıldı. Davet için gelen kabile reisleriyle birlikte Der‘a’dan Sûs bölgesinde Târûdânt (Tarudanat) yakınındaki Tîdsî köyüne giden Muhammed burada toplanan yaklaşık elli kabile reisinden Sûs bölgesinin cihad emîri olarak biat aldı (916/1511). Fonti’de Portekizliler’e karşı başarı kazanan ve kısa sürede bütün kabilelerin desteğini sağlayarak Fas’ın güneyinde hâkimiyet alanını genişleten Muhammed’e Kāim-Biemrillâh unvanı verildi. Tarihçilerin çoğu tarafından Sa‘dîler hânedanının kurucusu ve ilk hükümdarı sayılan Muhammed büyük oğlu Ahmed’i veliaht tayin ederek verasete dayalı bir idareyi başlatmış oldu. Muhammed’in 923’te (1517) vefatından sonra yerine bazı tarihçilerin hânedanın gerçek kurucusu saydığı Ahmed el-A‘rec geçti. Ahmed el-A‘rec ile onun vezir tayin ettiği kardeşi Mevlây Muhammed eş-Şeyh, Portekizliler’e karşı zafer kazanarak Asfî ve Azemmûr’u geri aldılar. Vattâsî valisinin ölümünün ardından Merakeş’e girip burayı başşehir edindiler (930/1524). Bu gelişme iki tarafı savaşa sürüklediyse de Vattâsîler’in Merakeş’i geri alma teşebbüsleri sonuçsuz kaldı. Sa‘dîler’in Vattâsîler’i ağır bir yenilgiye uğrattığı Ukbâ savaşının ardından Tâdlâ’nın güneyi ve Sûs’un Sa‘dîler’e, Tâdlâ’dan Cezayir’e kadar olan bölgenin Vattâsîler’e bırakılması şartıyla bir anlaşma yapıldı (943/1536). Böylece iki devletin egemenlik alanlarının belirlenmesinin yanı sıra Sa‘dî yönetimi Vattâsîler tarafından tanınmış oldu. Portekizliler ve İspanyollar’a karşı başarı kazanan ve bazı sahil şehirlerini geri alan iki kardeş yirmi üç yıl uyum içinde çalıştı. 1537’de Portekiz ile üç yıl süreli bir antlaşma imzalandı.
Ahmed’in, oğlunu veliaht tayin etme düşüncesi, buna karşılık Muhammed’in ele geçirdiği ganimetlerin yarısını yanında alıkoyması yüzünden iki kardeş arasında savaş çıktı. Savaşı kazanıp tahta oturan Mevlây Muhammed eş-Şeyh ağabeyini ve çocuklarını hapse attı (946/1539). 1541’de Agādîr’i ele geçirdi. Aynı yıl Safî Kalesi’ni kuşatarak Portekizliler’i Safî ve Azemmûr’u terketmeye, 1550’de Kasrüssagīr ile Asîlâ’yı boşaltmaya mecbur bıraktı. Böylece Portekiz’in Fas’ta sürdürdüğü yayılma siyasetini sona erdirmiş oldu. Fas’ın tamamını ele geçirmeye karar veren Muhammed eş-Şeyh bir dizi savaş neticesinde Fas şehrine girip Vattâsî hâkimiyetine son verdi (956/1549). Cezayir’e giderek Osmanlılar’a iltica eden Ebû Hassûn dışında Vattâsî liderlerini tutuklayıp Merakeş’e gönderdi. Bir yıl sonra doğuya yöneldi ve Osmanlı hâkimiyetini tanıyan Abdülvâdî emîrinin idaresinde bulunan Tilimsân’a girdi. Ardından Şelif vadisi ve Müstegānim’in zaptına kalkıştı. Bunun üzerine duruma müdahale eden Osmanlı ordusu Sa‘dîler’i mağlûp ederek Tilimsân’ı geri aldı. Osmanlı himayesinde tekrar tahta oturan Ebû Zeyyân’ın aynı yıl içinde ölmesiyle Abdülvâdî hânedanı sona ermiş oldu.
