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ŞÂH-ı ZİNDE Skip to content Özbekistan’ın Semerkant şehrinde Kusem b. Abbas’ın türbesi etrafında zamanla oluşan yapılar topluluğu.
Şehrin kuzeyinde Efrâsiyâb tepesi diye bilinen yükseltinin güney yamaçları mahallî çevrede kutsal bir mevki olarak kabul edilmiş, bu alanın önemi bölgede İslâmiyet’in yayıldığı tarihlerden başlayıp yüzyıllarca sürmüştür. Bunun sebebi, Hz. Peygamber’in amcasının oğlu Kusem b. Abbas’ın İslâm dinini yaymak üzere bölgeye gelerek burada şehid olmasıdır. Kusem b. Abbas için yapılan kabir zamanla önemli bir ziyaretgâh olmuş, etrafında türbeler ve mezarlık başta olmak üzere birçok yapı inşa edilmiştir. Kusem b. Abbas’ın kabri “Şâh-ı Zinde” (yaşayan sultan) diye anılmış ve bu adlandırma bütün alanı tanımlar hale gelmiştir. Yapılar topluluğu kaynaklarda Mecmûa-i (Gûristân-ı / Kabristân-ı / Ârâmgâh-ı) Şâh-ı Zinde (Şâh-ı Zend) şeklinde geçmektedir.
1220’de Cengiz Han kumandasındaki Moğollar tarafından tahrip edilen eski Semerkant şehriyle birlikte mezarlık ve mezarlıktaki türbelerin temellerine kadar yıkıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Moğol tahribatından kısmen kurtulmuş olan Kusem b. Abbas Türbesi ve Mescidi 1335’te yeniden ihya edilmiş, daha sonraki yıllarda tâdil ve tamirler sürmüştür. 1360’lı yıllardan itibaren mezarlık alanı olarak tercih edilen ve kutsal alan özelliğini kazanan bölge önemli bir imar faaliyetine sahne olmaya başlamıştır. XV. yüzyıl boyunca devam eden bu faaliyet Timur ve Uluğ Bey devirlerinde doruğa ulaşmasına rağmen XIX. yüzyılda yapılan tamir, tâdil ve ilâvelerle sürmüştür. Alanda XX. yüzyılda çeşitli tarihlerde önemli arkeolojik çalışmalar yapılmış, bu arada restorasyon faaliyetleri hız kazanmıştır. Bütün bu çalışmalara rağmen henüz tam olarak anlaşılamamış kalıntılar mevcuttur.
Bugün alana güney tarafında Uluğ Bey’in yaptırdığı âbidevî taçkapıdan (dervâze, 1434) geçilerek girilmektedir. Girişin yanlarında bulunan binalar günümüzde müze şeklinde kullanılmakta olup esasında mescid, dergâh ve medrese gibi bölümlerden meydana gelmiştir. Doğu tarafındaki Devlet Kuşbek Medresesi 1813 tarihli bir bina iken batıdaki bölümler Uluğ Bey devrinden kalmadır. Uluğ Bey’in, oğlu Abdullah adına inşa ettirdiği bu kısım mescid ve değişik bölümlerden oluşan bir dergâhtır ve âbidevî taçkapıyla aynı zamanda 1435-1436’da yapılmıştır. Âbidevî taçkapıdan sonra yer alan binalar dar ve uzun bir sokak etrafında üç kısım halinde teşekkül etmiştir. Arazinin eğimine göre şekillenen sokak önce merdivenlerle varılan bir çardak teşkil eden ikinci taçkapıya, daha sonra en yukarı kısımda bulunan üçüncü taçkapıya varacak biçimde yapıların eksenini oluşturmakta ve en üst kısımdaki küçük bir meydanda sona ermektedir. Kusem b. Abbas’a adanmış türbe ve mescidin içinde yer aldığı en üst kısımdaki yapılar arasında külliyenin mevcut en eski tarihli binaları bulunmaktadır. Arkeolojik çalışmalar, bu kesimde XI. yüzyıldan itibaren önemli bir imar faaliyetinin mevcut olduğunu gösteren temeller ve bina kalıntılarını gün ışığına çıkarmıştır. Kusem b. Abbas Türbe ve Mescidi eski yapı kalıntıları üstüne inşa edilmiştir.
