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SA‘DİYYE Skip to content Sa‘deddin el-Cebâvî’ye (ö. 575/1180) nisbet edilen bir tarikat.
İslâm dünyasında kurulan ilk büyük tarikatlar Kādiriyye ve Rifâiyye’nin pîrleri Abdülkādir-i Geylânî ile Ahmed er-Rifâî’nin çağdaşı olan Sa‘deddin el-Cebâvî’ye nisbet edilen Sa‘diyye tarikatının ilk dönemleri hakkında kaynaklarda yeterli bilgi yoktur. Sa‘deddin el-Cebâvî ile birlikte Şam’a (Dımaşk) gelen kardeşlerinden Şeyh Müeyyidüddin’in, Şeyh Ebû Hilâl Muhammed, Şeyh Muhammed Saîd ve Şeyh Abdullah Yûnus’un Şam ve çevresindeki şehirlerde zâviyelerini kurup irşad faaliyetinde bulundukları kaydedilmekteyse de XVI. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar Sa‘diyye adlı bir tarikatın mevcudiyetinden söz edilmemektedir. Tarikatın âdâb ve erkânı muhtemelen XVI. yüzyılda Şam’ın Meydan (Kubeybâd) mahallesindeki zâviyenin şeyhi olan ve “Küçük Sa‘deddin” diye bilinen Sa‘deddin Muhammed b. Hüseyin el-Asgar eş-Şâgūrî (ö. 986/1578) tarafından belirlenmiştir.
Tarikatın Şam merkez olmak üzere Hama, Humus, Halep, Akkâ, Nablus ve Sayda şehirleriyle bunlara bağlı köylerde, XVIII. yüzyıldan sonra İstanbul ve Balkanlar’da yaygınlık kazandığı görülmektedir. Sa‘deddin el-Cebâvî’nin mürşidi Ebû Muhammed Yûnus b. Yûsuf eş-Şeybânî’ye (ö. 619/1222) nisbet edilen Şeybâniyye tarikatının devamı olduğundan bazan Şeybâniyye diye de anılan Sa‘diyye tarikatı Şerrâbiyye, Tağlibiyye, Abdüsselâmiyye, Vefâiyye ve Âciziyye adlı beş kola ayrılmıştır. Şerrâbiyye, Sa‘deddin el-Cebâvî’nin küçük kardeşi Şeyh Abdullah Yûnus’a nisbet edilir. Şam’ın güneyindeki Buhsa’da zâviyesini kuran Şeyh Yûnus’un Haçlılar’la yapılan savaşlar sırasında yaralanan askerlere şurup (ilâç) yaparak yardımcı olduğu için kendisiyle devam eden tarikat silsilesine Şerrâbiyye adı verildiği kaydedilmektedir. Şam’ın Ammâre mahallesindeki zâviyenin on dördüncü postnişini Ebû Tağlib Muhammed b. Sâlim’e nisbet edilen Tağlibiyye XVI. yüzyılın ortalarında, Şam’ın Sâgūr mahallesindeki zâviyenin şeyhi Ebü’l-Vefâ İbrâhim b. Yûsuf eş-Şâmî’ye (ö. 1170/1756) nisbet edilen Vefâiyye ve Abdüsselâm eş-Şeybânî’ye (ö. 1165/1752) nisbet edilen Abdüsselâmiyye (bk. ABDÜSSELÂMİYYE ) XVIII. yüzyılda, Ebü’l-Vefâ eş-Şâmî’nin halifesi Süleyman Âcizî Baba’ya nisbet edilen Âciziyye XIX. yüzyılda kurulmuştur. Tarikat hakkında bilgi veren kaynaklarda bu kol kurucularının tarikatın âdâb ve erkânında yaptıkları değişiklikler konusunda bilgi bulunmamaktadır.
