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ŞAHKULU Skip to content (ö. 963/1556)
Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman dönemi saray nakışhânesinin sernakkaşı ve saz yolu bezeme üslûbunun ilk temsilcisi.
Resmî kayıtlarda Bağdatlı olduğu belirtilmektedir. Resim ve nakış sanatı eğitimini Tebriz’de Âgā Mirek’ten almış ve yeteneğini geliştirmiştir. Zamanla bu alandaki güzel eserleriyle şöhreti İslâm ülkelerinde yayılmıştır. Âşık Çelebi, Şahkulu’nun II. Bayezid döneminde Tebriz’den Amasya’ya gidip Şehzade Ahmed’in sarayında kaldığını, şehzadenin ölümünden sonra Yavuz Sultan Selim zamanında İstanbul’a geldiğini kaydetmektedir (Meşâirü’ş-şuarâ, vr. 56b ). Ancak Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi’nde bulunan bir belgede, Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Şah İsmâil’e karşı kazandığı zaferin ardından 27 Safer 921’de (12 Nisan 1515) Tebriz’den Amasya yoluyla İstanbul’a sürgün edilen bilgin ve sanatkârlar arasında Şahkulu’nun da ismi geçmektedir (BA, D.BŞM., nr. 36.806, s. 648-663). Onun bu sürgün sırasında Amasya’da ne kadar kaldığı ve İstanbul’a ne zaman gittiği, sarayda ehl-i hiref teşkilâtında ne zaman göreve başladığı bilinmemektedir. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman döneminden günümüze ulaşan Ehl-i Hiref Mevâcib Teftiş Defteri’nde yer alan 1 Muharrem 927 (12 Aralık 1520) tarihli kayda göre Şahkulu’nun hassa harcından günlük 22 akçe ile maaş aldığı, 952’de (1545) günlük 25 akçe ile Cemâat-i Nakkāşân Bölük-i Rûmiyân’ın sernakkaşı (serbölük) olduğu, vefat ettiği tarihe kadar bu görevine devam ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Âlî Mustafa Efendi, Şahkulu’nun sarayda özel atölyesinin olduğunu, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın sık sık nakışhâneye giderek çalışmalarını izlediğini, ona pek çok ihsanda bulunduğunu, ücretinin günlük 100 akçeye çıktığını kaydeder (Menâkıb-ı Hünerverân, s. 65). Şahkulu’nun bayramlarda padişaha sunduğu eserlerden bazıları arşiv kayıtlarında görülmektedir: “Bir büyük nakışlı tabak ve altı küçürek üsküre, bir kâğıt üzerine peri sûreti, bir hokka mukavvadan.” Padişaha takdim edilen hediyeler karşılığında “2000 akçe ve bir benek kaftan” in‘âm almıştır. Ancak 963’te (1556) “3000 akçe mîrâhûrî bir benek sevb” in‘âmını alamadan vefat etmiştir. Nakış sanatında ortaya koyduğu üslûpla Osmanlı nakkaşlarını uzun süre etkilemiş olan Şahkulu aynı zamanda “Penâhî” mahlasıyla Türkçe ve Farsça şiirler yazmıştır.
Şahkulu’nun bilinen imzalı en eski eseri Safevî dönemine ait Behrâm Mirza Albümü’nde görülen ejder resmidir (TSM, Hazine, nr. 2154, vr. 2a ). New York Metropolitan Müzesi’nde (nr. 57.51.26) korunan imzalı ejder resmi de Şahkulu’nun resim sanatındaki gücünü gösteren eserlerindendir. Bunların dışında üslûp özellikleri bakımından Şahkulu’na ait olduğu belirlenen pek çok eser vardır (Cleveland Museum of Art, J. H. Wade Fund Koleksiyonu, nr. 44.492; İÜ Ktp., Far., nr. 1426, vr. 48a ; Viyana Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, nr. 313, vr. 11b ; Washington Freer Gallery of Art, nr. 33.6). Şahkulu’nun yetiştirdiği öğrenciler arasında öne çıkan ve kendisinden sonra saray nakışhânesinin sernakkaşı olan sanatkâr Kara Memi’dir.