Vattâsî liderlerinden Ebû Hassûn, Sâlih Reis kumandasındaki Osmanlı ordusuyla Fas şehrine saldırdı, Muhammed eş-Şeyh’i oradan çıkarıp tekrar Vattâsî tahtına oturdu (961/1554). Ancak Osmanlı birliklerinin buradan ayrılmasının ardından Ebû Hassûn Muhammed eş-Şeyh tarafından ağır bir yenilgiye uğratılarak öldürüldü. Böylece Vattâsîler hânedanı son buldu. İkinci defa Fas şehrine giren Muhammed eş-Şeyh, Osmanlı tehdidine karşı İspanyollar’ın desteğini aramaya başladı. Onun düşmanca tutumuna rağmen Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman, Harrûbî’yi Fas’a elçi göndererek Muhammed eş-Şeyh’in saltanatını tebrik etti. Vattâsîler döneminde olduğu gibi hutbeleri Osmanlı sultanı adına okutmasını istedi. Padişahın emredici üslûbuna ve elçinin davranışlarına öfkelenen Muhammed eş-Şeyh, Mısır topraklarını aldıktan sonra cevap vereceğini söyleyerek Tilimsân’ı zapta kalkıştı (964/1557), ancak bunun bedelini hayatıyla ödedi; aynı yıl Cezayir’den harekete geçip Fas’a giden küçük bir Osmanlı süvari birliği tarafından Derna dağlarında öldürüldü. Muhammed eş-Şeyh’in yerine oğlu Abdullah, Gālib-Billâh lakabıyla tahta geçti (964/1557).
Bir yıl sonra Hasan Paşa kumandasındaki Osmanlı kuvvetleriyle yaptığı savaştan bir sonuç alamayan Gālib-Billâh bu arada tahtı için tehlikeli gördüğü kardeşi Ebû Saîd Osman’ı öldürttü. Aynı âkıbete uğrama endişesine kapılan diğer üç kardeşi Tilimsân’a giderek Osmanlılar’a sığındı. Osmanlı donanmasının Cezayir önlerinde görülmesiyle korkuya kapılan Gālib-Billâh, Osmanlı hâkimiyetindeki stratejik Bâdis adasına saldıran İspanyollar’a yardım etmekten çekinmedi. Portekizliler’in desteklediği İspanyollar’ın Bâdis’i ele geçirmesi Mağrib denizciliğine ağır bir darbe oldu (1564).
Gālib-Billâh, ülkesinde istikrarı sağlamak amacıyla dinî şahsiyetlerle iyi münasebetler kurmaya çalışmakla birlikte Osmanlılar’ı destekleyen tarikat mensuplarına zulmetmekten çekinmedi. Ancak daha sonra bundan vazgeçti. İstanbul’da bulunan kardeşi Abdülmelik’in Osmanlı sarayındaki nüfuzunu kırmak ve tehlikeye düşen tahtını korumak için zengin hediyelerle bir elçilik heyeti gönderdi (980/1572-73). Elçisi İstanbul’dan dönmeden vefat eden Gālib-Billâh’ın yerine oğlu Muhammed el-Mütevekkil-Alellah tahta oturdu (981/1574). Ancak Osmanlı sarayında bulunan Abdülmelik, II. Selim’den istediği desteği sağlayıp Osmanlı kuvvetlerinin yardımıyla Fas şehrine girdi (983/1576). Ardından Muhammed el-Mütevekkil’in sığındığı Merakeş üzerine yürüdü. Sa‘dî tahtını ele geçiren Abdülmelik halktan biat alarak Mu‘tasım unvanıyla tahta oturdu (19 Rebîülâhir 984 / 16 Temmuz 1576). Kültürlü bir hükümdar olan Abdülmelik’in tahta çıkışıyla Osmanlı-Sa‘dî ilişkilerinde yeni bir dönem başladı. Devletin teşkilâtlanmasında ve ordunun ıslahında Osmanlı sistemi örnek alındı. Abdülmelik, III. Murad’ın gönderdiği hil‘ati giydi, kılıcı kuşandı, böylece Fas’ta Osmanlı etkisi ve nüfuzu tam anlamıyla yerleşti. Abdülmelik’le giriştiği mücadelede tahtını kaybeden Muhammed el-Mütevekkil, Portekiz hâkimiyetindeki Tanca’ya sığınarak Portekiz Kralı Sebastiyan’dan yardım istedi. Teklifi kabul eden Portekiz kralı papalık, İspanya, İtalyan, Alman ve Fransız birliklerinin katıldığı kalabalık Haçlı ordusuyla Mağrib’e geçti. Ancak Haçlı ordusu Vâdilmehâzin savaşında bozguna uğradı (30 Cemâziyelevvel 986 / 4 Ağustos 1578). Portekiz kralı ile Muhammed el-Mütevekkil çarpışmalar sırasında, Abdülmelik hastalığı dolayısıyla savaş alanında öldü.