Tarih boyunca tarikatın merkezi olma niteliğini sürdüren Şam’da dört büyük Sa‘dî zâviyesi kurulmuştur. Bunların en büyüğü ve meşhuru olan Meydan mahallesindeki zâviye XV. yüzyılın sonlarında Hasan el-Cennânî tarafından inşa edilmiştir. Sa‘diyye, Şeyh Hasan’dan sonra yerine geçen oğlu Şeyh Hüseyin ve onun oğlu Sa‘deddin Muhammed el-Asgar (ö. 986/1578) döneminde Şam ve çevresinde büyük bir etkinlik kazanmıştır. Bu dönemden itibaren Meydan Zâviyesi Sa‘diyye tarikatının merkezi olarak faaliyet göstermiş, diğer bütün Sa‘diyye zâviyelerinin şeyhleri bu zâviyenin şeyhi tarafından tayin edilmeye başlanmıştır. Şeyh Muhammed Sa‘deddin’den sonra postnişin olan oğulları Şemseddin Muhammed ve Şeyh İbrâhim (ö. 1008/1599), Emeviyye Camii’nde ilim halkaları kurarak ders okutmuşlar, misafirlerine cömertçe ikramlarıyla tanınmışlardır. Şam’ın Sâgūr mahallesindeki zâviye Sa‘diyye’nin ikinci önemli merkezidir. Zâviye muhtemelen Sa‘deddin el-Cebâvî’nin torunu Ali el-Ekhel’in oğlu Şeyh İbrâhim Enver (ö. 651/1253) tarafından kurulmuştur. Haçlı saldırılarına karşı giriştiği mücadeleden dolayı mücahid unvanıyla anılan İbrâhim Enver’in soyundan gelenler Havran, Cebâ ve Şam çevresinde yerleşmiş ve buralarda irşad faaliyetinde bulunmuşlardır. Yavuz Sultan Selim Şam’ı fethettiğinde zâviyenin şeyhi Hasan b. Muhammed el-Cennânî’nin kendisini ziyarete gelmediği, bunun üzerine sultanın şeyhi ziyaret ederek duasını aldığı rivayet edilir. Şeyh Hasan’ın türbesi Osmanlı sultanları tarafından birkaç defa onarılmış, son onarım 1908’de II. Abdülhamid tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kabri 1972’de zâviyedeki diğer kabirlerle birlikte Kaymeriyye Zâviyesi’ne nakledilmiştir (M. Gāzî Hüseyin Âgā, II, 97-98). Zâviyenin on üçüncü postnişini, tarikatın Vefâiyye kolunun pîri Ebü’l-Vefâ İbrâhim b. Yûsuf eş-Şâmî (ö. 1170/1756) III. Ahmed, I. Mahmud ve III. Osman ile görüşmüş; Anadolu, Mısır, Halep ve Şam’da birçok kişiye hilâfet vermiştir. Sa‘diyye İstanbul’a onun tarafından getirilmiştir.
Şam’daki önemli Sa‘diyye merkezlerinden biri Ammâre mahallesinde bulunmaktadır. Zâviyenin postnişinleri Şeybî nisbesiyle anılırken on dördüncü postnişin Ebû Tağlib Muhammed b. Sâlim’den itibaren Tağlibî nisbesini almışlardır. Sa‘diyye’nin Tağlibiyye kolunun pîri kabul edilen Muhammed b. Sâlim’in oğlu Abdülkādir et-Tağlibî aynı zamanda bir fıkıh âlimi olup ed-Delîlü’ṭ-ṭâlib adlı Hanbelî fıkıh kitabını Neylü’l-meʾârib adıyla şerhetmiştir. Şeyh Abdülkādir aralarında Abdülganî en-Nablusî’nin bulunduğu birçok âlime hilâfet vermiştir. Şam’ın Kaymeriyye mahallesindeki Sa‘dî Zâviyesi XIX. yüzyılda Şeyh Muhammed b. Emîn tarafından kurulmuştur. Şeyh Muhammed İstanbul’da vefat etmiş ve Üsküdar’daki Malatyalı İsmail Ağa Tekkesi hazîresine defnedilmiştir.