Türbe ve ona bağlı mescid üst kısımda olup en üstte yer alan taçkapının doğu tarafından girilen bir koridorla irtibat halindedir. XV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında inşa edilen mescide bu koridordan girilmektedir. Geniş ve derin giriş nişinden geçilen mescid ortası kare, yanları dörtgen biçiminde üç bölümlü olup orta mekân kubbeyle örtülüdür. Güneydoğu tarafındaki bir kapıdan türbenin ziyaretgâhına girilir. Mescidin doğusunda mescid ve koridorla ilişkili odalar bulunmaktadır. Ziyaretgâhla bu odalar arasında bir bölüm mevcuttur. Yapıların en güneyinde yer alan kısım türbedir. 1960’tan sonra yapılan çalışmalarda bu kısımda önemli değişikliklerin olduğu ve 735 (1335) tarihli türbe ve ziyaretgâhın Timurlu devrinde yer değiştirdiği anlaşılmıştır. Aslında günümüzdeki türbe bölümü şimdi ziyaretgâh olarak kullanılan bölümün giriş kısmını teşkil etmekteydi. Bütün bölüm mavi, beyaz ve yeşil rengin hâkim olduğu mozaik çinilerle kaplanmıştır. Sokağın karşı tarafında gerçekleştirilen kazılarda Karahanlı devrine tarihlendirilen bir medrese kalıntısı ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
Günümüze ulaşmış en eski türbe olan Hoca Ahmed Türbesi 751 (1350) yılına tarihlendirilmektedir. Yalnız cephesi ayakta kalan binanın planı kazılarla belirlenmiştir. Kare planlı olan yapının, köşe kemerleri tarafından teşkil edilmiş sekizgen bir bölüm üstünde yer alan kubbeyle örtülü olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Dörtgen kriptasında fîrûze sırlı çinilerle kaplı bir sanduka vardır. Renkli sırlı ve sır altı tekniğiyle yapılmış çini tezyinatı olduğu görülmektedir. Kimin için inşa edildiği bilinmeyen 1360-1361 tarihli türbe de bu döneme aittir. İçte kare planlı yapıda mukarnaslı tromplar üstünde sekizgen kasnaklı kubbe vardır. Kriptası basık kubbeli olup sırlı tuğla tezyinatı göz alıcıdır. Bina daha sonraki türbeler için örnek teşkil etmiştir. 1372 tarihli Şâd-ı Mülk Aka Türbesi, Timur’un ablası Türkân Aka tarafından kızı Şâd-ı Mülk için inşa ettirilmiş kare planlı bir yapıdır. Orta kısımda yer alan bina, kare mekân üzerine gelen köşe kemerleriyle sağlanmış sekizgen bir bölüm ve üstünde yer alan onaltıgen bir kısım üzerinde bulunan kubbeyle örtülüdür. Dışarıda sivri bir dış kubbesi olan yapının yüksek bir giriş kemerine sahip cephesindeki yüksek niş mukarnaslıdır. Bina tuğla ve mozaik çini tezyinatlıdır. Orta kısımda yer alan 1376 tarihli Emîr Hüseyin b. Tuğluk Tekin Türbesi günümüzde önemli ölçüde harap durumda olan kare planlı bir yapıdır. Pîştâklı cephesi de önemli ölçüde yıkılmıştır. Sekizgen bir kısım üstünde onaltıgen tambur üzerindeki kubbeyle örtülüdür. Dış cephesi renkli sırlı tuğla ve renkli sırlı çinilerle kaplıdır, içeride aşağıdaki çini kaplamalar üzerine stuko tezyinat yapılmıştır. 