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SAHÎHAYN Skip to content Buhârî (ö. 256/870) ile Müslim’in (ö. 261/875) el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’lerine verilen ad.
Muhammed b. İsmâil el-Buhârî ile Müslim b. Haccâc’ın el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’leri “sahih hadisleri ihtiva eden iki kitap” anlamında Ṣaḥîḥayn diye anılmış ve İslâm âlimleri tarafından Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’den sonra en sahih kitaplar olarak kabul edilmiştir (İbnü’s-Salâh, Muḳaddime , s. 160; Nevevî, et-Taḳrîb , s. 22; İbn Teymiyye, XX, 321). Buhârî ile Müslim’in adı geçen eserlerine aldıkları hadislerde en üstün sıhhat şartlarını aramaları, diğer bir ifadeyle bu hadislerin baştan sona şâz ve illetli olmayan muttasıl senedlerle rivayet edilmesi, senedlerde yer alan râvilerin adâlet ve zabt özelliklerine sahip bulunmasını şart koşmaları Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ın İslâm dünyasında büyük ilgi görmesini sağlamıştır. Buhârî ile Müslim’in, yaşadıkları yüzyılda hadisleri rivâyet, dirâyet ve ilelü’l-hadîs bakımından en iyi bilen âlimler olması da esere ayrıcalık kazandırmış, hadis otoriteleri bu iki eserde yer alan rivayetlerin sened ve metinleriyle sahih olduğuna dair görüş birliğine varmışlardır. Bazı âlimler bir râvinin hadisinin Ṣaḥîḥayn ’da yer almasının o râvi için ta‘dîl anlamına geldiğini, bu iki eserin bir tür muaddil olduğunu kabul etmiştir (İbn Dakīkul‘îd, s. 326-327). Eş‘arî kelâmcısı ve Şâfiî fakihi Ebû İshak el-İsferâyînî, mâkul bir te’vile gitmeden Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî ile Ṣaḥîḥ-i Müslim ’e aykırı olarak verilen hükümlerin reddedilmesi gerektiğini belirtmiştir (DİA , XXII, 515). Ṣaḥîḥayn ’daki rivayetlerin tarik ve râvilerine yöneltilen bazı eleştiriler (aş.bk.) bu konudaki görüş birliğini değiştirecek nitelikte bulunmamıştır (Tâhir el-Cezâirî, I, 307).
Buhârî’nin eserini tamamladıktan sonra Ali b. Medînî, Yahyâ b. Maîn ve Ahmed b. Hanbel gibi III. (IX.) yüzyılın en büyük hadis otoritelerine sunması, onların eserdeki dört hadis dışında bütün hadisleri sahih kabul etmesi, öte yandan Müslim’in de aynı şekilde eserini Saîd b. Mansûr, Osman b. Ebû Şeybe, Yahyâ b. Maîn ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’e sunup onların sıhhatinde görüş birliği ettikleri rivayetleri alması, o devrin hadis otoritelerinin Ṣaḥîḥayn hadislerinin sıhhatinde ittifak ettiğini göstermektedir. Son dönem hadis âlimi Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir, meşhur âlimlerin bu iki eser hakkındaki görüşlerini değerlendirirken konuyu çok iyi bilen hadis otoritelerinin Ṣaḥîḥayn hadislerinin tamamını tereddütsüz sahih kabul ettiğini, bu hadislerin hiçbirinde tenkit edilecek bir yön ve zayıflık bulunmadığını, Ṣaḥîḥayn hadislerini eleştiren Dârekutnî gibi âlimlerin, ele aldıkları hadislerin zayıf olduğunu değil Buhârî ile Müslim’in kabul ettiği en üstün derecedeki sıhhat şartlarına sahip bulunmadığını ileri sürdüklerini belirtir (el-Bâʿis̱ü’l-ḥas̱îs ̱, s. 35). İmam Şâfiî’nin, “Yeryüzünde Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ından daha doğru bir hadis kitabı bilmiyorum” sözü Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ın henüz tasnif edilmediği döneme ait olup (İbnü’s-Salâh, Muḳaddime , s. 160) İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Şâfiî’nin bu sözü o gün elde bulunan Süfyân es-Sevrî’nin el-Câmiʿ i, Hammâd b. Seleme’nin el-Muṣannef’i gibi kitaplarla el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ı mukayese ederek söylediğini belirtmiştir (Hedyü’s-sârî , s. 12).
