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SAFEVİ DEVLETİ’NİN KURUMSALLAŞMA DÖNEMİNDE SAFEVİ ŞAHLARININ SEYYİDLERLE İLİŞKİLERİ Skip to content Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 8, 4 – 31, 30.06.2023
Ahmet Doğan , Tanju Ateş
https://doi.org/10.56448/ataddergi.1215192
Öz Seyyidler, Hz. Muhammed soyuna mensubiyetleri nedeniyle Müslümanlar arasında saygı ve hürmet duyulan kimselerdir. Bazı devletler ise Seyyidlerin bu konumundan istifade etmek için onlarla yakın ilişki kurmuşlar ve bu sayede onların gücünden istifade ederek meşruiyetlerini güçlendirmişlerdir. Bu devletlerden bir tanesi de İran Coğrafyasında egemenlik kuran Safevilerdir. Kızılbaş konargöçer kabileler tarafından kurulan Safevi Devleti’nin kuruluş döneminde yeterli miktarda din adamı yoktu. Bu nedenle devlet yöneticileri bu ihtiyacı ilk önce bölgede bulunan Seyyid ulemâlarla akabinde ise komşu coğrafyalarda ki Şiî Seyyid ulemaları İran’a davet ederek gidermeye çalışmışlardır. Bu nedenle kısa süre içerisinde önemli miktarda Şiî ve Seyyid nüfus bölgeye göç etmiştir. Devletin kurucusu olan Şah I. İsmail’in Şiîliği resmi mezhep olarak ilan etmesiyle birlikte bölgede dengeler değişmeye başlamış, Sünni nüfus azalırken Şiî nüfus hızla artmaya başlamıştır. Özellikle Sünni inanca sahip Osmanlı Devleti ve Özbek Hanedanlığı ile yapılan mücadele içerde Safevi şahlarının Şiîlere ve özellikle de Şiî Seyyid ulemaya daha sıkı sarılmasına neden olmuştur. Çünkü Şiî Seyyid ulemaya verilen her türlü destek şahların ve devletin meşruiyetinin sağlanmasında önemli bir işlev görmüştür. Bu nedenden dolayı da Şah I. İsmail, Şah I. Tahmasb ve Şah Muhammed Hudâbende zamanında önemli dini ve idari makamlara Şiî Seyyid ulemâ atanmış, Şiî Seyyidler her bakımdan desteklenmiştir. Safevi Devleti’nin en önemli şerri’, kazaî-hukukî makamları olan Sadâret, Şeyhülislâm, Kaziü’l-Kuzzât, Kadı ve Mollabaşılık gibi makamlar Şiî Seyyid zümrelerin uhdesine verilmiştir. Şiî Seyyid ulemaya destek vermeyen Şah II. İsmail gibi hükümdarların ise hükümranlığı kısa sürmüştür. Seyyidlik, Safevi hanedanının meşruiyetinin güçlenmesini kolaylaştırdığı gibi İran Coğrafyasında Şiîliğin resmi mezhep olarak yayılmasını ve İran milli kimliğin ortaya çıkmasına da katkı sağlamıştır. Zira dini bürokrasinin gelişmesine büyük oranda katkıda bulunan seyyidler, Şiîliğin halk tabanına yayılmasını kolaylaştırmışlar ve Safevi şahlarından almış oldukları siyasi ve ekonomik destekle birlikte 1500’lü yıllara kadar Sünnî bir coğrafya olan İran’ı Şiîleştirmişlerdir. Bu çalışmayla birlikte Safevî Devleti’nin kurumsallaşma (M.1501-1587) döneminde şerri’-kazaî-hukuki bürokraside Seyyidlerin konumu, nüfuz ve otoritesi Safevi kronikleri esas alınarak irdelenmiştir. Bu sayede Safevi Devleti’nin kurumsallaşma süreci olarak da adlandırılabilecek olan 16. Yüzyıl İran’ında Seyyidler üzerinden yürütülen Şiîleştirme faaliyetlerinin günümüz İran milli kimliğinin oluşmasına katkısı ortaya konmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler Safeviler, Seyyidler, Şiîlik, Sadr
Teşekkür Akademik Tarih ev Araştırmalar dergisi editör ekibine ve sekreteryasında görevli olan arkadaşlara teşekkür ederim. İyi çalışmalar dilerim.