1380 yıllarında inşa edilmiş olması muhtemel ve kimin için yapıldığı bilinmeyen, fakat Usta Ali ismiyle tanınan türbe kare planlı bir bina olup dış cephesindeki pîştâkıyla dikkat çekmektedir. Örtü sistemi, köşe kemerleri tarafından teşkil edilen sekizgen kısım üstündeki onaltıgen bölüm ve üzerindeki kubbeden meydana gelmektedir. Dış cephede sırlı tuğla, sır üstü tekniğiyle yapılmış çini geometrik desenler ve kitâbelerden oluşan bir tezyinat mevcuttur. İçeride ise yine sır altı tekniğiyle yapılmış çiniler bulunmaktadır. Emîr Burunduk Türbesi (782/1380) kare planlı bir bina olup örtü sistemi diğer türbelerdeki gibidir. Cephede tuğla ve sırlı tuğlalarla oluşturulmuş mozaik süsleme hâkimdir. İçeride alt kısımdaki sırlı çiniler hariç alçı tezyinat vardır. 787 (1385) yılında Timur’un kız kardeşi Şîrin Bike Aka için yapıldığı anlaşılan kare planlı türbe de orta kısımda yer almaktadır. Çift kubbeli binada dış kubbe sekizgen geçiş üstündeki onaltıgen kasnağa oturur. Geçiş bölgesinde renkli camlı pencereler, cephede ise pîştâk denilen yüksek bir taçkapı mevcuttur. Cephe mozaik çini kaplamalı iken içeride alt kısım dışında alçı kaplama tezyinat ve sır üstü altın yaldızlı çinilere yer verildiği görülmektedir. 788 (1386) tarihli Emîrzâde Türbesi kare planlı bir yapıdır. Duvarlardan üç kör kemerle geçilen sekizgen bölüm üzerindeki onaltıgen kasnakla ulaşılan bir kubbeyle örtülüdür. Kubbe kaburga kemerlere sahiptir. Yapı sırlı çini ve sırlı tuğla süslemeleriyle dikkat çekmektedir. Ulu Sultan Begüm’e atfedilen, ancak kimin için inşa edildiği bilinmeyen XIV. yüzyılın son çeyreğine ait türbe eski bir bina kalıntısı üzerinde yapılmış kare planlı bir yapıdır. İçeride çini kaplamalar bulunduğu kalıntılardan anlaşılmaktadır. Sadece cephesi kalmış olan binanın dışında sır üstü ve sır altı tekniğiyle yapılmış çini tezyinat mevcuttur.
Timur’un hanımı Toman Aka tarafından inşa ettirilen 1405 tarihli türbe, mescid, giriş mekânı ve taçkapıdan müteşekkil topluluk üst kısımda bulunmaktadır. Mescid üç bölümlü olup orta kısmı daha geniştir. Türbe, kare planlı kübik alt kısım üzerinde silindirik tambur üstündeki dış kubbesiyle dışarıdan dikkati çekmektedir. İçeriden kubbeye mukarnaslı köşe kemerleriyle geçilmektedir. Mescidin orta kısmı yıldız tonoz, yan kısımları üçlü tonoz bölmeleriyle örtülüdür. Mermerin de kullanıldığı tezyinatta sır üstü ve sır altı çinilerle birlikte mozaik çiniler de vardır. Kadızâde-i Rûmî Türbesi olarak bilinen ve yaklaşık 1430 yılına tarihlenen yapının kripta kısmında kazı ile ortaya çıkarılan iskeletin bir kadına ait olması bu türbenin başka bir kişi için inşa edildiğini göstermektedir. İki bölümlü yapıda küçük boyutlu türbe kısmı, kemerler üstündeki kare bir bölüm üzerinde alçı mukarnas dolgulu geçişli kubbesi olan bir örtü sistemine sahiptir. Geniş oda köşe kemerleri üstünde bulunan sekizgen bölmeli, iki aşamalı mimari teşkilât üzerindeki kubbeyle örtülüdür. Dış kubbelerin kasnakları ve soğan biçimi külâhları göz alıcıdır. Uluğ Bey devri mimarisinin güzel bir örneği olan türbenin dış tezyinatı sırlı çini ve sırlı tuğla tekniğiyle elde edilmiş elemanlar taşırken içeride mavi boyalı alçı tezyinat hâkim durumdadır. Mevcut türbeler arasında en geç tarihli olanı sekizgen planlı Aştek Türbesi XV. yüzyılın ilk yarısına aittir. İki kubbeli binanın sekizgen kısmı üzerinde bir tamburu olduğu bellidir. Yapıda sırlı tuğla süslemeler vardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 267-269 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.