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ŞÂHİN GİRAY Skip to content (ö. 1201/1787)
Son Kırım hanı (1777-1782, 1783).
1158’de (1745) Edirne’de doğdu. Kırım Hanı II. Devlet Giray’ın torunu olup babası Ahmed Giray’dır. Çocukluğu Edirne’de geçti, babasını küçük yaşta kaybedince annesinin gözetiminde öğrenim gördü. Bir süre Selânik’te kaldı. Gençlik çağında Venedik’e giderek burada Batı tarzında eğitim aldı, İtalyanca ve Grekçe öğrendi, Batı kültürüne âşina oldu. Amcası Kırım Giray’ın hanlığı döneminde Kırım’a çağrıldı. Gülbün-i Hânân’da onun Çerkez emîrlerinden Tamgan adlı birinin yanında yetiştiği; Kırım’a döndüğünde ise Tuna ve Kuban nehirleri arasındaki düzlüklerde yaşayan Nogay kabileleri arasında bulunduğu belirtilir. 1770’ten itibaren Ruslar’ın Kırım’a yönelik saldırılarıyla başlayan karışıklıklar sırasında Rusya taraftarı grup içinde yer aldı. 1771’de Kırım’a giren ve buranın müstakil hanlık olması yolunda propaganda yapan General Dolgorukij’in beyannâmesini görüşmek üzere kurulan heyetin başında 1771 Kasımında gittiği Petersburg’da bir taraftan anlaşmayla ilgili müzakerelere katılırken diğer taraftan Çariçe II. Katerina ve Rus ileri gelenleriyle tanıştı. 4 Aralık 1771’de çariçe onu resmen kabul etti ve büyük bir ayrıcalık olarak yanında oturttu. Bu diplomatik görevi hayatının dönüm noktası oldu. Petersburg’da Rus kültürünü tanıdı, tiyatroları, eğlence yerlerini, müzeleri, kütüphaneleri gezdi. Batı usullerine olan âşinalığı ve yakınlığı sebebiyle II. Katerina’nın takdirini kazandı. Çariçe Voltaire’e yazdığı mektupta ondan çok zeki, kültürlü, yakışıklı ve sevimli bir Tatar genci diye söz etmişti. Bu sıralarda Rus üniforması giyip çariçenin yaverleri arasında yer aldığı da belirtilir. Şâhin Giray, çariçeden sadece Rus menfaatlerine uygun hareket etmesi sebebiyle değil bu yönleriyle de büyük destek aldı. II. Katerina bu himayesini 1782 yılına kadar sürdürecektir.
Petersburg’da hayli isim yapan ve bu arada epeyce borçlandığı anlaşılan Şâhin Giray’a 10.000 ruble verildi, ayrıca 12.000 rubleyi bulan borçları da ödendi. Kırım’a döndüğünde kalgay olarak Akmescid’de oturdu. Burada iken Ruslar’la sürekli irtibat halindeydi. 1773 yılı ortalarında Kırım hanlığı için Ruslar’ın kuvvetli bir adayı oldu. Kırım’a gittiğinde kurultay tarafından han seçilmiş olan kardeşi II. Sâhib Giray, Osmanlı taraftarlarına katıldı. Bu sırada Rusya’da patlak veren Pugaçev isyanı (1773-1775) II. Katerina’nın Kırım’a olan ilgisini bir süre için geri plana attı ve Şâhin Giray’ı yeterince destekleyemediğinden onu Poltava’ya getirtti, kendisine 1000 ruble tahsisat ayırdı. 1774’te Osmanlılar’la Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması’nın imzalanması ve ertesi yıl Pugaçev isyanının bastırılması üzerine Kırım meselesi tekrar öne alındı. Osmanlılar da Kırım için benzeri şekilde yeni teşebbüslere girişmişti. Tahttan çekilmek zorunda kalan Sâhib Giray’ın yerine han seçilen Devlet Giray (IV.) Rusya tarafından tasvip edilmedi. Yapılan planlara göre Şâhin Giray, Kuban’da kurulacak bir hükümetin başına geçecekti. 100.000 rubleyle desteklenen Şâhin Giray önce Taman’daki Osmanlı kalelerine saldırdı. 1775-1776 kışında Kırım’daki Osmanlı taraftarlarıyla çatışmaya girdi, fakat başarısızlığa uğradı, Nogaylar’ın bir bölümü yanından ayrıldı. Yedisan ve Yediçkul (Yedicek) kabileleri de onu terketti. Bunun üzerine devreye giren II. Katerina kabile reislerini parayla elde etti ve yeniden Şâhin Giray’a destek sağladı. Şâhin Giray, Nogaylar’dan seçtiği 800 genci Avrupa usulünde eğitip yeni bir askerî sistem kurmaya çalıştı. “Beşliler” diye anılan bu hassa ordusu yeni Rus silâhlarıyla takviye edildi. Hemen ardından 1776 Kasımında General Prozorovski, Orkapı’yı alıp Kırım’a girdi. Şâhin Giray bu olayla birlikte iyice karışıklıklar içine düşen Kırım’da bir kısım halkın desteğini aldı. 1777 Ocak ayı içinde Prozorovski’nin de yardımıyla Taman’daki kabileler ve Nogaylar onu resmen han olarak tanıdı.
