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SAFEVİYYE Skip to content SAFEVİYYE (الصفويّة) Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî (ö. 735/1334) tarafından kurulan ve XVI. yüzyılın başında İran’da Safevî Devleti’ne dönüşen bir tarikat.
Müellif: Reşat Öngören
Kurucusunun adına nisbetle Safeviyye diye bilindiği gibi Erdebîlî nisbesinden dolayı Erdebîliyye diye de anılır. Azerbaycan’ın Erdebil şehrinde kurulup buradan yayılması sebebiyle mensuplarına Erdebil sûfîleri denilmiştir. Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî’nin şeyhi İbrâhim Zâhid-i Geylânî, Zâhidiyye tarikatının kurucusu olarak kabul edildiği için Şeyh Safiyyüddin, İbrâhim Zâhid hayatta iken Zâhidiyye’nin bir temsilcisi sıfatıyla faaliyet göstermiş, ancak Zâhidiyye adı pek kalıcı olmamış ve İbrâhim Zâhid’den sonra silsilesi Halvetiyye ve Safeviyye şeklinde iki ayrı tarikat olarak devam etmiştir. Safeviyye’nin silsilesi Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî’den itibaren İbrâhim Zâhid-i Geylânî, Cemâleddîn-i Tebrîzî, Şehâbeddin Mahmûd, Rükneddîn-i Sücâsî vasıtasıyla Ebheriyye’nin kurucusu Kutbüddîn-i Ebherî’ye (ö. 572/1177) ulaşır (Harîrîzâde, II, vr. 221b ). Kutbüddîn-i Ebherî’nin ardından silsile Ebü’n-Necîb es-Sühreverdî’ye, ondan da Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî ve Hasan-ı Basrî vasıtasıyla Hz. Ali’ye varır.
Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî, Erdebil şehrindeki merkez tekkede sürdürdüğü faaliyetleriyle halkın çoğunu kendisine mürid yaptığı gibi İlhanlı yöneticilerinin de itibarını kazanmıştı. Şehrin mânevî hayatında önemli bir yeri olan dergâhın faaliyetleri İlhanlı Hükümdarı Gāzân Han ile veziri tarafından desteklenmekteydi. Vezir Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, Erdebil valisi olan oğlu Mîr Ahmed’e yolladığı mektupta şeyhe hürmet göstermesini ve onunla yakından ilgilenmesini istemesi, İlhanlı hükümdarlarından Ebû Said Bahadır Han ile Melikülümerâ Emîr Çoban b. Melik’in de şeyhin müridleri arasına katılması tarikatın kuruluş dönemindeki etkinliğini göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Faaliyetlerini Deştikıpçak ve Kırım gibi bölgelerde de sürdüren Şeyh Safiyyüddin ile birlikte Safeviyye çok geniş bir çevreye yayılmış, Azerbaycan başta olmak üzere Gîlân, Taberistan (Mâzenderân), Horasan, Buhara, Türkmenistan, Türkistan, Karahıtay, Çin Türkistanı, Hindistan, Serendib (Seylan), İran, Irak, Suriye, Lübnan, Hicaz, Anadolu ve Rumeli bölgelerinde binlerce müride sahip olmuş, bütün bu coğrafyada Erdebil’deki merkez tekkeye bağlı tekkeler kurulmuştur.
Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî’den sonra vasiyeti gereği yerine geçen oğlu Sadreddîn-i Erdebîlî babasının Erdebil’deki merkez tekkenin yanındaki kabrine bir türbe, dervişler için halvethâne ve dârülhuffâz gibi binalar yaptırarak tarikatı daha geniş imkânlara kavuşturdu. Fakat babasının müridlerinden Ebû Said Bahadır Han’ın 1335’te vefatının ardından meydana gelen siyasî karışıklıklar tarikatı da olumsuz etkiledi. Azerbaycan’ı kontrolü altına alan Melik Eşref Çobanî, kendisine karşı halkı isyana teşvik ettiği gerekçesiyle Şeyh Sadreddin’i Tebriz’de tutuklattıysa da üç ay sonra serbest bırakmak zorunda kaldı. Tekrar tutuklanacağını haber alan Şeyh Sadreddin 1354 yılında bazı halifeleriyle birlikte Gîlân’a geçti. Bu arada Altın Orda Hanı Canbeg onu himayesine aldı. Melik Eşref Çobanî, Tebriz’de Canbeg Han tarafından öldürüldükten sonra Şeyh Sadreddin 1356’da Erdebil’e döndü. Canbeg Han ailesine, tekkesine ve müridlerine ait Erdebil’deki bazı köyleri de içine alan mülklerin bir envanterini çıkartmasını ve bunları tescil edeceğini söyledi. Fakat hanın ertesi yıl vefatı üzerine bu gerçekleştirilemedi. Erdebil Valisi Celâyirli Ahmed b. Üveys tarafından 22 Zilkade 773 (26 Mayıs 1372) tarihinde hazırlanan bir fermanla tarikatın mal varlığı ve tekkeye yapılan bağışlar vergiden muaf tutuldu. Bu fermanda Şeyh Sadreddin’in “şeyhülislâm, âlimlerin ve şeyhlerin en büyüğü, dervişlerin önderi, sultan ve meliklerin rehberi” gibi unvanlarla anılması onun kemalini ve yöneticiler nezdindeki itibarını göstermesi bakımından önemlidir (ferman için bk. Şîrîn Beyânî, s. 221-227).
Sadreddîn-i Erdebîlî çeşitli bölgelere, özellikle Gürcistan ve Horasan bölgelerine gönderdiği halifeler vasıtasıyla Safeviyye tarikatını daha geniş bir topluluğa ulaştırmaya çalıştı. Meşhur halifesi Kāsım-ı Envâr’ı Gîlân’a ve 779’da (1377) Herat’a gönderdi. Kāsım-ı Envâr burada Timur ve oğlu Şâhruh dönemlerinde uzun müddet irşad faaliyetlerinde bulundu. Kaynaklarda diğer birçok yönetici gibi Timur’un da Sadreddîn-i Erdebîlî’ye olan itibarından ve güveninden söz edilmektedir. Şeyh Sadreddin’in sohbetlerine katılanlar arasında Nîşâburlu Hâce Kutbüddin Yahyâ-yı Câmî de vardır. Bu zatın daha önce Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî’nin sohbetlerinde bulunduğu belirtilmektedir (Câmî, s. 577).
Doksan yaşlarında vefat eden (794/1392) Sadreddîn-i Erdebîlî makamını Hâce Ali unvanıyla tanınan oğlu Alâeddîn-i Erdebîlî’ye vasiyet etti. Şeyh Sadreddin’in diğer oğlu Şehâbeddin’in de babasından sonra Safeviyye şeyhi olarak faaliyet gösterdiği anlaşılmaktadır. Hâce Ali zamanında Safeviyye tarikatının zirve noktasına ulaştığı belirtilmektedir. Bazı İran kaynaklarında Timur’un Ankara Savaşı’ndan dönüşünde (1402) ziyaret ettiği Hâce Ali’den çok etkilendiği ve Erdebil’i köyleriyle birlikte tarikata bağışladığı kaydedilmektedir. Bu sırada Timur’un Anadolu’dan getirdiği ve Hâce Ali’nin isteği üzerine serbest bıraktığı 30.000 Türk esirin Safeviyye tarikatına girdiği nakledilir. Bunların birçoğu daha sonra Anadolu’ya döndü, bunlar vasıtasıyla Teke yöresinde Hamîdoğulları ve Karamanoğulları gibi beyliklerden birçok kişi Hâce Ali’ye intisap etti. Yine bu dönemde Safeviyye tarikatı Talvâr, Kızıluzun, Kumrâhıisfahan ve Hemedan gibi bölgelerde birçok vakıf arazisine sahip oldu. Hâce Ali’nin Timur’un Anadolu’dan getirdiği esirlerin serbest bırakılmasını sağladığına dair Timurlular devri kaynaklarında bir kayıt bulunmadığına dikkat çeken Faruk Sümer yukarıda anlatılan hadisenin gerçekle ilgisinin olmadığını ileri sürmektedir (Safevî Devleti’nin Kuruluşu, s. 6-7). Timur’un yerine geçen oğlu Şâhruh Mirza, 823 (1420) yılında Karakoyunlular’a karşı sefere çıktığı sırada Şeyh Safiyyüddin’in kabrini ziyaret etti ve Hâce Ali ile görüşerek ondan mânevî yardım istedi.
