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SAFEVÎ DEVLETİ’NDE TEKELİ TÜRKMENLERİ Skip to content Yıl 2024, Sayı: 110, 179 – 198, 24.06.2024
Arif Sarı
https://doi.org/10.60163/tkhcbva.1479919
Öz Safavidism, a Sunni sect that originated in Ardabil, evolved into Shi’ism, spread rapidly and became a political organization in a short time. Although many works have been written on this subject, the issue has not yet been revealed in all its aspects. There is a need for detailed studies, especially on the impact of the emergence of the Safavid state on the Ottoman Empire and Anatolian principalities. A review in this sense of the thesis put forward by the late Faruk Sümer about fifty years ago, that Turkmans went to Iran under the pressure of the Ottoman central administration, that the Safavids recruited population from Anatolia with the rebellions that broke out in the Ottoman lands directly at the shah’s discretion, and that the Turkmans who moved to Iran gained a privileged life. When the Turcoman tribes included in the Safavid confederation are considered individually, it is determined that different factors were effective in their participation in the Safavid union. For example, the Tekeli Turkmans lived outside the Ottoman administration, in the lands of the Karamanoglu Principality, during the period when the Safavid sect spread and became a state. Contrary to what is claimed, the Safavid shah was not involved in the beginning of the Shah Kulu Baba rebellion, and it was not their first wish for the Tekeli Turkmans to move into Safavid territory after the rebellion. In fact, considering the losses suffered by the Tekeli Turkmans who went to Iran during the Safavid internal conflicts, they could not have a prosperous life compared to their situation in Anatolia. These findings indicate that the views that explain the migration of Turcoman tribes from Anatolia to Iran with the same reasons and assume that the Safavid state was established thanks to the population migrating from Anatolia contain anachronistic errors. In this sense, examining the relations of the Tekeli Turkmans with the Safavids by comparing contemporary Safavid and Ottoman sources is important in two respects. The first of these is to reveal the ways in which the Tekeli contacted the Safavid sect, the reason for the Shah Kulu rebellion and its outcome, and the situation of the Tekeli people who went to Iran within the Safavid state. The second expected benefit is to consider the other Turcoman tribes that were part of the Safavid confederation separately, through the Tekeli Turkmans example, thus presenting a new research model on Safavidism.
Anahtar Kelimeler Safavidism, Tekeli Turkmans, Şahkulu rebellion
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Tevârih-i Âl-i Osman, VIII. Defter, Neş. Ahmet Uğur, TTK Yayınları, Ankara 1997. İskender Bey Münşî-yi Türkmen. Târîh-i Âlem-Ârâ-yi Abbâsî, C.1-2, Çev. Ali Genceli, Neş. İsmail Aka, TTK Yayınları, Ankara 2019. Kadı Ahmed Gaffarî-i Kazvinî. Tarih-i Cihan-ârâ, Neş. Hasan Nerâkî, Tahran 1342/1966. Lütfî Paşa. Tevârih-i Âl-i Osman, Neş. Kayhan Atik, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara 2001. Mousavi, Nasrin. Tekmiletü’l-Ahbar’ın Türkçe Tercümesi ve Değerlendirilmesi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara 2018. Müneccimbaşı Ahmet Dede. Müneccimbaşı Tarihi, nşr. İsmail Erünsal, C. II, Tercüman Yayınları, İstanbul 1975. Oruç Bey Bayat. İlişkiler (Bir Şii/ Katolik İranlı Don Juan), Çev. Tufan Gündüz, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2014. Peçevî İbrahim Efendi. Peçevî Tarihi, Neş. Bekir Sıtkı Baykal, C.I, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara 1992. Rumlu Hasan. Ahsen’üt Tevârih Şah İsmail Tarihi, Çev. Cevat Cevan, Ardıç Yayınları, Ankara 2004. Şah Tahmasb-ı Safevî. Tezkire, Çev.Hicabi Kırlangıç, Anka Yayınları, İstanbul 2001. Tarih-i Kızılbaşân (Kızılbaşlar Tarihi), Çev. Tufan Gündüz, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2016. Araştırmalar-İncelemeler Ak, Mehmet. “Teke Adı ve Teke Yöresi Üzerine”, Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, S.30, 2018, s. 1019-1040. Allouche, Adel. Osmanlı Safevi