Şahkulu, Osmanlı Saray Nakışhânesi’nde yeni bir bezeme üslûbu şeklinde gelişme gösteren saz yolunun ilk temsilcisidir. Saz kelimesi “üslûp ve tarz” anlamındaki yol kelimesiyle birleşerek Osmanlı süsleme terminolojisinde zemini boyanmamış kâğıtlar üzerine siyah mürekkep ve fırça ile yapılan resmi ifade etmiştir. İri, kıvrak ve sivri uçlu dilimleri olan üslûba çekilmiş yaprak ve çiçek motifleri, hayal mahsulü çeşitli orman hayvanları, periler bu üslûbun konularını meydana getirir. Tezhip, kitap kabı, çini, taş işçiliği, kalem işi, halı ve kumaş desenleri, kuyumculuk ve maden işçiliği gibi sanat kollarında uygulanan bu üslûp, XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısından başlayarak gittikçe artan bir istekle XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına kadar kullanılmıştır. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın uzun süren saltanat yıllarında kitap sanatlarında yeni üslûpların doğmasına paralel olarak yazma eserlerin hazırlanmasında saz yolu da bu dönemde en güzel örneklerini vermiştir. Osmanlı sanatında saz yolu tarzına “saz yazmak” da denilmiş, saray nakışhânesinde bu bezeme tarzını uygulayan ayrı bir sanatkâr grubu meydana gelmiştir. Müstakimzâde, XVIII. yüzyılın ünlü müzehhibi Ali Üsküdârî’nin saz yazdığını ve “sânî-i Şahkulu” diye anıldığını belirtir (Tuhfe, s. 271). Hüseyin Ayvansarâyî, Levnî’nin musavvirlikten önce saz kolunda çalıştığını, tezhiple saz işlediğini kaydeder. Bu bilgilerden, Osmanlı nakış geleneğinde yetişen sanatkârların saz yolu üslûbunu öğrenmesi ve bu alanda eser vermesinin âdet haline geldiği anlaşılmaktadır.
Saz üslûbunun motifleri kadar önemli bir özelliği de bu motiflerin birbiriyle ilişki halinde tasarlanmış desenlerden meydana gelmiş olmasıdır. Orman dünyasını andıran bu tasarımlarda yaprak ve çiçek motifleriyle hayvan motifleri kullanılarak zengin bir tasvir gücü ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Şahkulu’nun düzenlemelerinde motiflerin tek tek görülmesi yerine yoğun ve birbiri içine geçmiş bir bütün halinde görülmesi bu üslûbun en önemli özelliklerinden biridir. Bu yoğun desen içinde ortaya çıkarılmak istenen motif farklı boyama tekniğiyle belirginleştirilir. Çok ender görülen hafif renk kullanılır. Bu üslûbun en çarpıcı özelliği ise âharlı kâğıt üzerine sadece altın ve is mürekkebi kullanılarak işlenen hareketli desenlerden meydana gelmesidir. Zengin yaprak ve hatâyî motifleri yanında yarı üslûplaştırılmış efsanevî ve gerçek hayvan motiflerinin bolca yer aldığı bu yoğun desenlerde hareket ve derinlik sağlayan kalın çekilmiş çizgilerle beraber büyük bir ustalıkla gözle seçilemeyecek kadar ince çekilmiş hatlar da görülür. Hatâyî grubu ile hayvan motiflerinden başka sanatkârın hayal gücü ve anlatım kabiliyetini âdeta imza koyar gibi ortaya çıkaran peri figürleri vardır. Şahkulu ile başlayan peri resmetme geleneği umumiyetle sayfanın tamamını dolduran tek peri figürü şeklinde uygulanmaktadır. İslâm kitap resminin minyatür okullarınca XIII. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren dinî konulu sahnelerde genellikle peri ve meleklerin kıyafetleri aynı tipte tasvir edilmiştir. Bu figür, Selçuklu taş işçiliğinde görülen melek tasvirlerindeki elbiselerle büyük benzerlik göstermektedir.
Saz üslûbunda en çok kullanılan motifler arasında efsanevî bir hayvan olan ejder motifi yer alır. İslâm sanat eserlerinde sık sık tasvir edilen ejder motifi Orta Asya’da Türkler tarafından yaygınlaştırılmıştır. Hun, Uygur ve Çin sanatında su ve bolluk timsali olan ejder bazan yılana, bazan timsaha yakın resmedilmiştir. Sanatkârların kendi tasavvurlarına göre farklı şekillerde resmettikleri ejder motifi Uygur ve Çin sanatında olduğu gibi uçan bir hayvan, Orta Asya Türk sanatında ve Selçuklular’da kanatlı, boynuzlu, pullu ve ayaklı olarak işlenmiştir. Sîmurg da hayal mahsulü hayvan motiflerinden olup saz yolu üslûbunda yer alır. Bu gruptan olan bir başka efsanevî hayvan motifi de “ki’lin”dir (ata benzeyen efsanevî yaratık). Bu motifin İslâm dünyasına ve İran’a Çin’den geldiği ve Acem sanatkârlarının Osmanlı sarayında faaliyet göstermeye başlamasıyla İstanbul’a ulaştığı tahmin edilmektedir. Yine saz üslûbunda çok bol ve zengin türde görülen kuş motifleri arasında sülün, balıkçıl, turna sayılabilir.