Hâce Ali’nin hac maksadıyla büyük bir toplulukla çıktığı yolculuk sırasında Suriye’ye gitmesi ve burada görüştüğü âlimler nezdinde iyi bir fakih ve sûfî olarak tanınması Safeviyye’nin Suriye’de daha geniş çevreye yayılmasını sağladı. Erdebil’e dönerken kaldığı Kudüs’te aralarında İbnü’s-Sâiğ diye bilinen Hanefî fakihi Şemseddin Muhammed b. Ahmed’in de bulunduğu birçok kimse kendisine mürid oldu. Kemal Ümmî de Hâce Ali’nin Anadolu’da faaliyet gösteren halifelerindendir. Hâce Ali’nin Anadolu’daki bir başka halifesi Bayramiyye tarikatının pîri Hacı Bayrâm-ı Velî’nin mürşidi Somuncu Baba’dır (Hamîdüddin Aksarâyî). Bayramiyye ve Celvetiyye tarikatı silsileleri Hacı Bayrâm-ı Velî, Somuncu Baba, Hâce Ali vasıtasıyla Safeviyye silsilesine ulaşır. Harîrîzâde ve Tabibzâde gibi müelliflere göre Hâce Ali’den Somuncu Baba’ya gelen silsileden Molla Fenârî de hilâfet almıştır (Tibyân, II, vr. 222a ; Silsilenâme, s. 17). Somuncu Baba’dan Hacı Bayrâm-ı Velî’ye ulaşan silsile ile Molla Fenârî’ye ulaşan silsilenin Safeviyye’nin üç şubesinden ikisini teşkil ettiğini, üçüncüsünün Haydariyye şubesi olduğunu belirten Harîrîzâde, Haydariyye şubesinin silsilesini diğer silsilelerden farklı olarak Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî’den itibaren yedinci imam Mûsâ el-Kâzım üzerinden Hz. Hüseyin’e ve Hz. Ali’ye varan soy şeceresi şeklinde kaydetmiş, Şeyh Safiyyüddin’den sonra oğlu Sadreddîn-i Erdebîlî, oğlu Hâce Ali, oğlu İbrâhim, oğlu Haydar Pîrüddin şeklinde bir müddet babadan oğula intikal ettirdikten sonra Nakşibendiyye-Hâlidiyye’nin kurucusu Hâlid el-Bağdâdî’ye bağlamıştır (Tibyân, II, vr. 222a ).
Somuncu Baba’nın 815’te (1412), Hâce Ali’nin 832’de (1429) vefat ettiği gerekçesiyle Somuncu Baba’nın ondan değil babası Sadreddîn-i Erdebîlî’den hilâfet aldığı ileri sürülmüşse de Somuncu Baba’nın kesin olmayan bu ölüm tarihi doğru kabul edilse bile Hâce Ali’den hilâfet almasının mümkün olabileceği belirtilmiştir. Ancak Sarı Abdullah Efendi’nin Hâce Ali’nin Somuncu Baba’yı Anadolu’ya gönderdikten kısa bir süre sonra vefat ettiğini ve onun Yıldırım Bayezid zamanında Bursa’ya geldiğini söylemesi (Semerâtü’l-fuâd, s. 231) bu konu üzerinde kesin görüş belirtmeyi güçleştirmektedir (DİA, XI, 279). İsmâil Hakkı Bursevî’nin Somuncu Baba’nın Hâce Ali’nin oğlu Şeyh İbrâhim’den hilâfet aldığına dair verdiği bilginin doğruluğu ise (Silsile-i Celvetiyye, s. 70) tarih açısından mümkün değildir.