Şâhin Giray, aslında Ruslar’a dayanıp Kırım’ı ele geçirmiş olmakla birlikte burada bağımsız bir devlet kurma fikrine iyice inanmıştı ve başlangıçta Ruslar’ın bağımsızlık vaadlerinde samimi olduğunu düşünüyordu. Çeşitli meselelerle uğraşan ve yaptığı savaşlardan yenik çıkan Osmanlılar’a bağlı kalarak Kırım’ın modern tarzda yeniden düzenleneceğine inanmıyordu. Bunun için mevcut kabile hiyerarşisini, iyice kökleşmiş malî ve içtimaî yapılanmayı hesaba katmadan süratle reformlara girişti. Bu işi zamana yayıp dengeleri gözeterek gerçekleştirmek yerine tıpkı vaktiyle I. Petro’nun yaptığı gibi keskin biçimde ve hızla yapmak istiyordu. Öncelikle devlet idaresinde bazı değişiklikler yaptı, divandaki üye sayısını değiştirdi (altısı Şırın, altısı Mansur kabilesinden on iki kişi) ve ulemâyı dışarıda bıraktı. Yönetim merkezini Bahçesaray’dan Kefe’ye taşımaya teşebbüs etti ve yeni bir saray inşaatını başlattı. Ulemâyı toplayıp Osmanlılar’a tâbi olmadan Kırım hanı tayin edilebileceğine, onlara karşı savaşılabileceğine ve bu yolda Ruslar’dan yardım alınabileceğine dair fetva dahi aldı (Zinkeisen, VI, 156-157). Askerî reformlara girişerek doğrudan hanlığa bağlı Batı tarzında ve Rus askerî sistemine göre 20.000 kişilik bir tümen teşkil etmeyi planladı. Bunlara yeni üniformalar giydirdi. Mirza ve beylerin feodal haklarını kaldırıp herkesi vergiye bağladı, bir kısım toprakları köylülere dağıttı, vakıf topraklara el koydu. Kendi adına para bastırmayı da ihmal etmedi, bütün bu işler için yüklü miktarda borç aldı. Ruslar onun bu hareketlerini dikkatle izliyor ve menfaatlerine aykırı bazı hususları tasvip etmemekle birlikte müdahale etmiyorlardı. Fakat asıl Kırım halkı bunları büyük bir tepkiyle karşıladı. Devrin vak‘anüvislerinden Ahmed Vâsıf onun şeriata aykırı davranışlarının, alışılmadık vergi ihdasının, sekban adıyla oluşturduğu askere Frenk elbiseleri giydirmesinin, karşı çıkanları idam ettirmesinin meydana getirdiği büyük hoşnutsuzluğu anlatır (Târih, s. 11). Osmanlılar’ın da desteğiyle Şâhin Giray’a karşı büyük bir nefret oluşmaya başladı. Hoşnutsuzluk ortamı kısa sürede isyana yol açtı. Hanın Kefe’ye yolladığı 2000-3000 kişilik birlik isyancılara katıldı. Şâhin Giray hayatını zorlukla kurtararak Ruslar’a sığındı. Kefe’yi ve diğer bazı Kırım limanlarını işgal eden Ruslar sayesinde az sonra duruma hâkim oldu (1777 kışı). Hemen ardından Osmanlılar’ın han olarak Kırım’a yolladığı III. Selim Giray’ın yaptığı teşebbüsleri yine Ruslar’ın desteğiyle başarısızlığa uğrattı (1778). Bu durum pek çok Kırımlı’nın Osmanlı idaresi altındaki topraklara göç etmesine yol açtı, Ruslar onlardan boşalan yerlere hıristiyanları yerleştirdi.