Humus’a Sa‘dîlik muhtemelen Memlükler döneminde Şeyh Muhammed Ebü’l-Hür tarafından getirilmiş, ancak tarikat bölgede XVII. yüzyıldan sonra yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Bâbü Tedmür, Şeyh Reşîd, Cemre, Şeyh Süleyman zâviyeleri Humus’ta açılan önemli Sa‘dî merkezleridir. Bu son zâviye XIX. yüzyılda Sa‘deddin el-Cebâvî’nin soyundan Şeyh Süleyman tarafından kurulmuştur. Oğlu Şeyh Hâlid, İmam Şâfiî’nin makamında tarikatın evrâdını okuma geleneğini başlatmıştır. İstanbul’a birkaç defa gidip Ebü’l-Hüdâ es-Sayyâdî’nin dergâhında misafir kalan oğlu Şeyh Sa‘deddin’in yedi eseri bulunmaktadır (a.g.e. , II, 258-259). Sa‘diyye, Hama’ya Sa‘deddin el-Cebâvî’nin küçük kardeşi Şeyh Abdullah Yûnus soyundan gelen Muhammed Şerrâbî (ö. 621/1224) tarafından taşınmış, buradan Filistin’in Halîl şehrine yayılmıştır. Bu koldan gelen Şeyh Abdürrezzâk ve Şeyh Abdülbâkī Hama’da nakîbüleşraflık yapmış, Halep ve Humus’ta ders okutmuştur. Hama’da Zâviyyetü’ş-Şerrâbiyye, Zâviyyetü’l-Cebâviyye ve Câmiu’l-kebîr olmak üzere üç Sa‘dî zâviyesi bulunmaktadır.
Tarikat Halep’te Câmiu’z-Zekî, el-Baac, Şâzbahtiyye adlı üç zâviyede faaliyet göstermiştir. Câmiu’z-Zekî’nin ilk şeyhi Muhammed b. Zekî’nin neslinden gelen Zeynüddin Ömer el-Halebî (ö. 946/1539), Sa‘deddin el-Cebâvî’nin hayatı ve menkıbelerine dair el-ʿÖmeriyye adlı bir eser kaleme almış, oğlu Şemseddin Muhammed er-Risâletü’l-Muḥammediyye fi’r-red ʿani’s-sâdâti’s-Saʿdiyye adlı eserinde Sa‘deddin el-Cebâvî ve tarikatın bazı uygulamalarına yöneltilen tenkitlere cevap vermiştir. Şemseddin Muhammed’in bundan başka altı ciltlik bir Buhârî şerhi bulunmaktadır (a.g.e. , II, 358). Tarikatın ilk dönemlerinden itibaren Filistin’in Kudüs, Akkâ, Safed, Halîl ve Nablus şehirlerinde yayılmaya başlamasının sebeplerinden biri de Haçlılar’a karşı mücadelenin bu bölgelerde yoğunlaşması ve tarikat mensuplarının bu mücadeleye bilfiil katılmış olmasıdır. Sa‘dîler’in Halîl şehrindeki son temsilcilerinden olan Şeyh Ferhân es-Sa‘dî, İzzeddin el-Kassâm ile birlikte Filistin’in kurtuluşu için çalışmış ve yahudiler tarafından katledilen Yafalı müslümanların intikamını almak amacıyla Nisan 1936’da İngiliz korumasındaki yahudilere saldırarak Filistin’de silâhlı direnişi başlatan grup içerisinde yer almıştır. Sa‘diyye Mısır’a Cebâvî’nin oğlu Şeyh Yûnus tarafından getirilmiş, ancak XVIII. yüzyılda Vefâiyye kolunun pîri Ebü’l-Vefâ eş-Şâmî’nin kardeşi Şeyh Yahyâ’nın bölgeye gelmesiyle birlikte etkili olmaya başlamıştır. Tarikatın Mısır’da Suriye’den hicret ederek burada vefat eden Şeyh Ahmed es-Sa‘dî’nin faaliyetleri sonucu yaygınlık kazandığı anlaşılmaktadır (Hasan Receb es-Sekkā, s. 10-11).