Hâce Ali’den sonra Erdebil’deki tekkede yerine “Şeyh Şah” diye bilinen oğlu İbrâhim geçti (ö. 851/1447). Safeviyye tarikatı onun zamanında İran’ın kuzeybatısı, Anadolu’nun doğusu ve Suriye’nin kuzeyinde yaşayan Türkmen kabileleri başta olmak üzere geniş bir topluluk arasında yayılmasını sürdürdü. Şeyh İbrâhim’in ardından tarikatın başına geçen oğlu Şeyh Cüneyd ile birlikte Safeviyye siyasî yönü ağır basan bir tarikat haline geldi. Bu gelişme, Şeyh İbrâhim döneminde önemli bir mevkiye sahip olan amcası Şeyh Câfer’le aralarının açılmasına sebep oldu. Şeyh Câfer’in ve Karakoyunlu Hükümdarı Cihan Şah’ın baskılarına dayanamayan Cüneyd yanındaki sadık müridleriyle birlikte Erdebil’i terketmek zorunda kalınca posta Şeyh Câfer oturdu. Cüneyd ise çoğunluğunu Türkmen kabilelerinin oluşturduğu özellikle Şiî bağlılarını siyasî emelleri için potansiyel bir güç haline dönüştürdü. Ayrıca Akkoyunlu Hükümdarı Uzun Hasan’ın kız kardeşiyle yaptığı evlilik çocuklarına Akkoyunlu hânedanı üyelerinden biri olarak iktidara talip olma konusunda bir gerekçe sağladı. Cüneyd’in Şirvanşah Sultan Halil ile giriştiği bir savaşta öldürülmesi üzerine (864/1460) geride kalan müridleri oğlu Haydar’ın etrafında toplandı. Şeyh Haydar, babasından Safevî tarikatının mânevî liderliğinin yanı sıra düşmanlarına karşı savaşmaya istekli geniş bir sûfî-gazi topluluğu ile Akkoyunlu hânedanlığı içinde güçlü bir pozisyon devralmıştı. Karakoyunlu hânedanına son vererek otoritesini bütün topraklarına yaymış olan dayısı Uzun Hasan tarafından 1469 yılında Erdebil’e yerleştirilen Haydar müridlerine on iki dilimli, üzerine beyaz bir tülbent sarılan sürahi biçiminde kırmızı bir taç (tâc-ı Haydar) giydirmeye başladı. Bu başlığı kullananlara Osmanlılar başlangıçta alay maksadıyla “kızılbaş” dedikleri için daha sonra bu isimle anılır oldular. Öte yandan Haydar dayısının kızı Halime Begüm ile evlenmek suretiyle Akkoyunlu yönetimi ile bağlarını daha da güçlendirdi ve İran’ın her geçen gün kötüleşen iç şartlarını kendi lehine kullanmaya çalıştı. Haydar, 893 (1488) yılında Akkoyunlu Hükümdarı Sultan Yâkub ile Şirvanşah Ferruh Yesâr’ın birleşik kuvvetlerine karşı giriştiği savaşta öldürülmesinin ardından liderliğe önce büyük oğlu Ali, onun öldürülmesinden sonra da diğer oğlu İsmâil (Şah İsmâil) geçti. İsmâil, 1501 yılında Akkoyunlu başşehri Tebriz’de taç giyerek İsnâaşeriyye Şiîliği’nin resmî mezhep olarak kabul edildiği Safevî Devleti’ni kurdu (bk. SAFEVÎLER ).
Sünnî bir tarikat olarak kurulduğu halde daha sonra İsnâaşeriyye Şiîliği’nin resmî mezhep olarak kabul edildiği bir devlete dönüşen Safeviyye’de Şiîliğin ne zaman ve nasıl başladığı hususunda değişik görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. W. Hinz gibi bazı araştırmacılar Safeviyye tarikatının Hâce Ali zamanında Şiîleştiğini ve onun ricasıyla Timur’un esaretinden kurtulup müridleri arasına katılanlardan Anadolu’ya dönenleri Şiî-Safevî propagandası yapmakla görevlendirdiğini söylemiştir. Timur’un halefi ve koyu bir Sünnî olan Şâhruh Mirza’nın 1420’de Erdebil’de Hâce Ali’yi ziyaret ederek kendisinden mânevî destek istemesi, Hâce Ali’nin Kudüs’teki halifesi İbnü’s-Sâiğ’in meşhur bir Hanefî fakihi