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SÂDULLAH PAŞA Skip to content (1838-1891)
Osmanlı Devleti’nin Berlin ve Viyana sefiri.
18 Kasım 1838’de Erzurum’da doğdu. Babası çeşitli valiliklerde bulunmuş Vezir Mehmed Esad Muhlis Paşa’dır. Aslen Ayaşlı olup soyu Hacı Bayrâm-ı Velî’nin ikinci halifesi Bünyamin Ayâşî’ye dayanır. Dârülmaârif Rüşdiyesi’nden mezun oldu. 1853’te on beş yaşındayken maaşsız aday memur olarak Maliye Hazinesi Vâridat Kalemi’ne girdi. Fransızca bilgisi dolayısıyla 1856’da Bâbıâli Tercüme Odası’na geçti. Bu görevi esnasında 1861’de daha sonra ismiyle anılacak olan Çengelköy’deki yalıyı satın aldı (BA, A.MKT .NZD, 355/44). Haziran 1865’te, Tercüme Odası halifeliği üzerinde kalmak kaydıyla Maârif-i Umûmiyye Nezâreti bünyesinde kurulan Tercüme Cemiyeti üyeliğine getirildi. 4 Ekim 1865’te Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa’nın başkanlığında kurulan Meclis-i Hazâin’in kalem müdürü oldu; Ekim 1867’de Mezâhib Kalemi müdürlüğüne tayin edildi. Aynı yıl Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa’nın Paris’ten Sultan Abdülaziz’e hitaben yazdığı mektubu tercüme etti; mektup cemiyet tarafından bastırılarak İstanbul’da el altından dağıtıldı.
Şûrâ-yı Devlet’in kuruluşu esnasında 19 Mayıs 1868’de Şûrâ-yı Devlet Maarif Dairesi başmuavinliğine ve 13 Mayıs 1869’da Şûrâ-yı Devlet üyeliğine tayin edildi. Maârif-i Umûmiyye Nizamnâmesi’nin hazırlanmasında büyük emeği geçti. Yûsuf Kâmil Paşa’nın Şûrâ-yı Devlet’te yaptığı tensîkat sırasında Maarif Dairesi kapatılınca Adliye Dairesi başmuavinliğine getirildi. Ertesi yıl üyelik üzerinde kalmak kaydıyla Şûrâ-yı Devlet başkitâbetine tayin edildi. Bu görevi esnasında Fransa Usûl-i Muhâkemât-ı Cezâiyye Kanunu’nun tercüme edilmesi ve Osmanlı hukukuna uyarlanması için oluşturulan komisyonun başkanlığını yaptı.
8 Ekim 1871’de Hariciye Nezâreti’ne bağlı Matbuat Müdüriyeti uhdesinde olmak üzere Dîvân-ı Hümâyun tercümanlığına getirildi. Matbuat müdürü olarak Matbuat Nizamnâmesi’ni Tercüme Odası’na başladığı yıllardan beri fikir ve kader birliği ettiği arkadaşlarına karşı uygulamak zorunda kaldı; Diyojen , İbret , Hadîka ve Sirâc ’ın kapatılmasıyla ilgili yazıların altında Sâdullah Paşa’nın imzası vardır. Buna rağmen basının üzerine yeterince gitmediği gerekçesiyle 9 Nisan 1873’te görevinden uzaklaştırıldı.
12 Haziran 1873’te tayin edildiği Maârif müsteşarlığında sıbyan mekteplerinden yüksek okullara kadar eğitimin bütün kademelerinin ders programlarını yeniden düzenleyen komisyonda görev aldı; yeni usulde eğitim yapmak ve daha sonra teşkilâtlandırılacak okullara örnek olmak üzere Nuruosmaniye Camii’nde bir ibtidâî mektebi açtı. Ayrıca yeni müfredata göre okutulacak derslerin kitaplarını hazırlamak için bazı uzmanları görevlendirdi. İstanbul’da bir umumi kütüphane ve nezaret bünyesinde bir İstatistik Kalemi kurdu.
28 Şubat 1874’te ikinci defa Dîvân-ı Hümâyun tercümanlığına tayin edildi. Ankara civarında kuraklık ve kıtlık baş göstermesi üzerine Sâdullah Paşa’nın başkanlığında kurulan komisyon bu sıkıntının aşılmasında ve yardımların organizasyonunda önemli hizmetlerde bulundu. 10 Haziran 1874’te Dîvân-ı Hümâyun âmedciliğine, 2 Temmuz 1874’te Meclis-i Vükelâ’ya dahil olarak Defter-i Hâkānî Nezâreti’ne getirildi. Ertesi yıl gerçekleştirilen tensîkat esnasında Temyiz Mahkemesi birinci reisliğine ve 1876’da Ticaret Nâzırlığına tayin edildi.