Abdülmelik’in yerine Sa‘dî tahtına Mansûr unvanıyla Fas valiliğine tayin ettiği kardeşi Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed oturdu. Ahmed el-Mansûr’un değerli hediyelerle gelen Osmanlı elçisini kabulde ve cevap vermede ihmalkâr davranması Osmanlılar’ın Sa‘dîler’e karşı tutumunu değiştirdi. Kaptanıderyâ Kılıç Ali Paşa donanmanın başında Fas üzerine gönderildi. Bunu haber alan Ahmed el-Mansûr hemen bir elçilik heyetini değerli hediyelerle İstanbul’a gönderdi. Osmanlılar’a bağlılığını arzeden Ahmed el-Mansûr hutbenin padişah adına okunmasını, sikkenin onun adına basılmasını ve yıllık vergi vermeyi kabul etti. Ardından Fas yönetiminin ona ve evlâdına bırakıldığını bildiren bir nâme-i hümâyun gönderildi (BA, MD, nr. 48, s. 31). Bununla birlikte Ahmed el-Mansûr’un kendini müslümanların halifesi olarak gördüğü zikredilmektedir (Fiştâlî, s. 123).
Cezayir gibi Fas’ı da Osmanlılar’ın bir eyaleti haline getirmeye çalışan Kılıç Ali Paşa’nın 995’te (1587) ölümünden sonra Ahmed el-Mansûr 1588 yılına ait vergiyi İstanbul’a göndermedi. Ancak III. Murad’ın donanmaya Akdeniz’e açılma emrini verdiğini duyunca Temgrûtî ve Muhammed b. Ali el-Fiştâlî’nin içinde bulunduğu elçilik heyetini vergi ve hediyelerle birlikte yola çıkardı. Temgrûtî bu seyahatiyle ilgili en-Nefḥatü’l-miskiyye fi’s-sefâreti’t-Türkiyye adlı eserinde Osmanlı sarayı, İstanbul, Osmanlı ülkesi ve Türkler’e dair hâtıralarını anlatmıştır.
Osmanlılar’la ilişkileri düzelten ve İspanya’dan bir saldırı beklemeyen Ahmed el-Mansûr, 999’da (1591) Batı Sudan’ı ele geçirmek amacıyla güneye Sahrâ’ya yöneldi. Müslüman Gao emîri ve Sudan’ın hâkimi İshak Sokiya’ya mektup göndererek otoritesini tanımasını ve kendisine vergi ödemesini istedi. Teklifinin reddedilmesi üzerine ateşli silâhlarla donatılmış ordularını Sudan’a gönderdi. Tondibi savaşıyla Songay Sultanlığı yıkıldı. Toprakları Osmanlı sistemi örnek alınarak bir eyalet haline getirildi. Sudan seferinden 20.000 civarında köle ve bol miktarda altın ve fildişi ile dönüldü. Sudan’da ele geçirilen altın ve altın yatakları dolayısıyla “Zehebî” unvanıyla anılan Ahmed el-Mansûr zamanında Fas’ta iktisadî hayat canlandı. Ancak Sudan’ın zengin kaynakları tükenince ülke anarşi, fakirlik ve sefalete sürüklendi.
İmar faaliyetlerine önem veren Ahmed el-Mansûr başşehir Merakeş’te dönemin en ihtişamlı eserlerinden biri olan Kasrülbedî‘ Sarayı’nı inşa ettirdi. Sarayın inşasında çalışmak üzere birçok ülkeden mimar, sanatkâr, usta ve işçi getirtti. Bu sarayda verilen muhteşem kabuller sayesinde Avrupa’da Sa‘dîler’in dönemin en güçlü devletlerinden biri olduğu imajı uyandı. Fransa, İngiltere, Hollanda ve diğer Avrupa devletleriyle kurulan ticarî ilişkiler sayesinde limanlara çok sayıda yabancı tüccar geliyordu. Kardeşi Abdülmelik’in başlattığı idarî, askerî, siyasî, iktisadî ve adlî düzenlemeleri devam ettiren Ahmed el-Mansûr, saltanatının son yıllarında veliaht tayin ettiği Fas valisi büyük oğlu Muhammed eş-Şeyh el-Me’mûn’un isyanıyla karşılaştı. İsyanı bastırıp oğlunu hapse attırdıktan (1011/1602) sonra yakalandığı vebadan öldü (1012).