Sa‘diyye’nin Anadolu’ya ne zaman girdiği konusunda yeterli bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Mehmed Şükrü, Silsilenâme-i Sûfiyye ’sinde Kastamonulu Şeyh Osman’ı Sa‘deddin el-Cebâvî’nin halifesi olarak gösterir ve tarikatın Şeyh Osman vasıtasıyla ilk dönemlerden itibaren Anadolu’ya geldiğine, bir kolun Afyon, Kütahya ve İstanbul’a ulaştığına işaret eder (s. 15). Muhammed Gāzî, Kastamonulu Şeyh Osman’dan bahsetmemiş, sadece Cebâvî’nin oğlu Şeyh Burhâneddin Osman adını zikretmiş, hayatı ve halifelerinden söz etmemiştir. Tarikatın XIV-XVI. yüzyıllarda Anadolu’da varlığına dair herhangi bir kayda rastlanmamıştır. Sa‘diyye, XVIII. yüzyılın başlarında İstanbul’a gelen Abdüsselâm eş-Şeybânî’ye nisbet edilen Abdüsselâmiyye ve Ebü’l-Vefâ İbrâhim b. Yûsuf eş-Şâmî’ye nisbet edilen Vefâiyye adlı kolları ile bu şehirde faaliyet göstermeye başlamıştır.
Ahmed Münîb Efendi’nin Mecmûa-i Tekâyâ ’sı ve Yeşilzâde Sâlih Efendi’nin Rehber-i Tekâyâ ’sına göre İstanbul’da otuz iki Sâdî tekkesi açılmıştır. Bunlardan Ebü’l-Vefâ eş-Şâmî’nin Eyüp’te kurduğu ve kendinden sonra Gözoğlu Şeyh Hüseyin Efendi’nin (ö. 1151/1738) postnişini olduğu Taşlıburun (Lâgarî) Dergâhı ve Abdüsselâm eş-Şeybânî (ö. 1165/1752) tarafından kurulan Koska’daki Abdüsselâm Tekkesi’yle Sütlüce Hasîrîzâde Dergâhı İstanbul’daki en meşhur Sâdî dergâhlarıdır. Abdüsselâm Tekkesi tarikatın İstanbul’daki âsitânesi olmuştur (bk. ABDÜSSELÂM TEKKESİ ). Hasîrîzâde Tekkesi’nin son şeyhi Meclis-i Meşâyih reisliği yapan Hasîrîzâde Elif Efendi’dir (ö. 1927) (bk. HASÎRÎZÂDE TEKKESİ ). Üsküdar’da Malatyalı İsmâil Ağa, Balaban Baba ve Hallaç Baba (Gani Baba) Sâdî tekkeleri de dergâhlar kapatılıncaya kadar canlılığını sürdürmüştür. Hallaç Baba Dergâhı’nın son şeyhi Türk edebiyatı ve mûsiki tarihi araştırmacısı Sadettin Nüzhet Ergun’dur.
Fatih Kadıçeşmesi’ndeki Âbid Çelebi Tekkesi, Defterdar’daki Balçık Tekkesi, Kasımpaşa’daki Ciğerimdede Tekkesi, Edirnekapı’daki Çakırağa Tekkesi, Karagümrük’teki Ejder Tekkesi, Fındıkzade’deki Ahmed İshak Tekkesi, Mevlânâkapı’daki Hasan Kudsî Efendi Tekkesi, Halıcılar’daki Îsâ Efendi Tekkesi, Davutpaşa’daki Kadem (Halil Hamîd Paşa) Tekkesi, Eyüp Gümüşsuyu’ndaki Kantarcıbaba Tekkesi, Şehremini’deki Râşid Efendi Tekkesi, Otakçılar’daki Sır Tekkesi, Okmeydanı’ndaki Şeyh Cevher Tekkesi, İstanbul’daki önemli Sâdî dergâhları arasında zikredilebilir. İstanbul’da vefat eden son Sa‘dî şeyhi Şehremini’deki Râşid Efendi Tekkesi’nin de son şeyhi olan Râşid (Er) Efendi’dir (ö. 1984). İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal’in kaydına göre II. Mahmud, sevdiği ve ara sıra ziyaret ettiği Sütlüce Hasîrîzâde Tekkesi şeyhi Süleyman Sıdkî Efendi’yi (ö. 1837) Bedevî ve Sa‘dî meşâyihi üzerine şeyhülmeşâyih tayin etmiş, bu hususta bir ferman çıkarmıştır (Son Asır Türk Şairleri , s. 1671).