V. Murad’ın cülûsuyla getirildiği (30 Mayıs 1876) Mâbeyn-i Hümâyun başkâtipliğinden padişahın hal‘i üzerine üç ay sonra ayrıldı. Midhat Paşa ekibi, II. Abdülhamid’le yaptığı pazarlıkta Sâdullah Paşa’nın başkitâbette kalması için ısrarcı olduysa da padişah tahta geçtikten sonra bu göreve Said Bey’i (Küçük Said Paşa) tayin etti. II. Abdülhamid’in kanaati, Sâdullah Paşa’nın da Sultan Abdülaziz’i tahttan indirip ölümüne sebep olan kadronun içinde yer aldığı yönündeydi. Bu sebeple olayı inceletmek için kurdurduğu soruşturma komisyonu onu olayla ilişkilendirmeye çalıştıysa da netice alamadı (BA, YEE , 20/33). Bu durum Sâdullah Paşa’nın yaklaşık on beş yıl süren müteakip hayatını şekillendirdi. 2 Mayıs 1876’da başlayan ve gittikçe genişleyen Bulgar isyanı ve sonrasında meydana gelen olayları incelemekle görevli olağan üstü komisyonun başkanlığına getirildi (16 Eylül 1876) ve burada başarılı çalışmalar yaptı (BA , HR.TO, 463/66). 8 Mayıs 1877’de Berlin sefirliğine tayin edildi. 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nda Osmanlı ordularının Rusya’ya yenilmesi üzerine Ayastefanos’ta yapılacak barış görüşmelerine ikinci delege olarak katıldı ve çetin müzakerelerin ardından çok ağır şartları ihtiva eden antlaşmayı imzalamak zorunda kaldı (3 Mart 1878). Antlaşmanın bölge siyasetinde Rusya’ya sağladığı üstünlüğü gören büyük devletlerin, durumu görüşmek için Berlin’de topladıkları uluslararası kongrede de delege olarak bulundu. Beş yıl süren Berlin sefirliği esnasında Almanya ile ilişkilerin geliştirilmesi konusunda önemli hizmetleri oldu. II. Abdülhamid, yaptığı hizmetlerin karşılığında 7 Aralık 1881’de kendisine vezirlik rütbesi ve paşalık unvanı verdi (BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 67567). 22 Mart 1883’te Viyana sefirliğine tayin edildi. Almanya İmparatoru I. Wilhelm’in ölüm törenlerine II. Abdülhamid’i temsilen katıldı.
Sefâret hizmetçisiyle olan ilişkisi sonucu kızın hamile kalması üzerine skandal endişesiyle geçirdiği buhran neticesinde 14 Ocak 1891’de havagazıyla intihara teşebbüs etti ve doktorların bütün müdahalelerine rağmen 18 Ocak’ta öldü. Naaşı özel bir vagonla İstanbul’a gönderildi ve 29 Ocak günü Ayasofya Camii’nde cenaze namazı kılındıktan sonra II. Mahmud Türbesi hazîresine gömüldü. Sâdullah Paşa, Berlin sefâretiyle yurt dışına gönderilmesinden sonra ölümüne kadar geçen on dört yıl içinde sadece Ayastefanos barış görüşmeleri ve Sultan Abdülaziz’in tahttan indirilmesi hadisesine karışanların yargılandığı mahkeme için (Haziran 1881) iki defa İstanbul’a gelebildi.
Mehmed Vecîhi Paşa’nın kızı Necîbe Hanım ile evli olan Sâdullah Paşa’nın Âsaf, Nusret, Râgıb ve Nazlı isimli dört çocuğu vardı (hâtıraları ve romanları bulunan Münevver Ayaşlı, Nusret Bey’in eşidir). Murassa‘ Mecîdî ve Osmânî nişanları dışında Yunanistan’ın Sauveur nişanının şövalye rütbesi, Avusturya’nın Franz Joseph, İtalya’nın Couronne d’Italie, Rusya’nın Sainte Anne ve Almanya’nın Aigle Rouge nişanlarına sahipti. İyi bildiği Farsça ve Fransızca’nın yanında Almanca’ya da âşinaydı. Özel olarak akaid, fıkıh, Doğu ve Batı edebiyatları tahsil etmişti. 1889’da kendisiyle Viyana’da görüşen Ahmed Midhat Efendi onun bilgisinden ve görüşlerinden, Doğu ve Batı medeniyetleri arasında orta bir yol tutulması gerektiğine dair düşüncelerinden hayranlıkla bahseder.