Kaynakça Algar, Hamid “Çârdeh Ma‘sûm-ı Pâk”, DİA, C.8, İstanbul 1993, s.227-228. A.H. Morton, Michele Membré, Mission to the Lord Sophy of Persia (1539–1542), by The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London 1993. Abdi Beğ Şirazî, Safeviler: Tekmiletü’l Ahbâr, Haz. Şefaattin Deniz, Hasan Asadi, İstanbul 2009. Akaçeri, Seyyid Haşim – ALLAHYARİ, Hasan, “Tehvil-i ve Tenv’i-i Mefhumu Siyadet Der Asr-ı Safeviyye”, Mütalaat-ı Tarih-i İslam, Tahran 1390. Akaçeri, Seyyid Haşim- ALLAHYARÎ, Hasan, “Caygah-ı Sadat der Mansıb-ı Kelanteri der Devre-i Safeviyye”, Cami-i Şinasi-yi Tarihi, Tahran 1394. Akaçeri, Seyyid Haşim, Mukaddeme-i Ber Münasebat-ı Din u Devlet Der İran Asr-ı Safevi, Tahran: İntişarat-ı Tarh-ı Nu, Tahran 1389. Meşkûhü’l sultan, Akber, Meşkûhü’l Müsâfirin, Haz. Haşim Mukaddes, Neşr-ı Miras-ı İslâmî-yı İran, Tahran1 376. Aliev, Saleh Muhammedoğlu, “Elkas Mirza”, DİA, C.11, İstanbul 1995, s.55. Allahyarî, Hasan “Tehlil-i Tarih-i Muhacerat-ı Sadat Ez İran be Hind der Asr-ı Safevi: Ba Takid-i ber Teneşhay-ı Deruni ve Biruni-yi Sadat”, Mütalaat-ı Tarih-i Ferhengi, Sal-ı heftum, Şomare bist u heştum, Tabıstan, 1395, s.1-22. Anonim, Tarih-ı Cihangüşâ, Haz. Alla Data Muzaffer, Neşr-ı Danışgâh-ı Tebriz, Tebriz 1397. Apaydın, H.Yunus , “Humus”, DİA, C.18, İstanbul 1998, s.365-369. Apaydın, H.Yunus, “İctihad”, DİA, C.21, İstanbul 2000, s.432-445. Aydoğmuşoğlu, Cihat, “Safevi Hükümdarı Şah Abbas’ın Dinî Siyaseti”, Turkish Studies-International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, Volume 6/3, Summer 2015, p. 1329-1337. Aydoğmuşoğlu, Cihat, “Şah II. İsmail (1576-1577)Devri Siyasî ve Dinî Hâdiseleri”, The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, Number: 48, Summer II 2016, s.59-67. Bala, Mirza, “İran, Tarihi Bakış”, İA, C.5/2, MEB, 1997,s.1015-1028. Budak Münşî-İ Kazvinî, Cevâhirü’l-Ahbâr, Haz. Muhsin Behram Nejad, Miras-ı Mektub, Tahran 1378. Caferiyan, Resul “Revabıt-ı Sadat-ı Ben-i hüseyin-i Medine ba İsfahan-ı Safevi ber Esas-ı İtlaat-ı Tuhfetü’l Ezhar”, Ayine-i Miras, Sal-ı Çeharem, Şomare 4, Behar: 81, Tarihsiz. CunabedÎ, Mirza Bey, Ravzetü's-Safeviyye, Haz. Gulâm Rıza Tabatabâî Mecid, Mecmu’-yı İntışârât-ı Ebedî ve Tarih, Tahran 1378. Çelenk, Mehmet, “Safevîlerin Din Politikası ve İran’ın Şiîleşme Seyri”, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı 4, Çanakkale 2014, s. 29-33. Çerçî, Faris, Gelibolulu Ali ve Hünhü’l Ahbâr’ın II. Selim, III. Murat ve III. Mahmut Devirleri, Erciyes Üniversitesi Yayınları, Kayseri 2000. Dağlar, Mehmet, “Şah Tahmasb’ın Dini Siyaseti (1524-1576)”,Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sakarya 2017. Dağlar, Mehmet, “Safevî Bürokrasisinde Seyyidler (1524-1629)”, History Studies, 12/3, Haziran 2020, s. 999-1010. Ed-Dûri, Abdulazîz, “Bağdat”, DİA, C.4, İstanbul 1991, s.425-433. Efendiyev, Oktay, Azerbaycan Safevi Devleti (16.Yüzyıl), Çev. Ali Asker, İstanbul 2018. Kazvinî, Yahya ibn-i Abdüllatif El Hüseyni, Lebbut Tevarih, İntısarat-ı Müessesesi Haver, Tahran 1314. Emecen, Feridun, İmparatorluk Çağının Osmanlı Sultanları I: Bayezid (II), Yavuz, Kanuni, İstanbul 2011. Emir Mahmud Handmir, İran Der Ruzgar-ı Şah İsmail ve Şah Tahmasb-ı Safevi (Zeyl-i Habibü’s