Şâhin Giray, Osmanlı etkisinin öneminin iyice farkına vardığından hanlığının tanınması için İstanbul’a bir heyet gönderdiyse de bundan bir sonuç çıkmadı. Duruma hâkim olduktan sonra reformlarını sürdürmeye çalıştı, ancak Ruslar’ın tesiriyle Kırım’daki Urumlu denilen ve Türkçe konuşan hıristiyanlar Rus topraklarına göç etmeye başladı. Şâhin Giray ülke ekonomisini derinden sarsan bu olayı önlemeye gayret etti, fakat başarılı olamadı. Artık asıl amaçları doğrudan Kırım’da hâkimiyet kurmak olan Ruslar’ın da onun reformlarından rahatsız olduğunu anlamaya başladı. 1779’da yapılan Aynalıkavak Tenkihnâmesi’yle Osmanlılar hanlığını resmen tanımak zorunda kaldı. Bu Şâhin Giray için önemli başarı oldu. Çünkü Ruslar da anlaşmaya göre Kırım’dan askerî kuvvetlerini çekmişlerdi. Şâhin Giray, bu ortamda Kırım halkının desteğini kazanacak faaliyetlere girişmek yerine reformlarına daha da hız verdi. Harcamaları hesapsızdı, Ruslar’dan yine para desteği aldı ve Polonya’dan yeni silâhlar getirtti. 1781 Nisanında Nogaylar, Don Kazakları’na saldırınca bir temsilcisini Taman’a yolladı. Nogaylar onu dinlemedi ve isyan büyüdü. Ruslar’ın devreye girmesi üzerine Nogaylar, Soğucak’taki Osmanlı güçlerinden yardım talebinde bulundu. Kardeşleri Aslan ve Bahadır Giray isyan eden güçlerin başına geçti. Şâhin Giray’ın etrafında kimse kalmadı. Halim Giray adlı bir kişi âsilerin başında Kefe’ye saldırdı ve Şâhin Giray’ın 300 kişilik beşli askerini yendi. 14 Mayıs’ta Şâhin Giray maiyetiyle birlikte Kerç’e gidip Ruslar’a sığındı. Kırımlılar Bahadır Giray’ı han seçti.
II. Katerina, General Potemkin’e bir emir yollayarak Şâhin Giray’ın korunmasını istedi (4 Ağustos 1782). Potemkin ise artık Kırım’da Rus idaresinin kurulma vaktinin geldiği görüşünü bildirdi. 1782 Ekiminde Kırım’a giren Potemkin resmî Rus işgalini başlattı. Rus ordusu, 30.000 Kırım Türkü’nün hayatına mal olduğu belirtilen bu askerî harekât sonucu Kırım’da tam anlamıyla hâkimiyet kurdu. Bu arada Azak’ın kuzeyindeki Petrovski Kalesi’nde bulunan Şâhin Giray Kefe’ye getirildi ve Kerç’teki Rus birliğine sığındı. Ruslar’ın harekâtı üzerine kabilelerin bazıları onu yeniden han olarak tanıdı. Fakat Ruslar artık Şâhin Giray’ı tamamen gözden çıkarmıştı. Nitekim Samailof’un çabalarıyla bazı vaadler alıp hanlıktan ayrılmak zorunda kaldı. Ruslar da 8 Nisan 1783’te Kırım’ın ilhakını resmen ilân ettiler.