Sahih hadisleri ilk defa Buhârî ile Müslim’in derlemesi eserlerine ilgiyi arttırmış, muhaddisler bu iki eserden kitaplarına aldıkları hadisleri “müttefekun aleyh” diye vasıflandırmıştır. Geri kalan sahih hadisler yine onların eserlerine bağlı olarak derecelere ayrılmış, sadece Buhârî’nin, ondan sonra sadece Müslim’in sahih kabul edip eserine aldığı hadisler, Ṣaḥîḥayn ’a alınmasa da her iki musannifin şartlarına uyan hadisler, sadece Buhârî’nin şartlarına ve sadece Müslim’in şartlarına uyan hadisler makbul rivayetler kabul edilmiş, bunlardan sonra diğer hadis otoritelerinin sahih diye değerlendirdikleri rivayetlere yer verilmiştir.
Buhârî, sahih olan bütün hadisleri derlemenin kitabın hacmini büyüteceğini düşünerek bu yola gitmediğini, ancak sahih olmayan hiçbir hadisi de eserine almadığını belirtmiştir (İbnü’s-Salâh, Muḳaddime , s. 168). Onun eserine el-Câmiʿu’l-müsnedü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥu’l-muḫtaṣar min umûri Resûlillâh ṣallallāhü ʿaleyhi ve sellem ve sünenihî ve eyyâmihî adını vermesi de sahih olan bütün hadisleri derlemeyi düşünmediğini göstermektedir. Aynı düşünceye sahip olan Müslim de sıhhatinde muhaddislerin ittifak ettiği hadisleri derlemekle yetindiğini söylemiştir (Müslim, “Ṣalât”, 63). Sahih olan bir hadisin Buhârî ile Müslim’in benimsediği şartlara uymaması, senedinin bir başka sahih rivayete göre daha düşük seviyede olması, diğer hadis âlimlerinin sika kabul ettiği râvileri Buhârî ile Müslim’in güvenilir bulmaması, bir hadiste başkalarının farketmediği gizli bir kusuru (illet) onların görmesi ve aynı değerde olan iki sahih hadisten birini tercih etmeleri gibi sebeplerle Ṣaḥîḥayn ’da yer almaması o hadis için bir kusur sayılmaz. Eserine “sahih” adını veren hiçbir musannif kitabındaki bütün hadislerin sahih olduğunu söylememiş, fakat Buhârî ile Müslim’in sahih olmayan hiçbir hadisi eserlerine almadıklarını belirtmeleri ve bunun doğru olduğunun anlaşılması sebebiyle Nevevî’nin dediği gibi İslâm ümmeti, bu iki eserdeki hadislerin tamamının sahih ve bu hadislerle amel etmenin vâcip olduğu hususunda görüş birliği etmiştir (Nevevî, Tehẕîbü’l-esmâʾ , s. 143).
İslâm âlimlerinin büyük çoğunluğu bu iki eserden Buhârî’nin kitabının daha sahih olduğu görüşündedir (İbnü’s-Salâh, Muḳaddime , s. 160; Nevevî, Ṣaḥîḥu Müslim , I, 14; a.mlf., Tehẕîbü’l-esmâʾ , s. 143). Zira hadis ilmini talebesi olan Müslim’den daha iyi bilen Buhârî eserini daha çok hadisten derlemiş ve kitabını tasnif ettikten sonra on altı yıl üzerinde titizlikle çalışmıştır. İmam Müslim, birbirinden rivayette bulunan hoca ile talebenin aynı asırda yaşadığının bilinmesini rivayetin güvenilir sayılması için yeterli ve bu tür muan‘an rivayetleri mevsul kabul ederken Buhârî’nin bunu yeterli görmeyip hoca ile talebenin görüşmüş olduğunun bilinmesini şart koşması da önemli görülmüş, Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî ’deki rivayetlerin Ṣaḥîḥ-i Müslim ’e göre daha az tenkide uğraması da bu tercihte etkili olmuştur. Ancak Buhârî’nin bir hadisi ilgili gördüğü birçok yerde ve hadisin sağlamlığını gösteren değişik senedlerle defalarca tekrarlamasına karşılık Müslim’in bir hadisi güvenilir senedleri ve farklı lafızlarıyla birlikte genellikle sadece en uygun gördüğü yerde zikretmesi, hadisten hüküm çıkarmak maksadıyla Buhârî’nin yaptığı gibi tâbiîn ve etbâu’t-tâbiîn sözlerini eserine almaması, kitabında muallak rivayetlere az yer vermesi gibi sebeplerle onun eseri daha faydalı ve kullanışlı kabul edilmiştir.