Siyer), Tahran 1390. Eravcı, Hacı Mustafa, “Safevi Hanedanı”, Türkler Ansiklopedisi, c.VI, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara 2002, s.886-890. Gholsorkhi, Shohreh, “Ismail II and Mirza Makhdum Sharifi: An Interlude in Safavid History”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol: 26, No. 3, 1994, s. 477- 488. Gündüz, Tufan Kızılbaşlar, Osmanlılar, Safevîler, Yeditepe Yayınları, İstanbul 2015. Gündüz, Tufan, “Safeviler”, DİA, C.35, İstanbul 2008, s.451-457. Gündüz, Tufan, Seyyahların Gözüyle Sultanlar ve Savaşlar, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2007. Hasan Bey Rumlu, Ahsenü’t- Tevârih, C.III, Haz. Abdül Hüseyin Nevâyî, İntışârât-ı Babek, Tahran 1357. Hasan Bey Rumlu, Ahsenü’t Tevarih, Cild-i Sevvom, Haz. Abdül Hüseyin Nevâyî, İntışârât-ı Babek, Tahran 1389. Hurşah Bin Kubad El-Hüseynî, Tarih-i İlçi-yi Nizamşah, Neşr: Muhammed Rıza Nasıri-Koiçi Haneda, Çap-ı Umur-u Fenni, Tahran 1379. Iqtıdar Husaın Sıddıquı, “Nizamşâhî”, DİA, C.33, İstanbul 2007, s.191-192. İskender Bey Münşî, Tarih-i Âlem Ârâ-yi Abbasi, Haz. İrec Afşar, Müessese-i İntişarat-ı Emir Kebir, Tahran 1387. Javanshir, Babak, “İran’daki Türk Boyları ve Boy Mensubu Kişiler (Safevî Dönemi I. Şah Tahmasb Hâkimiyetinin Sonuna Kadar)”, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul 2007. Kadı Ahmet Tetevi- Asaf Han-I Kazvini, Tarih-i Elfi, neşr: S. Ali Davud, Tahran 1999. Kaplan, Doğan, Safeviler ve Kızılbaşlık, Gece Kitaplığı, Ankara 2014. Karadağ Çınar, Gülay “Safevî Devleti’nin Güçlü Melikesi Hayrünnisa Begüm (985-987/1578-1579)”, Türkiyat Mecmuası, C. 21/Güz, 2011, s.87-103. Kazvinî, Kadı Ahmed Gaffarî, Tarih-i Cihân Ârâ, Haz. Müctebâ Minevî, Neşriyât-ı Kitabfüruş-ı Hâfız, Tahran 1343. Kesik, Beyhan “Kanuni’nin Şah Tahmasb’ın Gazeline Cevabı”, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2/2, (Mart 2015), s. 203-210. Kılıç, M.Erol, “Nimetullah-ı Veli”, DİA, C. 33, İstanbul 2007, s.133-134. Kumî, Kadı Ahmed bin Şerafeddin el Hüseyn el Hüseynî, Hulâsatü’t-Tevârîh, C. I-II, Haz. İhsan İşrakî, İntişârât-ı Danişgâh-ı Tehran, Tahran 1383. Küçükaşcı, Mustafa Sabri ,“ Seyyid”, DİA, C.37, İstanbul 2009, s.40-43. Kütükoğlu, Bekir, “Şah Tahmasb”, Vekayinüvis Makaleler, İstanbul 1994. Menuçehr Parsadust, Şah Tahmasb-ı Evvel, Şirket-i Sihami, Tahran 1391. Meşkuriyan, Muhammed Taki, CAFERÎ, Ali Ekber, “Sadat-ı Lale-i Tebriz der Güzar-ı Be Asr-ı Safevi”, Fasılnâme-i İlmi, Sal-ı Bist-u Pencum, Devre-i Cedid, Zımıstan, Tahran 1394. Minorsky, Vilademir, “Müşa’şalar”, İA, İstanbul,1997, C.8, s.841-844. MitchelL, Colin P., The Practice Of Politics in Safavid Iran (Power, Religion and Rhetoric), I. B. Tauris, London 2009. Muhammed Hüseyin Huşvakt, Tecziye ve Tahlîl-ı Tesmîmgirî Der Siyaset-ı Harecî, İntışârât-ı Vezâret-ı Umûr-ı Harecî, Tahran 1375. Muhammed İbn-I Hidayetullah Afuşte-i Natanzî, Nekavetü’l Asar, Haz. İhsan İşrakî, İntışârât-ı Esâtir, Tahran 1373. Musalı, Namıg, “I. Şah İsmail’in İdari-Askeri ve İçtimai-İktisadi Politikaları Üzerine Bazı Notlar ve Değerlendirmeler”, Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, İstanbul 2018, İlkbahar, 5/14, s.1-46. Müderris Tabatabayî, Misâlhâ-yı Sudûr-ı Safevi, Tahran 1389. Naskali, Esko, “İran