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ŞAH Skip to content Bazı İslâm devletlerinde yönetici, hâkim, padişah ve hükümdar anlamında kullanılan bir unvan.
Farsça şâhın (şeh) Sanskritçe’de “hükümet etmek” anlamındaki xshath kelimesinden geldiği ve Avesta’da “hüküm süren, ülkeyi harap olmaktan koruyan” mânasında xshatra ve xshactar şeklinde kullanıldığı, Med dilinde xshathrita, Ahamenîler döneminde xshayathiya biçimine dönüştüğü ileri sürülmektedir. Kelime Ahamenîler’den Pehlevî diline şah ve pataxshah, fasih Farsça’ya (Derî) şah ve pâdişâh olarak geçmiştir. Padişah “şahlığı koruyan, saltanatı gözeten” anlamına gelmektedir. Büyük Kyros’un milâttan önce 550’de Med ve Persler’i birleştirmesinin ardından Ârî ve Ârî olmayan kavimler Ahamenîler’e bağlandı. Ardından Ahamenî hükümdarları “şâh-ı şâhân” (şahların şahı) unvanını kullanmaya başladılar. Bu tabir daha sonra “şâhânşâh” (şâhenşâh, şâhinşâh, şehinşâh) şeklini aldı. Ahamenîler döneminde şahanşaha tam bir itaatle bağlı olan şehirlerin yöneticileri ve iktâ sahipleri Partlar devrinde özerklik kazanıp kendi bölgelerinin hâkimi durumuna geldiler. “Memleketlerin şahı” (xshayathia dahyunam) diye anılmaya başlayan Part hükümdarları paralarının üzerine Yunanca “basileus-basileon” (şâh-ı şâhân) ibaresini yazdırdılar. Ahamenîler döneminde saltanatın Tanrı’nın bir lutfu olduğuna ve yeryüzünde düzeni sağlaması için şahın Ahura Mazda tarafından görevlendirildiğine, Ahura Mazda’nın şahın faaliyetlerinden memnun olduğu sürece onun tahtta kaldığına inanılırdı. Bu sebeple şah, Tanrı’dan sonra yeryüzünde eşi ve benzeri bulunmayan en büyük varlık olarak görülmekteydi. Şah ordunun, hükümetin ve dinin reisi, Tanrı’nın yeryüzündeki tezahürü, O’nun merhametinin ve kahrının temsilcisi, Tanrı’nın gölgesi (zıllullah / sâye-i Hudâ) diye kabul edilirdi. Dinle devlet birbirinden ayrılmaz kurumlar olarak algılanır, şah dinin koruyucusu, din ise devletin temeli sayılırdı.
Sâsânîler’de ülkenin değişik bölgelerinde hüküm süren iktâ sahipleri emîrlere de şah denilirdi. Sâsânî hükümdarı şahanşah unvanına sahipti. Şahanşah, kendisine bağlılıklarını bildirmeleri ve gerektiğinde hizmet etmeleri karşılığında şahlığın miras yoluyla çocuklarına intikaline izin verirdi. Kendilerini hükümdar olmaya hazırlamaları için eyaletlerde idareci sıfatıyla görevlendirilen şehzadeler de şah unvanını kullanırdı. Meselâ Sâsânîler’in ünlü hükümdarlarından I. Behram, Gîlân eyaletinde yönetici iken Gîlânşah, IV. Behram Kirman eyaletinin hâkimi iken Kirmanşah unvanını taşıyordu. Sâsânîler zamanında İran hükümdarları kendilerini “İranlılar’ın ve İranlı olmayanların şahanşahı” diye tanımlıyor ve “minuçitra / minûçihr” (cennet yüzlü, Tanrı’nın soyundan gelen) unvanını kullanıyorlardı. Şah her türlü cismanî kusurdan uzaktı ve özürlü kişilerin onu görmesi yasaktı. Sarayda kabul esnasında bir perdenin arkasında oturur ve yüzünü kimseye göstermez, huzurunda konuşulmazdı. Büveyhîler de Sâsânîler gibi şahanşah unvanını benimsediler. Şahanşah unvanını hutbe ve sikkelerde resmî unvan olarak ilk defa Adudüddevle kullandı. Daha sonra onun halefleri bu unvanı “melik” unvanı ile birlikte yaygın biçimde kullandılar. Abbâsî Halifesi Kādir-Billâh, Bahâüddevle’ye şahanşah unvanını verdi. Bu unvan Selçuklu hükümdarları tarafından da benimsendi. Nitekim Tuğrul Bey “es-sultânü’l-muazzam şahanşah”, Alparslan “şâhanşâhü’l-muazzam, şâhinşâhü’l-a‘zam”, Melikşah “es-sultânü’l-muazzam şâhanşâh”, Sencer de şâhinşâhü’l-a‘zam” unvanını kullanmıştır (Özaydın, s. 426-430). Şahanşah yerine bazan Arapça karşılığı olan “melikü’l-mülûk” veya “sultânü’s-selâtîn” unvanlarına yer verilmiştir. Bazan da hem şahanşah hem melikü’l-mülûk unvanları birlikte kullanılmıştır. Mahallî emîrler arasında görülen şah veya “kethüdâ” unvanı ise yerini giderek Türkçe “bey” ve “han” unvanlarına bırakmıştır.