Sahîhayn ’a Yöneltilen Eleştiriler. Son zamanlara gelinceye kadar Ṣaḥîḥayn ’a yapılan eleştirilerin tamamına yakını bu eserlerin râvilerine yönelik sened tenkidinden ibarettir. Dârekutnî, el-İlzâmât ʿale’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn adlı eserinde Buhârî ile Müslim’in şartlarına uyduğu halde Ṣaḥîḥayn ’da yer almayan yetmiş hadisi müsned tertibinde bir araya getirmiştir. Dârekutnî’nin çağdaşı Ebû Mes‘ûd ed-Dımaşkī, onun Müslim’in el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’ine yönelttiği tenkitlere karşı Cevâbü Ebî Mesʿûd Muḥammed b. İbrâhîm b. ʿUbeyd ed-Dımaşḳī ʿammâ beyyene fîhi ġalaṭa Ebi’l-Ḥüseyn Müslim b. Ḥaccâc adıyla bir reddiye yazmıştır (Sezgin, I, 208). Dârekutnî’nin aynı konudaki bir diğer eseri de Ṣaḥîḥayn ’da bulunan 218 hadisin illetli olduğunu ileri sürdüğü Kitâbü’t-Tetebbuʿ dur (Dârekutnî’nin bu iki eseri hakkında bk. DİA , VIII, 489; XXXII, 134). İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Dârekutnî’nin Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî hakkındaki görüşlerini eleştirmiş (aş.bk.), Müslim’e yönelttiği tenkitleri de Rebî‘ b. Hâdî Umeyr el-Medhalî Beyne’l-imâmeyn Müslim ve’d-Dâreḳuṭnî adlı eserinde incelemiştir (Riyad 1420/2000). Dârekutnî hepsi de senedle ilgili olan bu eleştirilerinde râvinin ehl-i bid‘attan olup olmadığını, zabtı kendinden daha kuvvetli birine muhalefet edip etmediğini, hâfıza zayıflığı sebebiyle yanılıp yanılmadığını, râvinin adâlet vasfıyla tanınıp tanınmadığını ve senedde inkıtâ bulunup bulunmadığını incelemiş, onun bu tenkitlerini İbn Hacer ele alıp cevaplandırmıştır (Hedyü’s-sârî , s. 405-488).
Ebû Ali el-Gassânî, Ṣaḥîḥayn ’da yer alan yazılışları aynı, okunuşları farklı râvi isimleri, nisbe, lakap ve künyelerle yanlış anlaşılabilecek kelimelere dair Taḳyîdü’l-mühmel ve temyîzü’l-müşkil adıyla (nşr. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl, I-II, Riyad 1418/1997) bir eser kaleme almış (DİA , XIII, 396), eserin ikinci ve üçüncü bölümlerinde Ṣaḥîḥayn râvilerinin Buhârî ile Müslim’den rivayetleri sırasında senedlerde yaptıkları bazı hataları zikretmiş, bu hatalarla Ṣaḥîḥayn müelliflerinin ilgisi bulunmadığını belirtmiştir. Eserin dördüncü bölümü Ṣaḥîḥayn ’daki lakaplarla ilgilidir. Ebû Ali el-Gassânî’yi bu iddialarında haklı bulmayan âlimler de vardır (Muhammed İdrîs Zübeyr – Ferhat Nesîm Hâşimî, XXVI/1-2 [1412/1991], s. 397-399). Reşîd el-Attâr, Gassânî’nin Müslim’in el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’inde on dört maktû hadis bulunduğu iddiasının yerinde olmadığını, bazı muhaddislerin bunları maktû değil müsned kabul ettiğini söylemiş, bu hadislerin hangi hadis kitaplarında mevsul olarak rivayet edildiğini göstermek üzere Ġurerü’l-fevâʾid adlı eserini kaleme almış, bu arada Dârekutnî gibi muhaddislerin iddialarının haklı olmadığını ileri sürmüştür. İbn Hazm da Buhârî (“Tevḥîd”, 37) ve Müslim’in (“Feżâʾilü’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe”, 168) el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’lerindeki birer hadisin râvilerin vehmi yüzünden kusurlu (veya mevzû) olduğunu söylemiş, ancak İslâm âlimleri onun bu itirazlarında haklı olmadığını belirtmiştir (Halîl İbrâhim Molla Hâtır, s. 387-468).