İlişkileri Kökenleri Gelişimi, Anka Yayınları, İstanbul 2001. Armağan, Latif. “Tarihi Süreç İçerisinde Teke Yöresi”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, C.XX/S.32, 2002, s. 1-19. Armağan, Latif. “XVI. Yüzyılda Teke Sancağı’ndaki Konar-Göçerlerin Demografik Durumu Üzerine Bir Araştırma” Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, C.XIX/S.30, 1997, s.1-35. Çelik, Şenol. “Teke-ili”, Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, C. XL, TDV Yayınları, İstanbul 2011, s.344-347. Emecen, Feridun. Kanuni Sultan Süleyman ve Zamanı, TTK Yayınları, Ankara 2022. Emecen, Feridun. “İhtilalci Bir Mehdîlik” Hareketi mi? Şahkulu Baba Tekeli İsyanı Üzerine Yeni Yaklaşımlar”, Ötekilerin Peşinde Ahmet Yaşar Ocak’a Armağan. haz. Fatih Yeşil, Mehmet Öz, Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul 2015, s. 521-534. Emecen, Feridun. “Antalya”, Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, C.3, TDV Yayınları, İstanbul 1991y Emecen, Feridun. “Şahkulu Baba Tekeli”, Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, C.38, TDV Yayınları, İstanbul 2010, s.284-286. Fisher, Sydney Nettleton. Sultan Bazyezid Han, 1481-1512, çev. Hazal Yalın, Kitap Yayınevi, İstanbul 2014. Gülten, Sadullah. “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Alevî Sözcüğünün Kullanımına Dair Bazı Değerlendirmeler”, Alevilik Araştırmaları Dergisi, S.11, 2016, s.27-43. Gülten, Sadullah. Osmanlı- Safevî Kıskacında Kızılbaşlar, Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul 2022. Gündüz, Tufan. Kızılbaşlar, Osmanlılar, Safeviler, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2021. Gündüz, Tufan. Son Kızılbaş Şah İsmail, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2010. Gündüz, Tufan. “Tekelü”, Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, C.40, TDV Yayınları, İstanbul 2011, s.347-348. Hinz, Walther. Uzun Hasan ve Seyh Cüneyd, XV. Yüzyılda İran’ın Milli Bir Devlet Haline Yükselişi, Çev. Tevfik Bıyıklıoğlu, TTK Yayınları, Ankara 1992. Karaca, Behset. “Teke Yöresinden Safevi Devletine Göçler”, Geçmişten Günümüze Göç, haz. Osman Köse, C.I, Canik Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, Samsun 2017, s.577-594. Karaca, Behset. XV. ve XVI. yüzyıllarda Teke Sancağı, Fakülte Kitabevi, Isparta 2002. Kofoğlu, Sait. “Tekeoğulları”, Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, C.40, TDV Yayınları, İstanbul 2011, s 348-350. Melikoff, Irene. Uyur İdik Uyardılar, Alevîlik-Bektaşîlik Araştırmaları, çev. Turan Alptekin, İstanbul 2006. Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar. “Babaîler İsyanından Kızılbaşlığa: Anadolu’da İslam Hetorodoksisinin Doğuş ve Gelişim Tarihine Kısa Bir Bakış”, Belleten, C. LXIV/S.239, Nisan 2000, s.129- 160. Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar. Babaîler İsyanı, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul 2000. Roemer, Hans R. “Kızılbaş Türkmenler; Safevî Teokrasisinin Kurucuları ve Kurbanları”, Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Velî Araştırma Dergisi, S.38, 2006, s. 81-92. Sarı, Arif. “Osmanlı Devleti’nin Safevî Tebasına Yönelik İstimalet ve Mülteci Siyaseti”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, C.53/S.3, 2020, s.55-78. Sümer, Faruk. Safevi Devletinin Kuruluşu ve Gelişmesinde Anadolu Türklerinin Rolü, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 1999. Tekindağ, Şababettin. “Teke-eli veya Teke-ili”, İslâm Ansiklopedisi, C.12/1, MEB Yayınları, İstanbul 1979, s.124-125. Tekindağ, Şababettin. “Şah Kulu Baba Tekeli İsyanı”, Belgelerle Türk Tarihi Dergisi, S.3, Aralık 1967, s. 34-39. Tekindağ, Şababettin. “Şah Kulu Baba Tekeli İsyanı”, Belgelerle Türk Tarihi Dergisi, S.4, Ocak 1968, s.54-59. Tekindağ, Şababettin. “Teke-Oğulları”, İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 12/1, MEB Yayınları, İstanbul 1979, s. 128-133. Tekindağ, Şababettin. “Teke-Eli ve Teke-Oğulları”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Enstitüsü Dergisi, S.7-8, 1977, s.55-94. Turan, Osman. Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye, Boğaziçi Yayınları, İstanbul 1996. Yazıcı, Tahsin. “Safeviler”, İslam Ansiklopedisi, C.10, MEB Yayınları, İstanbul 1966, s.53-59.