Daha sonra oğulları arasında taht kavgaları başladı. Ebü’l-Meâlî Zeydân en-Nâsır Fas şehrinde, Ebû Fâris Abdullah Merakeş’te el-Vâsiḳ-Billâh lakabıyla sultanlığını ilân etti. Meknes’te hapiste olan Muhammed eş-Şeyh el-Me’mûn ile anlaşan Ebû Fâris onu Zeydân’ın üzerine gönderdi. Mağlûp olan Zeydân, Vecde’ye giderek Osmanlılar’dan yardım istedi, ardından Fas’a dönüp Sûs bölgesine yerleşti. Bu arada Fas şehrine gelen Muhammed eş-Şeyh orada sultan ilân edildi. Ardından Ebû Fâris’i yenip Merakeş’i de hâkimiyeti altına aldı (1015/1606). Ancak onun kötü yönetimi yüzünden aynı yıl Merakeş halkı Zeydân’ı davet ederek sultan ilân etti. Muhammed eş-Şeyh de İspanya’ya gidip Kral III. Philippe’ten yardım istedi (1018/1609). Yardım karşılığında Arayiş’i İspanyollar’a terketmeyi kabul edince çıkan bir isyan sırasında öldürüldü (1022/1613).
Öte yandan Me’mûn’un oğlu Abdullah amcası Ebû Fâris’i öldürerek Fas’ta sultanlığını ilân etti (1019/1610). Ülke Merakeş (güney) ve Fas (kuzey) emirlikleri olarak ikiye bölündü. Beklediği yardımı bir türlü alamamasına rağmen Osmanlılar’a bağlılığını sürdüren Zeydân’ın ölümünün (1036/1627) ardından üç oğlu arasında başlayan taht kavgaları yüzünden ülkede güven ve istikrar kalmadı; çıkan iç savaşlar yıkılışı hızlandırdı. Sa‘dîler’i iktidara getiren dinî önderler ve zâviyelerin bu defa onların aleyhine döndüğü, ülkenin farklı güçler arasında taksim edildiği ve sultanların varlık gösteremediği bir dönemde sadece Muhammed eş-Şeyh el-Asgar, Merakeş ve civarında hâkimiyet kurabildi. 1064’te (1654) vefat eden Muhammed eş-Şeyh’in yerine geçen oğlu Ahmed el-Abbas, Ma‘kıl Arapları’ndan Şebbâne kabilesine mensup dayılarının desteğiyle oturduğu tahtında etkili olamadı. İktidarı elde etmek amacıyla Merakeş’i muhasara eden Şebbâne liderleri onu öldürerek (1069/1659) başşehre girdiler ve Ebû Bekir Abdülkerîm eş-Şebbânî el-Harîrî’yi (Kurum el-Hâc) sultan ilân ettiler. Böylece Sa‘dîler hânedanı sona ermiş oldu.
Devlet yönetiminde vezirler, hâcibler, kadılar, kâtipler, kumandanların yanı sıra malî ve hukukî işlerle görevli birçok divan mevcuttu. Bu merkezî ve mahallî örgütlerin tamamına “mahzen” denilirdi (bk. MAHZEN). Kadılık teşkilâtı, mezâlim mahkemeleri, şurta ve hisbe teşkilâtı en önemli adlî kurumlardı. Ülke yönetiminde Osmanlı Devleti’ni örnek alan Sultan Abdülmelik’in başlattığı hareketi Ahmed el-Mansûr devam ettirdi. Osmanlı etkisi daha ziyade askerî alanda belirgindi. Sa‘dîler askerî teşkilâtlanmaya büyük önem verdiler; Türkler, Endülüslü müslümanlar, mühtediler, Arap ve Berberî kabileler gibi muhtelif unsurlardan oluşan güçlü bir ordu kurdular. Ahmed el-Mansûr yeniçerilere benzeyen birlikler oluşturdu ve Osmanlı askerî teşkilâtındaki rütbe ve unvanları kullandı. Sa‘dîler kara birlikleri yanında donanmayı da güçlendirdiler. Türkler’in ve Endülüslü müslümanların da görev aldığı donanma Ahmed el-Mansûr devrinde önemli bir deniz gücü haline geldi.
Sa‘dî sultanları ülkede ilmî hayatın canlanmasını teşvik ettiler. Cami, medrese ve kütüphanelerin sayısını arttırdıkları gibi cami ve kütüphaneleri değerli kitaplarla zenginleştirdiler. Âlimleri himaye ederek Endülüs İslâm kültür mirasının ülkelerine gelmesi için gayret sarfettiler. Bu arada eğitim ve öğretimi kırsal kesimde de yaymaya çalıştılar. Küttâb adı verilen ilk mekteplerde dinî bilgiler yanında matematikle ilgili bilgiler öğretiliyordu. Zâviye, cami, mescid ve medreselerde astronomi, matematik, tıp, tabii bilimler, tarih ve coğrafya gibi dersler de okutuluyordu.