Abbâsî Halifesi Nâsır-Lidînillâh, Eyyûbî Hükümdarı I. el-Melikü’l-Âdil’e 604’te (1207-1208) gönderdiği bir menşurda kendisine “şâhinşah melikü’l-mülûk” diye hitap ediyordu (Makrîzî, I, 202). İlhanlı Hükümdarı Hülâgû, Halep Eyyûbî Hükümdarı el-Melikü’n-Nâsır Selâhaddin Yûsuf’a 657’de (1259) yolladığı bir mektupta “şâhinşâh-ı rûy-ı zemîn” unvanını kullanmıştır (a.g.e., II, 416). Aynı şekilde Memlük Sultanı Berkuk da şâhinşâhü’l-muazzam unvanını benimsemiştir (Kalkaşendî, IX, 334).
XI ve XII. yüzyıllarda şah unvanı giderek terkedilirken şah kelimesi Selçuklular’da hükümdarların adının yanında sıfat olarak (Melikşah, Tuğrulşah, Süleymanşah, Şâhinşah) yer almıştır. Aynı şekilde İslâm devletlerinde “şâh-ı arz, şâh-ı cihan, şâh-ı Diyârbekir, şâhü’d-dünyâ, Ahlatşah, Şâhinşâh-ı dünyâ, Turanşah ve İranşah” gibi yere bağlı isimlerin yanı sıra Arapşah, Arslanşah, Behramşah gibi kişi adlarının kullanımı devam etmiştir. Müslüman Türk hânedanı olan Hârizmliler’in hükümdarları kadim İran’da olduğu gibi Hârizmşah unvanını kullanmıştır. Doğu Kafkasya’daki Şirvan bölgesine hâkim olan hânedanlar da Şirvanşah unvanını taşıyordu. Moğol hâkimiyetinin İran’da sona ermesinin ardından mahallî beyler kendilerini emîr diye tanımlamaya başlamış, ancak aralarında nâdir de olsa şah unvanını kullananlar da olmuştur. Öte yandan Fâtımî Halifesi Müstansır-Billâh, Efdal b. Bedr el-Cemâlî’yi şehinşah unvanıyla vezir ve emîrü’l-cüyûş tayin etmiştir.
Safevîler’in İran’a hâkim olmasından sonra şah unvanı tekrar yaygınlık kazanmış ve “İran hükümdarı” anlamında kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Şah İsmâil hem Safevî tarikatının şeyhi hem Safevî Devleti’nin sultanıydı, böylece dinî ve siyasî güç şahsında toplanmıştı. Bu dönemde din eski İran’da olduğu gibi yeniden devletin dayanağı, şah da dinin koruyucusu durumuna gelmiştir. Şah İsmâil’in ölümünden sonra bu anlayışta ciddi sarsılmalar olmuşsa da Nâdir Şah Afşar zamanında şah eskiden olduğu gibi güç ve kudretin en yüksek temsilcisi kabul edilmiştir. Afşarlar’ın İran tahtından çekilmesinin ardından kurulan Zend hânedanı döneminde şah vb. unvanlar tamamen terkedilip “vekil” unvanı kullanılmıştır. Hükümdar kendisini “vekîl-i reâyâ” diye tanımlıyordu. Kaçar hânedanı döneminde şah unvanı yeniden canlandırılmıştır. Bu unvanın Hindistan’da hüküm süren Delhi sultanları ve Bâbürlüler gibi Türk devletleriyle diğer bazı hânedanlar arasında Şah Cihan gibi ismin başında veya Fîrûz Şah, Tuğluk Şah ve Mübarek Şah gibi ismin sonunda yer aldığı görülmektedir.
XIV. yüzyılda yazılan Ahmedî’nin İskendernâme’sinde ve Enverî’nin Düstûrnâme’sinde şah ve şehinşah unvanlarının yer aldığı bilinmektedir. Osmanlı sultanları padişah, sultan, han ve hakan unvanlarının yanı sıra bu unvanı da kullanmıştır. Osmanlı sultanlarına ait ilk tuğralarda şah unvanına rastlanmaz. Yavuz Sultan Selim’den itibaren III. Ahmed dönemine kadar olan padişahların tuğralarında isimle han kelimesi arasında şah unvanına da yer verilmiştir. Bu unvan Yavuz Sultan Selim ve Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın tuğralarında Selimşah ve Süleymanşah şeklinde görülmektedir. Bu durum, şehzadelerin sancaklarda görev yaptıkları sırada isimlerinin şah unvanıyla belirtilmiş olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. II. Bayezid’in şehzadelerinden Âlemşah, Şehinşah, Selimşah örneğinde olduğu gibi şahın isimlerin tamamlayıcı bir unsuru halinde kullanıldığı, bazan da isim yanında bir unvan şeklinde geçtiği dikkati çekmektedir. İkinci kullanıma Yavuz Sultan Selim’in oğlu Süleyman da bir örnek teşkil etmektedir ve şehzadeliği döneminde belgelerde Süleymanşah diye anılmıştır. Ayrıca Yavuz Sultan Selim, Şah İsmâil’e gönderdiği mektuplarda kendisini Sultan Selim Şah olarak tanımlarken Şah İsmâil’e sadece emîr sıfatını vermektedir. Osmanlı tarihçilerinin pek çoğu Osmanlı sultanlarını şah, şehinşah veya şâh-ı Rûm gibi sıfatlarla anmıştır. Öte yandan II. Selim’in şehzadeliği dönemine ait tuğralarda şah unvanına rastlanmazken sultan olduktan sonra ismine şah unvanı da eklenmiştir. III. Mustafa’nın bazı tuğraları hariç III. Ahmed’den itibaren artık bu unvana yer verilmemiştir. Ayrıca Hz. Ali’ye ve ondan sonra gelen tarikat ulularına, büyük mutasavvıflara, tarikat pîrlerine ve şeyhlerine şah unvanı verilmiştir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 248-250 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.