Ṣaḥîḥayn ’daki hadislere yöneltilen eleştirileri cevaplandırmak üzere çeşitli eserler kaleme alınmıştır. Reşîd el-Attâr adı geçen eserinde Müslim’in eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ ’ini savunmuş, Zeynüddin el-Irâkī, Ṣaḥîḥayn hadisleriyle ilgili tenkitleri el-Eḥâdîs̱ü’l-muḫarrece fi’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn elletî tüküllime fîhâ bi-żaʿf ve’nḳıṭâʿ adlı kitabında cevaplandırmış, fakat İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin belirttiğine göre bu eserin müsveddesi kaybolmuştur. İbnü’l-Irâkī’nin el-Beyân ve’t-tavżîḥ li-men uḫrice lehû fi’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ ve ḳad müsse bi-ḍarbin mine’t-tecrîḥ adlı eseri (nşr. Kemal Yûsuf el-Hût, Beyrut 1410/1990), Buhârî ile Müslim’in veya onlardan sadece birinin eserinde rivayeti olup tenkide uğrayan râviler hakkındadır. Müellif önce bu râvileri eleştirenlerin, ardından onları savunanların görüşlerini zikretmiştir. İbn Hacer el-Askalânî Hedyü’s-sârî ’de (s. 364-402), başta Dârekutnî olmak üzere çeşitli âlimlerin Buhârî’nin eserinde mevcut 110 hadisle ilgili tenkitlerini cevaplandırmıştır.
Buhârî hakkındaki eleştirileri değerlendiren İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Buhârî ile Müslim’in eserlerinde kusursuz rivayetlere veya bazıları tarafından kusurlu sayılması ciddiye alınmayacak hadislere yer verdiklerini söylemiş, rivayetlerinin sıhhati konusunda onları tenkit edenlerin görüşleriyle bu iki imamın görüşü çelişince Buhârî ile Müslim’in görüşlerinin tercih edileceğini belirtmiştir (a.g.e. , s. 364-365). İbnü’s-Salâh da Müslim’in el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’ine yöneltilen tenkitleri önemsiz kabul etmiş, Müslim’in sika, başkalarının zayıf dediği râviler hakkındaki cerhin gerekçeli olmadığı için bir değer ifade etmediğini, yapılan eleştirilerin asıl hadislere değil bu hadisleri takviye için zikredilen mütâbi‘ ve şâhid rivayetlere yönelik olduğunu, râviler hakkında ileri sürülen ihtilât gibi kusurların Müslim’in rivayeti aldıktan sonraki dönemlerde vuku bulduğunu söylemiştir (Ṣıyânetü Ṣaḥîḥi Müslim , s. 94-97).