olması, Anadolu’da faaliyet gösteren halifelerinden Kemal Ümmî’nin şiirlerinde Sünnî akîdenin dışına çıkmaması, Osmanlı sultanlarının Şeyh Cüneyd’in Erdebil’den ayrılışına kadar “çerağ akçesi” adıyla her yıl tekkeye yardımda bulunması gibi hususlar bu görüşün yanlış olduğunu göstermektedir. Tarikatta ilk Şiîlik temayülü, Anadolu’daki Şiîliğe meyilli oymakları büyük ölçüde bu şekilde taraftarları arasına katmayı hedefleyen Cüneyd’in Erdebil’den ayrılışıyla başlamıştır. Yeterince dinî bilgiye sahip olmayan bu oymaklar arasında zamanla aşırı fikirler yayılmış ve tarihçi Huncî’nin kaydettiğine göre Cüneyd ve oğlu Haydar bağlıları tarafından tanrılaştırılmıştır (Târîḫ-i ʿÂlemʾârâ-yı Emînî, s. 272). Aynı anlayışın Şah İsmâil’e karşı da sürdürüldüğü, hatta İsmâil’in şiirlerinde bu anlayışı teyit eden ifadelerin bulunduğu görülmektedir (Minorsky, BSOAS, X [1940-42], s. 1025a, 1032a, 1036a, 1037a). M. Mazzaoui ve Seyyid Hüseyin Nasr gibi çağdaş araştırmacılar, Safeviyye’de Şiîliğe dönüşü siyasî sebeplerle değil tasavvuf ve tarikatların özünde bulunan Şiîlik anlayışının zamanla ortaya çıkmasıyla izah etmeye çalışmışlarsa da bu görüşün birçok bakımdan tutarsızlığı ortaya konmuştur (Algar, VII [1974], s. 287-290).
Safeviyye’de tarikatın kurucusu Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî’nin şeyhi İbrâhim Zâhid-i Geylânî’den tevarüs ettiği zikir şekli uygulanmaktadır. İbrâhim Zâhid, Allah’ın bin bir isminin özü olarak kabul ettiği on iki isimden oluşan esmâ zikriyle seyrüsülûk metodunu uygulayan ilk sûfî diye bilinir. Bu on iki ismin ilk yedisine “esmâ-i seb‘a” (lâ ilâhe illallah, Allah, hû, hak, hay, kayyûm, kahhâr), diğerlerine “esmâ-i hamse” (vehhâb, fettâh, vâhid, ehad, samed) adı verilir. Öte yandan İbrâhim Zâhid’in semâ ile zikri benimsemediği belirtilmektedir. Safeviyye’deki seyrüsülûkle ilgili, Bayramiyye şeyhlerinden Şeyh Muhyiddin Muhammed Yavsî’nin Risâle fî sülûki’ṭ-ṭarîḳati’ṣ-Ṣafeviyye isimli birkaç varaklık risâlesi Harîrîzâde tarafından kaydedilmiştir (Tibyân, II, vr. 223a -225a ).
Safiyyüddîn-i Erdebîlî’den itibaren tarikat mensupları iki karış uzunluğunda beyaz taç giymiştir. İbrâhim Zâhid-i Geylânî, Şeyh Safiyyüddin’e hilâfet verirken seyyid olması sebebiyle yeşil taç giydirmiş, ancak Safiyyüddin daha sonra seyyidliği konusunda şüpheye düşüp yeşil taç yerine beyaz tacı tercih etmiştir. Bu gelenek, Safeviyye’nin Somuncu Baba ile Anadolu’ya gelen silsilesi Bayramiyye’de de sürdürülmüştür. Şeyh Haydar’ın, müridlerine kızıl tacı Bayramî dervişlerinden ayırt etmek için giydirdiği belirtilmektedir (Müstakimzâde Süleyman Sâdeddin, s. 68). Dolayısıyla Bayramiyye’de Safeviyye’ye mensup Erdebil sûfîleriyle ilgilerinin olmadığını vurgulamak maksadıyla on iki dilimli kızıl tacın beyaz çuhaya çevrildiği şeklindeki bilgi (DİA, V, 270) doğru değildir (Müstakimzâde Süleyman Sâdeddin, s. 86-87). Lemezât-ı Hulviyye’de (vr. 129a-b ) ayrıca, Haydar’ın etrafında toplanıp kızıl taç giyen kızılbaşlardan ayrılarak tarikatta siyah taç giyen Sünnîler’in olduğu ve bunlara “karabaş” dendiği belirtilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 460-462 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.