Tarihi”, DİA, İstanbul, 2000, C. 22., s.394-395. Nevai, Abdulhüseyin, İran ve Cihan: Ez Moğol Ta Kaçariye, Müessese-i Neşr-i Hüma, Tahran 1366. Newman, Andrew, “The Role of the Sadat in Safavid Iran: Confrontation or Accommodation?”, Oriente Moderno, Nuova Serie, Anno 18(79), Nr.2, 1999, s.577-596. Newman, J. Andrew, Safavid Iran Rebirth of a Persian Empire, Newyork: 2009. Oruç Bey Bayat [İranlı Don Juan], İlişkiler Bir Şiî Katolik, (Tercüme ve Notlar: Tufan Gündüz), Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2014. Öz, Mustafa , “Şîa’da Humus”, DİA, C.18, İstanbul 1998, s.369-370. Özgüdenli, Osman Gazi, “İran, Fetihten Safevilere Kadar”, DİA, C.22, İstanbul 2000, s.395-400. Sâm Mirza-Yı Safevi, Tuhfe-i Sâmî, Haz. Fatma Enguranî, Tahran1389. Savory, Roger M., “Şah İsmail Döneminde Safevi Devleti’nin Temel Kurumları”, Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi, Çev. Emin Kırkıl, 10/2004, 199-216. Savory, Roger, Iran Under the Safavids, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1980. Sefakiş, Hamidreza, Safeviyan Der Gozeşti Tarih, İntişarat-ı Sahn, Tahran 1390. Seyyid Hasan Esterabadî, Tarih-i Sultani (Ez Şeyh Safi Ta Şah Safi), Haz. İhsan İşrakî, İntişârât-ı İlmi, Tahran 1366. Streusand, Douglas E., Ateşli Silahlar Çağında İslam İmparatorlukları: Osmanlılar, Safevîler, Babürlüler, Çev. Bahar Fırat, Ufuk Yayınları, İstanbul 2013. Stewart, Devin J, “The First Shaykh al-Islam of The Safavid Capital Qazvin”, Journal of The American Oriental Society, Volume 116, Number 3, July-September 1996. Sümer, Faruk, “I. ve II. Abbas Devirleri”, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Dergisi, İstanbul 1990, S.69, s.9-32. Sümer, Faruk “Akkoyunlular”, DİA, C. 2, İstanbul 1989, s.270-274. Sümer, Faruk, “Abbas I”, DİA, C.1, İstanbul 1998, s.17-19. Şah Tahmasb Bin İsmail Safevi, Tezkire-i Şah Tahmasb, İntişarat-ı Şark, Tahran 1363. Şemseddin Sami, Kâmûs-ı Türkî, Çağrı Yay., İstanbul 1996. Şeriatî, Ali, Şîa, Çev. Hicabi Kırlangıç, Ankara 2013. Şeref Han, Şerefnâme, Çev. M. Emin Bozarslan, Ant Yayınları, İstanbul 1971. Türkoğlu, Oğuz, Safevî İmparatorluğu, Parana Yayınları, İstanbul 2022. Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, Osmanlı Devleti’nin Merkez ve Bahriye Teşkilâtı, TTK, Ankara 1988. Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı, Osmanlı Tarihi, TTK, C. III, Ankara 1995. Yazıcı, Tahsin, “Şah İsmail”, İA, C.11, MEB, 1979, s. 275-279. Yazıcı, Tahsin, “Safevîler”, İA, C. 10, 1967, s.53-59. Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri Yazarlar Ahmet Doğan Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Niğde Yunus Emre Anadolu Lisesi 0000-0003-2685-957X Türkiye
Tanju Ateş YILDIRIM BEYAZIT ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0002-2401-391X Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023 Kabul Tarihi 29 Haziran 2023 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 8
Kaynak Göster MLA Doğan, Ahmet ve Tanju Ateş. “SAFEVİ DEVLETİ’NİN KURUMSALLAŞMA DÖNEMİNDE SAFEVİ ŞAHLARININ SEYYİDLERLE İLİŞKİLERİ”. Akademik Tarih Ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 8, 2023, ss. 4-31, doi:10.56448/ataddergi.1215192.
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