Sahîhayn Üzerinde Yapılan Çalışmalar. A) Cem‘ Çalışmaları. “el-Cem‘ beyne’s-Sahîhayn” adıyla anılan bu tür eserlerde Ṣaḥîḥayn hadisleri ya senedleri olmaksızın alfabetik şekilde veya sahâbî râvilerine göre müsned tertibinde bir araya getirilmiştir. Cevzakī’nin Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ mine’l-aḫbâr ’ı ile Berkānî’nin el-Müsned diye anılan eserleri (DİA , VII, 282) bu türün ilk örnekleridir. Ferrâ el-Begavî’nin hadisleri senedsiz olarak bir araya getirdiği el-Câmiʿ (el-Cemʿ) beyne’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn adlı çalışmasının günümüze ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmemektedir. Humeydî’nin müsned tertibindeki el-Cemʿ beyne’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ı (nşr. Ali Hüseyin Bevvâb, I-IV, Beyrut 1419/1998) bunların en güzeli kabul edilmiş ve üzerinde bazı çalışmalar yapılmıştır (bk. el-CEM‘ BEYNE’s-SAHÎHAYN ). İbnü’l-Harrât’ın Ṣaḥîḥayn hadislerini senedsiz olarak ve Ṣaḥîḥ-i Müslim ’in tertibinde bir araya getirdiği el-Cemʿ beyne’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ı da (Cemʿu Ṣaḥîḥayn , nşr. Hamd b. Muhammed Gammâs, I-IV, Riyad 1419/1999) önemlidir. Ömer b. Bedr el-Mevsılî, el-Cemʿ beyne’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn maʿa ḥaẕfi’s-senedi ve’l-mükerrer mine’l-beyn ’inde (nşr. Sâlih Ahmed eş-Şâmî, I-II, Beyrut 1416/1995) Ṣaḥîḥayn ’da bulunan 2874 rivayeti yalnız sahâbî râvilerini kaydedip hadisleri konularına göre alfabetik sıralamak suretiyle bir araya getirmiş, aynı konuda muhtelif sahâbîler tarafından rivayet edilen hadislerin sadece birini almıştır. Radıyyüddin es-Sâgānî, Meşâriḳu’l-envâri’n-nebeviyye adlı eserindeki hadislerin çoğunu Ṣaḥîḥayn ’dan aldığı için eser Meşâriḳu’l-envâr fi’l-cemʿ beyne’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn (el-Cemʿ beyne’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn) diye anılmıştır (nşr. Eşref b. Abdülmaksûd, Beyrut 1409/1989). Onun Humeydî’nin el-Cemʿ beyne’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ını ihtisar ettiği de belirtilmektedir. İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin, el-Cemʿ beyne’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn adlı eserinde hadisleri senedlerini zikretmek suretiyle konularına göre düzenlediği kaydedilmekte, fakat eserin günümüze ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmemektedir. Bu konudaki son çalışmalardan biri Sâlih Ahmed eş-Şâmî’nin el-Câmiʿ beyne’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ı olup (I-V, Dımaşk 1415/1995, fihrist cildiyle birlikte) müellif Ṣaḥîḥayn hadislerinden 3896 rivayeti sadece sahâbî râvilerin adlarını zikredip mükerrer rivayetleri hazfederek on başlık altında toplamıştır. Ebû Muhammed Abdülhak b. Abdülvâhid’in Müsnedü’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ı da burada anılmalıdır (I-IV, Cidde, ts., [Dârü’l-ilm]).
Hem Buhârî hem Müslim’in el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’lerinde yer aldığı için “müttefekun aleyh” diye anılan hadisleri bir araya getirmek için yapılan çalışmalar da vardır (bk. MÜTTEFEKUN ALEYH ). İbnü’l-Mülakkın, Tuḥfetü’l-muḥtâc ilâ edilleti (eḥâdîs̱i)’l-Minhâc adlı eserinden Buhârî ile Müslim’in ittifak ettiği 475 hadisi seçerek el-Bülġa fî eḥâdîs̱i’l-aḥkâm mimme’ttefeḳa ʿaleyhi’ş-Şeyḫân adlı eserini meydana getirmiştir (nşr. Muhyiddin Necîb, Dımaşk 1411). Ebü’l-Kāsım Muhammed Zekiyyüddin Muhammed’in de Câmiʿu’l-beyân lime’ttefeḳa ʿaleyhi’ş-Şeyḫân adlı bir eseri bulunmaktadır (Kahire 1410).
B) Müstahrecler. Bir hadis kitabındaki rivayetleri daha farklı isnadlarla toplamak için yapılan müstahrec çalışmaları, sadece Buhârî’nin veya sadece Müslim’in el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’leri üzerine yapıldığı gibi her iki eser üzerine de yapılmıştır. Kaynaklarda, Ṣaḥîḥayn üzerine müstahrec yazdığı belirtilen muhaddisler arasında Ṣaḥîḥayn ’daki müttefekun aleyh hadisleri esas alan İbnü’l-Ahrem ile eserini tamamlamaya fırsat bulamayan Ebû Ali el-Mâsercisî, ayrıca Hâkim el-Kebîr, Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî, İbn Mencûye, Ebû Zer el-Herevî, Ebû Muhammed Hasan b. Muhammed b. Hasan el-Bağdâdî el-Hallâl, Ebû Mes‘ûd Süleyman b. İbrâhim b. Muhammed el-İsfahânî el-Milencî ve Ebû Bekir Ahmed b. Abdân eş-Şîrâzî zikredilmektedir. Ancak bu çalışmaların günümüze ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmemektedir.