Kıraatte Ahmed b. Şuayb, Muhammed es-Summâtî el-Hebtî, Ebü’l-Kāsım b. İbrâhim ed-Dükkâlî, Muhammed b. Muhammed er-Rahmânî; hadiste Mağrib muhaddisi olarak tanınan Kassâr ve İbn Harzûz el-Miknâsî; kelâmda Muhammed el-Me’mûn el-Merrâküşî, Abdurrahman b. Muhammed et-Tamnârtî; fıkıhta Mencûr, İbn Ardûn, Ahmed Bâbâ et-Tinbüktî, Abdülvâhid b. Âşir el-Fâsî; tasavvufta Zerrûk, Ebü’l-Mehâsin el-Fâsî, Hamâdu Mûsâ, Harrûbî; tıpta Ebü’l-Kāsım Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Gassânî, Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Fiştâlî; astronomide Ebû Zeyd Abdurrahman b. Amr el-Cerrâdî, Muhammed b. Saîd el-Mirgītî; edebiyat ve şiirde Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil sahibi Ebû Fâris el-Fiştâlî; dil ilimlerinde Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Zübeyr es-Sicilmâsî, bir tıp lugatı yazan Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Gassânî; tarih ve coğrafya alanında Ebû Fâris el-Fiştâlî, İbnü’l-Kādî, İbn Asker el-Mağribî, Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Makkarî, Abdurrahman b. Abdülkādir el-Fâsî, Hasan el-Vezzân, Temgrûtî gibi birçok ilim adamı yetişti.
Ülkelerini ekonomik açıdan geliştirmeye çalışan Sa‘dî sultanları ziraat, endüstri ve ticaret alanında önemli bir kalkınma sağladılar; özellikle şeker üretimini arttırdılar. Yahudi tüccarları ülkenin ticarî hayatında ağırlıklı konumdaydı. Endülüs muhacirleri de hayatın her alanında güçlerini ve teknik becerilerini ortaya koydular. Selâ ve Rabat gibi liman şehirlerine yerleşerek ülke ticaretinde belirgin bir canlanmaya ve ekonomik gelişmeye katkıda bulundular.
Sa‘dîler devrindeki mimari eserlerde mahallî unsurların yanında Arap, Endülüs ve Türk sanatının etkileri hâkimdi. Bu döneme ait yapılar arasında Ahmed el-Mansûr’un Merakeş’te inşa ettirdiği Kasrülbedî‘, Abdullah el-Gālib zamanında Merakeş’te yapılan ve tezyinatıyla dikkat çeken Sa‘dîler Türbesi (Darîhu’s-Sa‘diyyîn), Mevâsîn ve Ebü’l-Abbas es-Sebtî camileri, Ahmed el-Mansûr’un annesi Mes‘ûde bint Ahmed tarafından yaptırılan Bâbû Dükkâle Camii ve Medresesi, Muhammed el-Mehdî eş-Şeyh döneminde Târûdânt’ta inşa edilen ulucami ve medresesi, Merakeş’te Sîdî Süleyman el-Cezûlî Zâviyesi sayılabilir.
SA‘DÎ HÜKÜMDARLARI Ebû Abdullah Muhammed el-Kāim-Biemrillâh 916 (1511) Ahmed el-A‘rec 923 (1517) Muhammed eş-Şeyh el-Mehdî 946 (1539) Abdullah el-Gālib 964 (1557) Muhammed el-Mütevekkil 981 (1574) Ebû Mervân Abdülmelik 984 (1576) Ahmed el-Mansûr 986 (1578) Ebü’l-Meâlî Zeydân en-Nâsır 1012-1013 (1603-1604) (Fas) 1018-1036 (1609-1627) (Merakeş) Muhammed eş-Şeyh el-Me’mûn 1015-1022 (1606-1613) Ebû Fâris Abdullah 1012-1018 (1603-1609) (Merakeş) 1019-1032 (1610-1623) (Fas) Abdülmelik b. Muhammed eş-Şeyh 1032-1036 (1623-1627) (Fas) Ebû Mervân Abdülmelik b. Zeydân en-Nâsır 1036 (1627) Velîd b. Zeydân en-Nâsır 1040 (1631) Muhammed eş-Şeyh el-Asgar 1045 (1636) (Merakeş) Ahmed el-Abbas 1064-1069 (1654-1659)
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 407-410 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.