Şâhin Giray muhtemelen Ruslar’a güvenmenin hata olduğunu çok daha önce anlamıştı; ancak olaylar kontrolden çıktığı için yapacak bir şey yoktu. Bu yeni durum karşısında Ruslar’ın, İran’dan alınan yerlerde kurulacak bir tampon devlete han olması veya general unvanıyla Rus ordusunda görev alması yolundaki tekliflerini kabul edemezdi. İlk olarak Abaza ve Çerkezler’in yardımını sağlamak üzere Taman yöresine gitti. Daha burada iken Soğucak Valisi Ferah Ali Paşa’ya ve kardeşi Sâhib Giray’a mektup yollayarak Osmanlılar’a sığınmak istediğini bildirdi. Fakat Katerina, ne olursa olsun onun kontrol altında tutulmasını ve Petersburg’a nakledilmesini istiyordu. Hatta ona gönderdiği mektupta Osmanlılar’a ilticasının hayatına mal olacağı uyarısında bulundu. Bölgedeki Osmanlı idarecileri de Taman’daki Şâhin Giray’ın asıl niyetinin bu kesimden Tuna’ya kadar olan yerlerde bir idare kurmak ve buradaki Tatarlar’ı kendisine bağlamak olduğu yolunda bilgiler gönderiyorlardı. Ancak Şâhin Giray Taman’da fazla duramadı, buradaki kabilelerin tepkisini çekti. Tam bu sırada Ruslar onu 1784 baharında çariçenin emriyle Petersburg’a götürdüler. Artık Şâhin Giray’ın maceralı hayatında yeni bir dönem başlıyordu.
Petersburg’da çariçeyle buluşan Şâhin Giray, general unvanı ve yıllık 20.000 ruble tahsisatla Don nehri üzerinde bulunan Voronej kasabasına gitmeyi kabul etti. Burada kötü şartlarda sıkı gözetim altında tutulunca etrafa adamlar yollayarak Osmanlılar’a sığınmak için teşebbüse geçti. Bunlardan Ahmed Efendi, 1786 yılı sonlarında Vezîriâzam Koca Yûsuf Paşa ile görüşüp hanın iltica arzusunu bildirdi. Şâhin Giray, eski Kırım hanlarına yapıldığı gibi kendisine Rumeli taraflarında bir çiftlik tahsisini istiyordu. Ardından hayatından endişe duyduğunu bildirerek itimatnâme verilmesini talep etti. Bu arada Osmanlı topraklarına ilticasının bazı siyasî yararlar sağlayacağını hesap eden Ruslar’dan gerekli izni almış bulunuyordu. I. Abdülhamid, Şâhin Giray’ın taleplerini kabul ettiğini belirten bir mektup yolladı. Burada ayrıca Hotin’den Osmanlı topraklarına girmesi ve gönderilecek bir mihmandarı beklemesi bildirildi. Yanında 150 kadar silâhlı adamı bulunan Şâhin Giray bir süre Hotin’de oyalandı, bu arada Bucak Tatarları’yla temas kurmaya çalıştı. Boğdan voyvodası da onun Deştikıpçak ve Buhara hanlıklarını istediğini merkeze bildiriyordu. Yine asıl amacının Ruslar’ın adamı olarak Özü’yü ele geçirmek olduğu yolunda dedikodular İstanbul’a ulaştırılmaktaydı. Şâhin Giray’ın gerçekten bu niyette olup olmadığı bilinmemektedir. Muhtemelen hayatından endişe ettiği için gönderilen itimatnâmeye rağmen ağır davranıyor ve etrafa haberler yollayarak durumunu sağlama almaya, ayrıca Osmanlı hükümetinin gerçek niyetini anlamaya çalışıyordu. Sonunda Osmanlı topraklarına girdi ve adamlarının sıkı koruması altında Silistre’den Edirne’ye sevkedildi. Osmanlı hükümeti onun yolda bir şekilde ortadan kaldırılması için gizli tâlimat vermişti. Fakat ilgili görevliler buna fırsat bulamadı. Edirne’de bir hafta bekleyen Şâhin Giray’ın ailesi ve eşyaları Burgaz’da kaldı. Kendisi Gelibolu’ya götürülüp buradan sürgün edildiği Rodos’a yollandı. Deniz yolculuğu sırasında herhangi bir suikasta karşı yine yanındaki adamlarının sıkı koruması altındaydı. Rodos’ta kale dışında bir bağ evinde ikameti tercih etti. Bu arada hayatından iyice endişe ettiğinden Avrupa’ya kaçma yolları aramaya başladı. Rodos kadısı Sünbülzâde Vehbî ve Rodos muhafızları merkezden aldıkları emir uyarınca çiftlik evini basıp onu kale içine girmeye zorladılar. Şâhin Giray son bir gayretle Fransız konsolosluğuna sığındı. Fakat Sünbülzâde Vehbî 1 Ağustos 1787’de 1000 kadar askerle burayı kuşatıp onu ele geçirdi ve iç kalede gözetim altına aldı. Ağustosun ikinci haftasında mahpus tutulduğu yerde idam edildi. Cesedi bilinmeyen bir yere atılırken başı İstanbul’a gönderildi. Mallarına el konulmayıp sayımı yapılarak Burgaz’daki ailesine teslim edildi ve aile fertlerinin Osmanlı topraklarında ikametine izin verildi.