SAFEVÎ DEVLETİ’NDE TEKELİ TÜRKMENLERİ Yıl 2024, Sayı: 110, 179 – 198, 24.06.2024
Arif Sarı
https://doi.org/10.60163/tkhcbva.1479919
Öz Erdebil’de neşet etmiş Sünni bir tarikat olan Safevîliğin Şiîliğe evrilerek hızla yayılması ve kısa sürede siyasî bir teşekkül halini alması tarihin müstesna hadiselerindendir. Bu konuda çok sayıda eser telif edilmiş olmakla beraber halen mesele tüm yönleriyle ortaya konulabilmiş değildir. Bilhassa Safevî devletinin ortaya çıkışının Osmanlı Devleti ve Anadolu beyliklerine tesiri hususunda etraflı tetkiklere ihtiyaç vardır. Merhum Faruk Sümer’in yaklaşık elli yıl önce ileri sürdüğü, Türkmenlerin Osmanlı merkezi idaresinin tazyikiyle İran’a gittikleri, Osmanlı topraklarında doğrudan şahın ihtiyariyle çıkan isyanlarla Safevîlerin Anadolu’dan nüfus devşirdikleri ve İran’a geçen Türkmenlerin imtiyazlı bir hayata kavuştukları tezinin bu anlamda gözden geçirilmesi icap etmektedir. Zira Safevî konfederasyonuna dahil olan Türkmen boyları münferiden ele alındığında bunların Safevî birliğine katılmalarında farklı amillerin etkili olduğu tespit edilmektedir. Örneğin Tekeliler, Safevî tarikatının yayıldığı ve devletleştiği süreçte Osmanlı idaresinin dışında, Karamanoğullarının topraklarında yaşmaktaydılar. İddia edilenin aksine Şah Kulu Baba isyanının başlamasında Safevî şahının dahli olmadığı gibi isyan sonrasında Tekelilerin Safevî topraklarına geçmeleri de onların ilk arzusu değildi. Hatta İran’a giden Tekelilerin Safevî iç çekişmelerinde uğradıkları zaiyata bakılırsa onlar Anadolu’daki vaziyetlerine nazaran müreffeh bir hayata da kavuşamadılar. Bu tespitler Türkmen boylarının Anadolu’dan İran’a göç etmelerini aynı gerekçelerle izah eden ve Safevî devletinin Anadolu’dan giden nüfus sayesinde kurulduğunu varsayan görüşlerin anakronik hatalar barındırdığına delalet etmektedir. Bu anlamda muasır Safevî ve Osmanlı kaynaklarının mukayesesiyle Tekelilerin Safevîlerle münasebetlerinin tetkiki iki bakımdan ehemmiyet kesp etmektedir. Bunlardan ilki Tekelilerin hangi yollarla Safevî tarikatıyla irtibat kurdukları, Şah Kulu isyanının ne sebeple çıktığı ve neticesi, İran’a giden Tekelilerin Safevî devleti içerisindeki hallerinin ortaya konulmasıdır. Beklenilen ikinci fayda ise Tekeliler örneği üzerinden Safevî konfederasyonunun parçası olan sair Türkmen boylarının da ayrı ayrı ele alınması böylece Safevîlik konusunda yeni bir araştırma modeli sunmaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler Safevilik, Şah İsmail, Şah Tahmasb, Tekeli Türkmenleri, Şahkulu İsyanı
Kaynakça Şahin, İlhan – Emecen, Feridun. II. Bayezid Dönemine Ait 906/1501 Tarihli Ahkâm Defteri. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı, İstanbul 1994. Abdüllatif Kazvinî. Safevi Tarihi, çev. Hamidreza Mohemmenejad, Birleşik Yayınevi, Ankara 2011. Aşıkpaşazâde. Osmanlı Tarihleri Tevârih-i Âl-i Osman, nşr. Nihal Atsız, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul 1949. Anonim Tevârih-i Âl-i Osman. Neş. Nihat Azamat, Marmara Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul 1992. Celal-zâde Mustafa. Selim-nâme, Neş. Ahmet Uğur, Mustafa Çuhadar, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara 1990. Hasan-ı Rumlu. Ahsenü’t Tevârih, Neş. Abdülhüseyn Nevaî, Tahran 1357/1979. Hoca Saddeddin Efendi, Tacü’t-Tevârih, Neş. İsmet