Bursa, Kastamonu, İzmir, Edirne, Tekirdağ gibi şehirlerde Sa‘diyye tekkeleri açılmıştır. Bunların içerisinde Bursa üç tekkeyle İstanbul’dan sonra ikinci sırada gelmektedir. Tarikatın Bursa’daki merkezi Zincirî Ali Efendi Tekkesi idi. Celvetî şeyhi Üftâdezâde Şeyh Mustafa Efendi’nin uhdesinde bulunan tekkenin meşihat hakkını Şeyh Ebü’l-Vefâ eş-Şâmî’nin halifelerinden Halepli Şeyh Mustafa Efendi’ye vermesiyle birlikte Zencirî Ali Efendi Tekkesi Sâdî tekkesine dönüşmüştür. Şeyh Mustafa Efendi’nin (ö. 1212/1797) haksız yere idam edilmek üzere olan bir genci darağacında dondurup idamdan sonra ayılttığına inanıldığı için tekke bu tarihten sonra “Dondurma Tekkesi” adıyla anılmıştır. Yûnus Emrem (Kara Abdürrezzak) Tekkesi ve Seyyid Usul Dergâhı Bursa’daki diğer Sâdî tekkeleridir. Yûnus Emrem Tekkesi kuruluşundan tekkelerin kapatıldığı tarihe kadar, Seyyid Usul Dergâhı ise bir müddet Sa‘dî şeyhlerince idare edilmiştir. Kastamonu’ya Sa‘dîlik, Tüysüz Baba isimli bir şeyhin uzun süre boş kalan Âhî Ali (Şücâ) Tekkesi’ni 1199 (1785) yılında tamir ettirerek Sa‘dî usulü üzere irşada başlamasıyla gelmiş, İzmir’de Şeyh Hacı Muhammed Vehbî Efendi (ö. 1885) tarafından temsil edilmiştir. Vehbî Efendi’nin nesli Üsküdar Hallaç Baba Dergâhı’na dayanmaktadır. Edirne Sâdî Tekkesi Bostancıbaşı Hacı İsmâil Ağa tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Tekirdağ’da Şeyh İbrâhim Efendi Dergâhı’nda ve Hacı Îsâ mahallesinde bulunan Halvetî Tekkesi’nde de Sa‘diyye âyini icra edilmiştir.
Sa‘diyye Balkanlar’da İşkodralı Süleyman Âcizî Baba’nın (ö. 1150/1738) lakabına nisbet edilen Âciziyye kolu vasıtasıyla yayılmıştır. Süleyman Âcizî dinî ilimleri İstanbul’da okuduktan sonra Ebü’l-Vefâ eş-Şâmî’den hilâfet almış, Balkan şehirlerini dolaşıp doğum yeri Prizren’e yerleşmiş ve orada vefat etmiştir. Süleyman Âcizî Baba’nın Prizren’de Bistrica nehri kenarında kurduğu ve ölümünün ardından defnedildiği tekke tarikatın Balkanlar’daki âsitânesi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Tarikat, Âcizî Baba’nın Kosova’nın Yakova (Djakovica) vilâyetinde kurduğu tekkede şeyhlik yapan oğlu Şeyh Danyal vasıtasıyla Tepedelen, Berat, Avlonya gibi şehirlerde de yayılmıştır. Sa‘diyye’nin Yakova’daki ikinci merkezi Şeyh Zeynelâbidîn’in (ö. 1182/1768-69) kurduğu tekkedir. XVIII. yüzyılda Belgrad’da Şeyh Mustafa, Niş’te Âcizî Baba’nın halifelerinden Mehmed Harâbâtî Baba tarafından iki Sâdî tekkesi açılmıştır. Vranye ve Leskofça’da da Sa‘diyye’nin izlerine rastlanmaktadır. 1875-1880 yıllarında Sırbistan’ın güneyinden kaçan müslümanlarla birlikte Kosova’nın Gilan şehrine gelen Leskofçalı Şeyh İslâm Gilan’da bir Sâdî tekkesi kurmuştur. Makedonya’nın Üsküp bölgesine Sa‘dîlik, XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında Vranye, Leskofça ve Buyanovça bölgelerinden gelen göçmenler tarafından getirilmiştir. Göçmenlerle birlikte Üsküp’e gelen Vefâ Baba, Tabhâne mahallesinde küçük bir Sâdî dergâhı kurmuştur. Tarikat Âcizî Baba’nın mürid ve halifeleri vasıtasıyla Arnavutluk’un birçok bölgesine yayılmıştır.