Şâhin Giray, Kırım’ın bağımsız bir idareye kavuşmasını samimiyetle benimseyen ve Ruslar tarafından kullanıldığının farkına varmış olmasına rağmen inatla bu yoldan vazgeçmeyen, Batı tarzında reformist düşüncelerle hareket eden bir şahsiyettir. Onun, eski Cengiz atalarının izinde Kırım ve çevresine tamamen hâkim olarak büyük bir Karadeniz imparatorluğu kurmak gibi idealler peşinde koştuğu da belirtilir. Fakat Batılılar’a benzer davranışları, Kırım’ın Ruslar tarafından işgaline vasıta olması adının nefretle anılmasına yol açmış, gerek Kırımlılar gerekse buranın elden çıkmasını bir türlü hazmedemeyen Osmanlı idareci ve tarihçileri tarafından “gâvur ortağı, hain, kâfir” gibi ağır sıfatlarla anılmıştır. Kırım coğrafyası dışında yetiştiği ve Batı kültürü aldığı için Kırım’daki dengeleri tam anlamıyla idrak edememiştir. Bununla beraber II. Katerina’nın kendisine bağlı bir idareci durumunda olacağını düşünerek uzun süre onu kolladığı anlaşılmaktadır. Öte yandan I. Abdülhamid’in Şâhin Giray’a büyük bir kin beslediği ve Kırım’ın kaybının bütün sorumluluğunu ona yüklediği açıktır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, A.DVN.KRM, Dosya, nr. 1, 2, 3, BA, Ali Emîrî, I. Abdülhamid, nr. 1069, 1419, 1693, 25631; BA, A.AMD. KRM, Dosya, nr. 1/66, 24/61; Şem‘dânîzâde, Müri’t-tevârîh (Aktepe), III, 47-50; Vâsıf, Târih (İlgürel), s. 9-12, 17-36; Sünbülzâde Vehbî, Dîvân, Bulak 1258, s. 19; Cevdet, Târih, II, 203-226, 245-250; Halim Giray, Gülbün-i Hânân, İstanbul 1327, s. 206-215; Zinkeisen, Geschichte, VI, 128, 136, 156-160, 170, 179, 208, 221, 314, 316, 318, 329, 333-334, 384, 386, 456-457; Hammer, Geschichte der Chane der Krim unter Osmanischer Herrschaft. Aus Türkischen Quellen, Wien 1856, s. 237-242; A. Fisher, The Russian Annexation of the Crimea 1772-1783, Cambridge 1970, tür.yer.; a.mlf., “Sahin Giray, The Reformer Khan and the Russian Annexation of Crimea”, Between Russians, Ottomans and Turks: Crimea and Crimean Tatars, İstanbul 1998, s. 91-121; Müstecib Ülküsal, Kırım Türk-Tatarları, İstanbul 1980, s. 105-115; Cengiz Fedakar, “Son Kırım Hanı Şahin Giray’ın Muhallefatına Dair”, İslam Öncesinden Çağdaş Türk Dünyasına (ed. Hayrunnisa Alan v.dğr.), İstanbul 2008, s. 457-481; F. N. Dubrovin, “V’ezd poslednyago krimskaga khana Shagin-Gireya iz Rossii v Turtsiyu”, Zapiski Imperatorskago Odesskago Obshcestva istorii i drevnostey, XIII (1883), s. 132-156; F. F. Lashkov, “Shagin-Girey, posledniy krimskiy khan”, Kiyevskaya Starina (September, Kiev 1886), s. 36-80; Feridun M. Emecen, “Son Kırım Hanı Şahin Giray’ın İdamı Meselesi ve Buna Dair Vesikalar”, TD, sy. 34 (1984), s. 315-344.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 275-277 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.