C) Müstedrekler. Bir müellifin şartlarına uyduğu halde kitabına almadığı hadisleri o esere bir zeyil mahiyetinde derleyen çalışmalar özellikle Ṣaḥîḥayn üzerine yapılmıştır. Dârekutnî’nin yukarıda anılan iki eseri yanında Ṣaḥîḥayn üzerine yapılan müstedreklerin en meşhuru Hâkim en-Nîsâbûrî’ye aittir (bk. el-MÜSTEDREK ). Ebû Zer el-Herevî’nin el-Müstedrek ʿalâ Ṣaḥîḥu’l-Buḫârî ve Müslim (ʿale’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn) ’ında Dârekutnî’nin el-İlzâmât ’ındaki yetmiş hadisi kendi senedleriyle tahriç etmiş, günümüze ulaştığı bilinmeyen bu eserden Zehebî ile İbn Hacer el-Askalânî faydalanmıştır (DİA , X, 270; XXXII, 134). Ziyâeddin el-Makdisî’nin el-Eḥâdîs̱ü’l-muḫtâre mimmâ lem yuḫrichü’l-Buḫârî ve Müslim fî Ṣaḥîḥayhimâ ’sı da önemlidir (nşr. Abdülmelik b. Abdullah b. Dehîş, I-II, Mekke 1412).
D) Ṣaḥîḥayn Ricâli. Ṣaḥîḥayn ’daki râvilere dair çeşitli eserler telif edilmiştir. Bunlardan Dârekutnî’nin Ricâlü’l-Buḫârî ve Müslim ’i (Âsafiye/Haydarâbâd Ktp., Ricâl, nr. 172) ile Hâkim en-Nîsâbûrî’nin el-Medḫal ilâ maʿrifeti’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ı (a.g.e. , XV, 191-192) ve râviler hakkında hiçbir değerlendirme yapmadan adlarını alfabetik sıraladığı Tesmiyetü men aḫrecehümü’l-Buḫârî ve Müslim ’i (nşr. Kemâl Yûsuf el-Hût, Beyrut 1407/1987) zikredilebilir. Lâlekâî’nin günümüze ulaştığı bilinmeyen Esmâʾü ricâli’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn (Maʿrifetü esmâʾi men fi’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn) adlı eserinden Zehebî ve İbn Hacer el-Askalânî faydalanmıştır. İbnü’l-Kayserânî, Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Kelâbâzî’nin Ricâlü Ṣaḥîḥi’l-Buḫârî ’si ile İbn Mencûye’nin Ricâlü Ṣaḥîḥi Müslim ’inde bulunan veya sadece birinde yer alan râvileri ele almış, bazı bilgiler ekleyip tashihler yapmış ve çalışmasına el-Cemʿ beyne ricâli’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn Buḫârî ve Müslim (el-Cemʿ beyne kitâbey Ebî Naṣr el-Kelâbâẕî ve Ebî Bekr el-İṣfaḥânî fî ricâli’l-Buḫârî ve Müslim) adını vermiştir (I-II, Haydarâbâd-Dekken 1323; I-II, Beyrut 1405/1985). Muhammed b. Ali b. Âdem el-İsyûbî el-Vellevî bu eseri Ḳurretü’l-ʿayn fî telḫîṣi terâcümi ricâli’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn adıyla ihtisar etmiştir (Cidde 1414/1993; Beyrut 1421/2000). Abdülganî b. Ahmed el-Bahrânî’nin Ḳurretü’l-ʿayn fî żabṭi esmâʾi ricâli’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ı da yayımlanmıştır (Haydarâbâd 1323). Saffet Abdülfettâh Mahmûd’un el-Muġnî fî maʿrifeti ricâli’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn adlı muhtasar bir eseri vardır. Yahyâ b. Ebû Bekir el-Âmirî de er-Riyâżü’l-müsteṭâbe fî cümleti (maʿrifeti) men revâ fi’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn mine’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe adıyla bir eser kaleme almıştır (Beyrut 1983). İbn Halfûn’un el-Müfhim fî (el-Muʿlim bi-esmâʾi) şüyûḫi’l-Buḫârî ve Müslim ’i de burada anılmalıdır (a.g.e. , XX, 16).