Âdâb ve Erkân. Sa‘diyye kıyâmî zikir usulünü benimsemiş bir tarikattır. Zikir, oturularak oluşturulan zikir halkasında şeyh efendinin Fâtiha’sı ile başlar. Rifâî evrâdına benzer özel bir beste ile Sa‘dî evrâdı topluca okunduktan sonra kelime-i tevhid zikrine geçilir. Kısa bir dua ve Fâtiha’nın ardından ayağa kalkılarak kıyam zikri başlatılır. “Hû, hay, Allah, dâim, kayyûm” gibi Allah’ın isimleri zikredilir. Kalbî zikre geçildiğinde vurmalı sazlar kullanılır. İsm-i celâl zikrinde mutlaka halîle (zil) vurulur, bu sırada zâkirler zikrin temposuna uygun ilâhi ve kaside okurlar (M. Gāzî Hüseyin Âgā, I, 76; DBİst.A , VI, 394). Kalbî zikre başlandığında şeyh efendiyle derviş göz göze bakışırlar, derviş bir kalıp gibi donarak hareketsiz kalır, âyinin sonuna doğru yine şeyhin bakışı ile eski haline döner. Buna “Sa‘dî dondurması” denir. Sâdî tekkelerinde mübarek gün ve gecelerde, özellikle mevlid kandillerinde büyük âyinler tertiplenir, bunların en muhteşemi Şam’da Emeviyye Camii’nde ve İstanbul’da Ayasofya Camii’nde icra edilirdi. İstanbul’da yaygınlaşan Sa‘diyye kollar, Türk tasavvuf mûsikisinden etkilenmiş, Osmanlı kültürünün tesiri altında gelişme göstermiştir. Sa‘diyye’nin âdâb ve erkândaki benzerliklerden dolayı Rifâiyye’nin bir kolu olduğu ileri sürülmekteyse de bu doğru değildir. Ancak Osmanlılar’ın son dönemine gelindiğinde Sa‘dîler ve Rifâîler arasında yakın ilişkinin olduğu görülmektedir. Sa‘diyye tarikatında önemli uygulamalardan biri “devse” âyinidir. Âyin esnasında şeyh yüzü koyun yere uzanmış olan müridlerin üzerinden zikir ve dua ederek yürürdü. Sadece Mısır Sa‘dîleri arasında icra edilen bu âyin 1881 yılında Hidiv Mehmed Tevfik Paşa tarafından müslümanları zelil kıldığı gerekçesiyle yasaklanmıştır (bk. DEVSE ). Sa‘diyye mensupları yedi veya on iki terkli taç giyerler. On iki terkli taç on iki burcu, yedi terkli taç güneşin etrafındaki gezegenleri simgeler. Tacın üzerindeki imâmenin uzunluğu yedi parmak kadar olup sarık yukarıdan aşağıya doğru imâmenin etrafına altı kat dolandırılır. Bu durum altı yönden (yer, gök, doğu, batı, kuzey, güney) gelecek olan ilim, mârifet ve hikmeti tarikat büyüklerinin yine bu yönlerden gelen ruhaniyetleri sayesinde alabileceklerine işaret eder.