Parmaksızoğlu, C.IV, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, İstanbul 1979. Hurşad b. Kubad el-Hüseynî. Târîh-i İlçi-yi Nizamşah, Neş. M. Rızâ Nâsırî – Koiçi Haneda, Tahran 1379/2001. İbn Bîbî. El-Evamirü’l-Ala’iyye fi’l-Umuri’l-Ala’iyye (Selçuknâme), çev. Mürsel Öztürk, TTK Yayınları, Ankara 2014. İbn Kemal. Tevârih-i Âl-i Osman, VIII. Defter, Neş. Ahmet Uğur, TTK Yayınları, Ankara 1997. İskender Bey Münşî-yi Türkmen. Târîh-i Âlem-Ârâ-yi Abbâsî, C.1-2, Çev. Ali Genceli, Neş. İsmail Aka, TTK Yayınları, Ankara 2019. Kadı Ahmed Gaffarî-i Kazvinî. Tarih-i Cihan-ârâ, Neş. Hasan Nerâkî, Tahran 1342/1966. Lütfî Paşa. Tevârih-i Âl-i Osman, Neş. Kayhan Atik, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara 2001. Mousavi, Nasrin. Tekmiletü’l-Ahbar’ın Türkçe Tercümesi ve Değerlendirilmesi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara 2018. Müneccimbaşı Ahmet Dede. Müneccimbaşı Tarihi, nşr. İsmail Erünsal, C. II, Tercüman Yayınları, İstanbul 1975. Oruç Bey Bayat. İlişkiler (Bir Şii/ Katolik İranlı Don Juan), Çev. Tufan Gündüz, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2014. Peçevî İbrahim Efendi. Peçevî Tarihi, Neş. Bekir Sıtkı Baykal, C.I, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara 1992. Rumlu Hasan. Ahsen’üt Tevârih Şah İsmail Tarihi, Çev. Cevat Cevan, Ardıç Yayınları, Ankara 2004. Şah Tahmasb-ı Safevî. Tezkire, Çev.Hicabi Kırlangıç, Anka Yayınları, İstanbul 2001. Tarih-i Kızılbaşân (Kızılbaşlar Tarihi), Çev. Tufan Gündüz, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2016. Araştırmalar-İncelemeler Ak, Mehmet. “Teke Adı ve Teke Yöresi Üzerine”, Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, S.30, 2018, s. 1019-1040. Allouche, Adel. Osmanlı Safevi İlişkileri Kökenleri Gelişimi, Anka Yayınları, İstanbul 2001. Armağan, Latif. “Tarihi Süreç İçerisinde Teke Yöresi”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, C.XX/S.32, 2002, s. 1-19. Armağan, Latif. “XVI. Yüzyılda Teke Sancağı’ndaki Konar-Göçerlerin Demografik Durumu Üzerine Bir Araştırma” Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, C.XIX/S.30, 1997, s.1-35. Çelik, Şenol. “Teke-ili”, Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, C. XL, TDV Yayınları, İstanbul 2011, s.344-347. Emecen, Feridun. Kanuni Sultan Süleyman ve Zamanı, TTK Yayınları, Ankara 2022. Emecen, Feridun. “İhtilalci Bir Mehdîlik” Hareketi mi? Şahkulu Baba Tekeli İsyanı Üzerine Yeni Yaklaşımlar”, Ötekilerin Peşinde Ahmet Yaşar Ocak’a Armağan. haz. Fatih Yeşil, Mehmet Öz, Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul 2015, s. 521-534. Emecen, Feridun. “Antalya”, Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, C.3, TDV Yayınları, İstanbul 1991y Emecen, Feridun. “Şahkulu Baba Tekeli”, Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, C.38, TDV Yayınları, İstanbul 2010, s.284-286. Fisher, Sydney Nettleton. Sultan Bazyezid Han, 1481-1512, çev. Hazal Yalın, Kitap Yayınevi, İstanbul 2014. Gülten, Sadullah. “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Alevî Sözcüğünün Kullanımına Dair Bazı Değerlendirmeler”, Alevilik Araştırmaları Dergisi, S.11, 2016, s.27-43. Gülten, Sadullah. Osmanlı- Safevî Kıskacında Kızılbaşlar, Timaş Yayınları, İstanbul 2022. Gündüz, Tufan. Kızılbaşlar, Osmanlılar, Safeviler, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2021. Gündüz, Tufan. Son