Diğer Çalışmalar. Ṣaḥîḥayn hadislerinin etrâfı üzerine Halef el-Vâsıtî ile Ebû Mes‘ûd ed-Dımaşkī Eṭrâfü’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn adıyla kitaplar yazmıştır (bk. ETRÂF ). Muhammed Fuâd Abdülbâkī’nin Ḳurretü’l-ʿayneyn fî eṭrâfi’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ı (I-III, Beyrut 1993) bu çalışmaların son örneklerinden biridir. Ṣaḥîḥayn büyük bir şöhrete sahip olduğu için onda bulunmayan hadisler merak konusu olmuş, Ebû Abdurrahman Mukbil b. Hâdî el-Vâdiî, eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥu’l-müsned mimmâ leyse fi’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn (I-II, San‘a 1411/1991) ve el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ mimmâ leyse fi’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn (I-VI, San‘a 1427/2006) adlı eserlerinde bunları ele almıştır. İbn Hatîbüddehşe, Tuḥfetü ẕevi’l-ereb ’de Ṣaḥîḥayn ve el-Muvaṭṭaʾ da geçen isim ve nisbelerin okunuşunu araştırma konusu yapmış (a.g.e. , XX, 31), Muhammed Altuncî Ṣaḥîḥayn hadislerinde geçen kişi, yer, kabile vb. 420 ismi Muʿcemü aʿlâmi’l-ḥadîs̱i’n-nebevî mine’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn adlı çalışmasında incelemiştir (Küveyt 1420/1999). Ṣaḥîḥayn ’da yer alan ferd ve garîb hadisleri bazı âlimler genellikle Efrâdü’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn veya Ġarâʾibü’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn adıyla bir araya getirmiştir. Ṣaḥîḥayn hadislerinde geçen garîb kelimeleri izah etmek için yazılan eserlerden biri, Muhammed b. Fütûh el-Humeydî’nin kendi eseri olan el-Cemʿ beyne’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ını esas alarak yazdığı Tefsîru ġarîbi mâ fi’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ı (nşr. Zübeyde Muhammed Saîd Abdülazîz, Kahire 1415/1995), diğeri de Kādî İyâz’ın Ṣaḥîḥayn hadisleriyle İmam Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ında geçen garîb kelimeleri açıklamak üzere kaleme aldığı Meşâriḳu’l-envâr ʿalâ ṣıḥâḥi’l-âs̱âr ’ıdır (I-II, Tunus 1333/1914). Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ı anlamaya yönelik çalışmalar da vardır. Bunlardan biri Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin el-Keşf li-müşkili’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn (Keşfü müşkili’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn) adlı eseridir. Müellif burada Ṣaḥîḥayn ’da anlaşılması zor meseleleri ve rivayetlerden çıkarılabilecek hükümleri ele almıştır (a.g.e. , XX, 547). Belli eserlerde yer aldığı halde Ṣaḥîḥayn ’da bulunmayan hadisler de müstakil çalışma konusu olmuştur. İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Moğultay b. Kılıç’ın Zevâʾidü İbn Ḥibbân ʿale’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ının tamamlanmamış müellif nüshasını gördüğünü söylemektedir. Heysemî’nin, İbn Hibbân’ın el-Müsnedü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’inde olup da Ṣaḥîḥayn ’da yer almayan 2647 hadisi bablara göre tasnif ettiği Mevâridü’ẓ-ẓamʾân ilâ zevâʾidi İbn Ḥibbân ’ı günümüze ulaşmıştır (a.g.e. , XVII, 293). Ṣaḥîḥayn üzerindeki çalışmalarıyla bilinen Sâlih Ahmed eş-Şâmî de Ebû Dâvûd, Tirmizî, Nesâî, İbn Mâce ve Dârimî’nin es-Sünen ’lerinde bulunup Ṣaḥîḥayn ’da yer almayan 7688 hadisi Zevâʾidü’s-sünen ʿale’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn adıyla bir araya getirmiştir (I-VII, Dımaşk 1418/1998).
Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ın mahiyeti ve değeri hakkında çalışmalar yapılmıştır. İbn Nâsırüddin’in hadis ve muhaddislerle Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ın değeri ve Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ı okutmanın fazileti konusundaki eseri bunlardan biridir (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Mecmua, nr. 278/3, vr. 86a -111b ). Halîl İbrâhim Molla Hâtır, Mekânetü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥayn adlı eserinde (Kahire 1402/1982) Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ı çeşitli yönlerden incelemiş, Abdülmecîd b. Süleyman el-Hadîsî de İrşâdü’l-müslim ile’l-feżâʾil fi’l-Buḫârî ve Müslim adıyla bir eser kaleme almıştır (Riyad 1414/1994; ayrıca bk. DİA , VII, 114-129).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Dârekutnî, el-İlzâmât ʿale’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn (nşr. Ebû Abdurrahman Mukbil b. Hâdî el-Vâdiî), Beyrut 1405/1985.
Ebû Ali el-Gassânî, Taḳyîdü’l-mühmel ve temyîzü’l-müşkil (Şüyûḫu’l-Buḫârî el-mühmelûn) (nşr. Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl), Riyad 1418/1997.
İbnü’s-Salâh, Muḳaddime (nşr. Âişe Abdurrahman), Kahire 1411/1990, s. 159-173.
a.mlf., Ṣıyânetü Ṣaḥîḥi Müslim mine’l-iḫlâli ve’l-ġalat ve ḥimâyetühû mine’l-isḳāṭı ve’s-saḳāṭ (nşr. Muvaffak b. Abdullah b. Abdülkādir), Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 94-97.
Reşîd el-Attâr, Ġurerü’l-fevâʾidi’l-mecmûʿa fî beyâni mâ vaḳaʿa fî Ṣaḥîḥi Müslim mine’l-esânîdi’l-maḳṭûʿa (nşr. Sa‘d b. Abdullah Âlü Humeyyid), Riyad 1421/2001, s. 64-71.
Nevevî, Ṣaḥîḥu Müslim bi-şerḥi’n-Nevevî , Riyad 1424/2003, I, 14.
a.mlf., Tehẕîbü’l-esmâʾ ve’l-luġāt (nşr. Ali M. Muavvaz – Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd), Beyrut 1426/2005, s. 143.
a.mlf., et-Taḳrîb ve’t-teysîr (nşr. Abdullah Ömer el-Bârûdî), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 22.
İbn Dakīkul‘îd, el-İḳtirâḥ (nşr. Kahtân Abdurrahman ed-Dûrî), Bağdad 1402/1982, s. 326-327.
İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , XX, 321.
İbn Hacer, Hedyü’s-sârî (Hatîb) , s. 12, 364-402, 405-488.
Emîr es-San‘ânî, Tavżîḥu’l-efkâr (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Medine, ts. (el-Mektebetü’s-Selefiyye), I, 56-69.
Tâhir el-Cezâirî, Tevcîhü’n-naẓar (nşr. Abdülfettâh Ebû Gudde), Beyrut 1416/1995, I, 307.
Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir, el-Bâʿis̱ü’l-ḥas̱îs̱ , Kahire 1377/1958, s. 35.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 208.
Halîl İbrâhim Molla Hâtır, Mekânetü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥayn , Kahire 1402/1982.
M. Yaşar Kandemir, “Sahîhayne Yöneltilen Tenkidlerin Değeri”, Sünnetin Dindeki Yeri , İstanbul 1997, s. 335-376.
a.mlf., “el-Câmiu’s-sahîh”, DİA , VII, 114-129.
a.mlf., “Gassânî, Ebû Ali”, a.e. , XIII, 396.
a.mlf., “Hâkim en-Nîsâbûrî”, a.e. , XV, 191-192.
a.mlf., “Heysemî”, a.e. , XVII, 293.
M. İdrîs Zübeyr – Ferhat Nesîm Hâşimî, “el-Ġassânî; eḥadü aʿlâmi Ḳurṭuba”, ed-Dirâsâtü’l-İslâmiyye , XXVI/1-2, İslâmâbâd 1412/1991, s. 397-399.
İsmail L. Çakan, “Dârekutnî”, DİA , VIII, 489.
Yusuf Şevki Yavuz – Casim Avcı, “İbnü’l-Cevzî, Ebü’l-Ferec”, a.e. , XX, 547.
Salih Sabri Yavuz, “İsferâyînî, Ebû İshak”, a.e. , XXII, 515.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2008 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 35. cildinde, 527-530 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.