Sultan Baybars döneminde başlayan Şam’dan hacca hediye gönderme geleneği Osmanlılar döneminde de sürdürülmüştür. Her yıl Şevval’in 16. günü içine hediyelerin konulduğu mahmil develerin sırtında Meydan mahallesindeki Sa‘dî Zâviyesi önüne getirilir; âlimler, âyan, devlet adamları ve bütün halk mahmilin getirilişini izler, şeyhin topluluk huzuruna çıkması halkın coşup heyecanlanmasına sebep olurdu. Şeyh zâviyenin penceresinde durur, halk mahmilin gelişini ve Sa‘diyye büyüklerinin dergâh kapısında geçiş merasimi için beklerken zâviyede hazırlanan helva şeyh tarafından önce mahmili taşıyan deveye yedirilir, daha sonra halka dağıtılırdı. Mahmili taşıyan deve şeyhin bulunduğu pencere önüne getirilir, bu esnada şeyhi ve tarikatı öven kaside ve ilâhiler okunurdu. Şam’da yüzyıllar boyu devam eden bu gelenek I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında sona ermiştir (Şemseddin İbn Tolun, I, 129, 173, 369, 370; M. Gāzî Hüseyin Âgā, II, 74). Şam Sâlihiye mahallesindeki zâviye şeyhlerinin genelde ulemâdan olduğu ve camilerde ilim halkası kurduğu kaydedilmektedir. Zâviyenin şeyhlerinden Abdülkādir b. Ömer et-Tağlibî, şehir kadısının Sâlihiye halkına yaptığı zulme karşı çıktığı için Vali Osman Paşa tarafından Kıbrıs’a sürülmüş ve orada idam edilmiştir (İbn Kennân, s. 349).
Sa‘diyye tarikatında biri teberrüken, diğeri hakiki olmak üzere iki türlü intisap vardır. Teberrüken intisap mücâhede ve biat olmaksızın gerçekleşir. Bu tür intisaplarda müntesiplere bazı zikirler telkin edilebilir, Sa‘dî sarığı giydirilebilir, evrâd okuma icâzeti verilebilir. Ancak tarikata hakikaten intisap etmek isteyen kişinin mürşid-i kâmilden zikir telkini alıp seyrüsülûke başlaması gerekir. Tarikatta müridlere bulundukları seviyeye göre fukara veya derviş, çavuş, nakib, halife gibi isimler verilir. Muhammed Gāzî, tarikattaki bu yükseliş basamaklarının askerî sistemle benzerlik gösterdiğini söyler. Ona göre bu sıralama sûfîlerin ribâtlarını, zâviyelerini İslâm coğrafyasının çeşitli bölgelerinde kurmaya başlamalarıyla birlikte ortaya çıkmış, özellikle Haçlı saldırılarına karşı kurulan ve daha sonra zâviyeye dönüşen ribâtlarda uygulanmıştır. Askerî amaçlarla ihdas edilen bu sistem sonraki dönemlere müridlerin işlerine bakma, zikir merasimlerini idare etme gibi hususlara da intikal etmiştir (eṭ-Ṭarîḳatü’s-Saʿdiyye , I, 147).
Âyinler sırasında meydana gelen vecd, cezbe, istiğrak hallerinden dolayı Sa‘diyye tarikatına ve müntesiplerine tenkit ve itirazlar yöneltilmiş, Şeyh Zeynelâbidîn Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Bekrî’nin en-Nuṣretü’l-ilâhiyye li’ṭ-ṭâʾifeti’s-Saʿdiyye , Şeyh Ebû Bekir Abdülbâsıt el-Hamevî’nin en-Nuṣretü’l-Mevleviyye li’l-uṣâbeti’s-Saʿdiyye , Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Gazzî ed-Dımaşkī’nin en-Nefḥatü’r-rabbâniyye fi’ṭ-ṭarîḳati’s-Saʿdiyye , Şemseddin Muhammed b. Zeynüddin Ömer’in er-Risâletü’l-Muḥammediyye fi’r-red ʿani’s-sâdâti’s-Saʿdiyye adlı eserlerinde bu tenkitlere cevap verilmiştir. Abdülganî en-Nablusî, Cemʿu’l-esrâr fî menʿi’l-eşrâr mine’ṭ-ṭaʿn fi’ṣ-ṣûfiyyeti’l-aḫyâr ehlü’t-tevâcüdi bi’l-eẕkâr adlı eserini bu cevapları derleyerek meydana getirmiştir.
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a.mlf., “Taşlıburun Tekkesi”, a.e. , VII, 223-224.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 410-413 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.