Şahkulu’nun öncülüğünü yaptığı saz üslûbu Osmanlı kitap sanatında resimden sonra en ihtişamlı örneklerini tezhip dalında vermiştir. Günümüzde Viyana Österreichische Nationalbibliothek’te (nr. 313) korunan ve saray nakışhânesinde III. Murad için 980’de (1572) hazırlanan murakka‘da yer alan bezemelerde bunu görmek mümkündür. Tezhip sanatından başka bu üslûbun en bâriz hissedildiği sanat çini sanatıdır. Topkapı Sarayı’nda 1051’de (1641) inşa edilen Sünnet Odası’nın dış cephesinde yer alan mavi-beyaz yekpâre çini panolar bunun en güzel örneğidir. Bir diğer örnek, 968 (1561) tarihli Rüstem Paşa Camii ana mekânında bulunan ve sadece yaprak motifleriyle hazırlanan ulama duvar çinileridir. Bunun yanında kalem işi ve kemhâ kumaşlarının desenlerinde saz üslûbunun uygulandığı görülür. Osmanlı saray halılarının büyük bir kısmı saz yolu desenlerle meydana getirilmiştir. Şahkulu’ndan sonra pek çok nakkaş tarafından sevilerek kullanılan saz yolunun bir başka sanatkârı imzasıyla tanınan Tebrizli Velî Can’dır. Daha sade ve ayrıntısız biçimde çalışan bu sanatkârın eserleri 1580-1600 yıllarına aittir. Saz yolu, Ali Üsküdârî’nin fırçasıyla ruganî işlerde ve tezhibin halkârî kolunda en güzel örneklerini XVIII. yüzyılda vermiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA TSMA, nr. D. 4104, vr. 1b ; D. 6503, D. 9602, D. 9605, vr. 3a , D. 9613-2, D. 9613-3, D. 9706, D. 10009; Âşık Çelebi, Meşâirü’ş-şuarâ, vr. 56b ; Âlî, Menâkıb-ı Hünerverân, s. 64, 65; Dedem Korkudun Kitabı (haz. Orhan Şaik Gökyay), İstanbul 1973, s. 56; Ayvansarâyî, Mecmûa-i Tevârih (haz. Fahri Ç. Derin – Vahid Çabuk), İstanbul 1985, s. 175; Müstakimzâde, Tuhfe, s. 271; Habîb, Hat ve Hattâtân, İstanbul 1305, s. 268; Rıfkı Melûl Meriç, Türk Nakış Sanatı Tarihi Araştırmaları I: Vesîkalar, Ankara 1953, s. 3, 5, 74, 77; Banu Mahir, Osmanlı Resim Sanatında Saz Üslûbu (doktora tezi, 1984), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 22-28; a.mlf., “Osmanlı Peri Resimleri”, 9. Milletlerarası Türk Sanatları Kongresi, Ankara 1995, II, 425-438; a.mlf., “Saray Nakkaşhanesinin Ünlü Ressamı Şah Kulu ve Eserleri”, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi: Yıllık-1, İstanbul 1986, s. 113-130; a.mlf., “Osmanlı Sanatında Saz Üslubundan Anlaşılan”, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi: Yıllık-2, İstanbul 1987, s. 123-133; a.mlf., “Kanunî Döneminde Yaratılmış Yaygın Bezeme Üslubu Saz Yolu”, Türkiyemiz, XVIII/54, İstanbul 1988, s. 28-33; Oya Kızıldağ Atila, Şah Kulu’nun Motif ve Desen Üslûbu (yüksek lisans tezi, 2003), MÜ Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü, s. 27-33; İnci A. Birol – Fatma Çiçek Derman, Türk Tezyînî San‘atlarında Motifler , İstanbul 2004, s. 129-130; Hilâl Kazan, XV. ve XVI. Asırlarda Osmanlı Sarayının Sanatı Himayesi (doktora tezi, 2007), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 175-178; Gülnur Duran, Ali Üsküdârî, Tezhip ve Ruganî Üstadı, Çiçek Ressamı, İstanbul 2008, s. 18, 93, 97, 101; a.mlf., “Kara Memi”, DİA, XXIV, 362-363; Beyhan Yörükan, “Topkapı Sarayı Müzesindeki Albümlerde Bulunan Bazı Rulo Parçaları”, STY (1964-65), sy. 1 (1965), s. 188-199; Emel Esin, “Evren (Selçuklu Sanatı Evren Tasvirinin Türk İkonografisinde Menşeleri)”, SÜ Selçuklu Araştırmaları Dergisi , I, Ankara 1969, s. 161.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 283-284 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.