Kızılbaş Şah İsmail, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2010. Gündüz, Tufan. “Tekelü”, Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, C.40, TDV Yayınları, İstanbul 2011, s.347-348. Hinz, Walther. Uzun Hasan ve Seyh Cüneyd, XV. Yüzyılda İran’ın Milli Bir Devlet Haline Yükselişi, Çev. Tevfik Bıyıklıoğlu, TTK Yayınları, Ankara 1992. Karaca, Behset. “Teke Yöresinden Safevi Devletine Göçler”, Geçmişten Günümüze Göç, haz. Osman Köse, C.I, Canik Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, Samsun 2017, s.577-594. Karaca, Behset. XV. ve XVI. yüzyıllarda Teke Sancağı, Fakülte Kitabevi, Isparta 2002. Kofoğlu, Sait. “Tekeoğulları”, Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, C.40, TDV Yayınları, İstanbul 2011, s 348-350. Melikoff, Irene. Uyur İdik Uyardılar, Alevîlik-Bektaşîlik Araştırmaları, çev. Turan Alptekin, İstanbul 2006. Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar. “Babaîler İsyanından Kızılbaşlığa: Anadolu’da İslam Hetorodoksisinin Doğuş ve Gelişim Tarihine Kısa Bir Bakış”, Belleten, C. LXIV/S.239, Nisan 2000, s.129- 160. Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar. Babaîler İsyanı, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul 2000. Roemer, Hans R. “Kızılbaş Türkmenler; Safevî Teokrasisinin Kurucuları ve Kurbanları”, Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Velî Araştırma Dergisi, S.38, 2006, s. 81-92. Sarı, Arif. “Osmanlı Devleti’nin Safevî Tebasına Yönelik İstimalet ve Mülteci Siyaseti”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, C.53/S.3, 2020, s.55-78. Sümer, Faruk. Safevi Devletinin Kuruluşu ve Gelişmesinde Anadolu Türklerinin Rolü, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 1999. Tekindağ, Şababettin. “Teke-eli veya Teke-ili”, İslâm Ansiklopedisi, C.12/1, MEB Yayınları, İstanbul 1979, s.124-125. Tekindağ, Şababettin. “Şah Kulu Baba Tekeli İsyanı”, Belgelerle Türk Tarihi Dergisi, S.3, Aralık 1967, s. 34-39. Tekindağ, Şababettin. “Şah Kulu Baba Tekeli İsyanı”, Belgelerle Türk Tarihi Dergisi, S.4, Ocak 1968, s.54-59. Tekindağ, Şababettin. “Teke-Oğulları”, İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 12/1, MEB Yayınları, İstanbul 1979, s. 128-133. Tekindağ, Şababettin. “Teke-Eli ve Teke-Oğulları”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Enstitüsü Dergisi, S.7-8, 1977, s.55-94. Turan, Osman. Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye, Boğaziçi Yayınları, İstanbul 1996. Yazıcı, Tahsin. “Safeviler”, İslam Ansiklopedisi, C.10, MEB Yayınları, İstanbul 1966, s.53-59. Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Yeniçağ Osmanlı Tarihi Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi Yazarlar Arif Sarı MİLLİ SAVUNMA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, KARA HARP OKULU 0000-0002-5820-7296 Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Haziran 2024 Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Mayıs 2024 Kabul Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 110
Kaynak Göster ISNAD Sarı, Arif. “SAFEVÎ DEVLETİ’NDE TEKELİ TÜRKMENLERİ”. Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi 110 (Haziran 2024), 179-198. https://doi.org/10.60163/tkhcbva.1479919.
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