Babası gibi şair olan Sâdullah Paşa’nın bugüne ulaşan şiirleri yazdıklarının küçük bir kısmını oluşturur. Mithat Cemal Kuntay hacmi hakkında bilgi vermediği iki defterde şiirlerinin kayıtlı olduğunu ve bu defterlerin kendisinde bulunduğunu belirtir. Köylüyü metheden otuz kıtalık terciibendi, Alphonse de Lamartine’in “Göl” isimli şiiriyle Homeros’un İlyada destanının ilk on beytinin manzum çevirisi, ayrıca destanın kırk altı-kırk yedi sayfalık bir bölümünün nesir olarak tercümesi bilinmektedir. Gerçek zannedilen bâtıl inanışların XIX. yüzyılda yıkıldığı, aklın ve tecrübenin üstünlüğüyle ilim ve teknikte büyük gelişmeler olduğu tezine dayanan “On Dokuzuncu Asır” adlı şiiri bir zihniyeti ifade etmesi bakımından dikkat çekici bulunmuştur (tahlili için bk. Kaplan, s. 64-68). Nesir alanında ise Maârif-i Umûmiyye Nizamnâmesi’ne yazdığı esbâb-ı mûcibe lâyihası güzel üslûbunun ve güçlü kaleminin işareti olarak değerlendirilir. Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik’in Numûne-i Edebiyyât-ı Osmâniyye ’de yayımladığı “Şarlotenburg Sarayı”, “1878 Paris Ekspozisyonu” ve “Berlin Mektubu” ile çeşitli kişilere yazdığı mektupları da aynı özelliği taşımaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ahmed Midhat, Avrupa’da Bir Cevelân , İstanbul 1307, s. 1003-1005.
Cevdet, Tezâkir , IV, 126.
Mehmed Galib, Sâdullah Paşa yâhud Mezardan Nidâ , İstanbul 1909.
Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik, Numûne-i Edebiyyât-ı Osmâniyye , İstanbul 1329, s. 205.
a.mlf., Yeni Osmanlılar Tarihi (haz. Ziyad Ebüzziya), İstanbul 1973, I, 15-16, 22-25; II, 185-186, 218; III, 478, 497-500, 505, 512-513, 524-527.
Refet Avni – Süleyman Bahri, Resimli Müntehabât-ı Edebiyye , İstanbul 1329, s. 22-24.
İbnülemin, Son Asır Türk Şairleri , s. 1566-1573.
R. H. Davison, Reform in the Ottoman Empire: 1856-1876 , Princeton 1963, s. 207-208.
Münevver Ayaşlı, İşittiklerim, Gördüklerim, Bildiklerim , İstanbul 1973, s. 17-18, 23, 145-150.
Mehmet Kaplan, Şiir Tahlilleri I: Tanzimat’dan Cumhuriyet’e Kadar , İstanbul 1975, s. 64-68.
Hasan Âli Yücel, Edebiyat Tarihimizden , İstanbul 1989, s. 297-298.
Öztuna, Devletler ve Hanedanlar , s. 566-567.
Hadîka , nr. 44, İstanbul 13 Kânunusâni 1289.
Mecmûa-i Ebüzziyyâ , IV/46, 15 Cemâziyelevvel 1302, s. 1453-1455.
Sabah , nr. 513, İstanbul 19 Cemâziyelâhir 1308.
The Oriental Advertiser , 28 January 1891.
Tercümân-ı Hakîkat , nr. 3758, İstanbul 27 Ocak 1891.
Mithat Cemal Kuntay, “Sadullah Paşanın Basılmamış İki Şiir Defteri”, Edebiyat Âlemi , sy. 1, İstanbul 1949, s. 3.
İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, “Viyana Büyük Elçisi Vezir Sâdullah Paşa’nın İntiharına Dair”, TTK Belleten , XIV/55 (1950), s. 419-479.
a.mlf., “Merhum Sâdullah Paşa’nın Safvet ve Cevdet Paşalar ve Safvet Paşazâde Refet Beyle Mektuplaşması”, a.e. , XV/58 (1951), s. 263-299.
H.-J. Kornrumpf, “Sadullah Pascha. Zu Seinem 100. Todestag Am 18. 1. 1891 in Wien”, TKA , XXX/1-2 (1992), s. 179-186.
Sinan Kuneralp, “Sadullah Paşa”, Yaşamları ve Yapıtlarıyla Osmanlılar Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1999, II, 482.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 432-433 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.