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ŞAHKULU SULTAN TEKKESİ Skip to content İstanbul’da esası bir ahî zâviyesi iken XVI. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren Bektaşîliğe intikal eden tekke.
Merdivenköy’de yer alan ve Gadnî Dede, Hamdi Baba, Merdivenköy, Şahkulu Baba, Şeyh Mehmed Ali Baba gibi adlarla da anılan tekke, bazı kaynaklara göre 1329’da Osmanlı-Bizans arasında meydana gelen Pelekanon (Maltepe) savaşının ardından Orhan Gazi tarafından bir ahî zâviyesi şeklinde kurulmuştur. Ankara Savaşı’ndan (804/1402) sonra bölgenin Süleyman Çelebi tarafından II. Manuel Palaiologos’a terkedilmesinin ardından civardaki diğer zâviyelerle birlikte burası da ortadan kaldırılmış, Bektaşî geleneğine göre bu sırada tekkenin bânisi ve ilk şeyhi olarak kabul edilen Şahkulu Sultan ile çevredeki zâviyelerin “kırk erenler” diye anılan şeyhleri şehid edilmiştir. Tekkeye adını veren Şahkulu Sultan’ın (Şahkulu Baba) hayatına dair bilinenler Bektaşî menâkıbnâmelerindeki diğer birçok şahsiyet gibi hemen bütünüyle menkıbelerin müphem verilerinden ibarettir. Bazı araştırmacılar, Bektaşî geleneğinde Horasan kökenli bir velî kabul edilen Şahkulu Sultan’ın aslında II. Bayezid döneminde vuku bulan Şah İsmâil yanlısı ayaklanmanın başı olup Osmanlı tarihçilerinin “Şeytankulu” diye adlandırdıkları kızılbaş şeyhi olduğunu iddia etmektedir (bk. ŞAHKULU BABA TEKELİ ).
Şahkulu Sultan Tekkesi muhtemelen XVI. yüzyılın başlarında eski nüfuzlarını yitiren ahîlerden, yeni teşkilâtlanan ve kendilerine bağlanan Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın da etkisiyle gitgide güçlenen Bektaşîler’e intikal etmiş, ardından Bektaşîliğin İstanbul’daki âsitânesi ve Osmanlı topraklarındaki bütün tekkeleri içinde en önemlilerinden biri olarak varlığını sürdürmüştür. Bazı kaynaklarda, Babagân (mücerred) koluna bağlı Bektaşî tekkeleri arasında Kırşehir’deki pîr evinden ve Dimetoka’daki Seyyid Ali Sultan Tekkesi’nden sonra üçüncü sırayı aldığı bildirilmekte, diğer bazı metinlerde ise bu tekkeye “âsitâne-i sâniye” ve “ikinci pîr evi” denildiği görülmektedir. Osmanlı başşehrini Anadolu’ya bağlayan yolun üzerinde bulunan Şahkulu Sultan Tekkesi’nin devlet-ordu-Bektaşîlik ilişkilerinde ve teşrifatta özel bir yeri vardı. Pîr evinden İstanbul’a gelen dedebabalar, İstanbul’daki Bektaşî ricâli ve Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın ileri gelenleri tarafından Şahkulu Sultan Tekkesi’nde merasimle karşılanır, burada bir süre dinlendikten sonra İstanbul’a nakledilirler, Kırşehir’e dönüşlerinde de yine bu tekkeden uğurlanırlardı. 1826’da Yeniçeri Ocağı ile birlikte Bektaşî tarikatının da lağvedilmesiyle Şahkulu Sultan Tekkesi Nakşibendîler’e devredilmiş, o tarihteki postnişini Âhir Mehmed Baba dört dervişiyle beraber Tire’ye sürülmüştür. Bu sırada tekkenin yıktırılmasa bile en azından tahribata uğradığı tahmin edilebilir.
1826’dan tekkelerin kapatıldığı 1925 yılına kadar Bektaşîlik resmen mülga sayılmış, Tanzimat’tan ve özellikle bu tarikata yakınlığı olduğu bilinen Abdülaziz’in tahta çıkışından (1861) sonra Bektaşîler’e devletçe müsamaha gösterilmeye başlanmış ve Nakşibendî adı altında kendi geleneklerini sürdürmelerine göz yumulmuştur. Bu arada Şahkulu Sultan Tekkesi’nin de bir durgunluk döneminin ardından XIX. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren yavaş yavaş canlandığı ve Bektaşîler nezdindeki eski önemini kazandığı görülmektedir. Tekkenin günümüze intikal eden yapıları bu ikinci kuruluş devrine aittir. Özellikle bu dönemin postnişinlerinden Mehmed Ali Hilmi Dedebaba’nın meşihatı boyunca (1863-1907) Şahkulu Sultan Tekkesi yoğun bir imar faaliyetine sahne olmuştur.
Cümle kapısında yer alan 1291 (1874) tarihli kitâbe tekkeyi meydana getiren bütün binalar için geçerli bir ihya kitâbesi olmadığı gibi tekkenin çekirdeğini teşkil eden meydan evi ile buna bağlı büyük aşevi-kiler evi, çamaşırhane-hamam kanadının mimari özellikleri, ayrıca tekkenin tarihçesine ilişkin bilgiler bu bölümlerin XIX. yüzyılın ortalarında yaptırıldığını göstermektedir. M. Ali Hilmi Dedebaba’nın 1869’da ikinci defa pîr evini ziyaretinden dönüşünde tekkeyi tamir ettirip genişlettiği matbu divanındaki biyografisinden öğrenilmektedir. İkametgâh bölümü de meydan evinin kuzeyine bu tarihten sonra, cümle kapısındaki kitâbenin işaret ettiği 1874’te eklenmiş olmalıdır. Cümle kapısının yanındaki bölümlerin (kapıcı can hücresi, bacılar mahfili, at evi) aynı tarihte inşa edildiği, meydan evinin, büyük aşevi, çamaşırhane-hamam kanadının da bu sırada esaslı bir onarım geçirerek son şeklini aldığı tahmin edilebilir. XIX. yüzyılın sonlarında imar faaliyetinin devam ettiği, 1892’de bir “zenbûr evi” (arı kovanlarını barındıran yapı) ve 1896’da şeyh odası niteliğinde bir mekânın yaptırıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. 1925’te kapatıldıktan sonra mülkiyeti Vakıflar İdaresi’ne geçen Şahkulu Sultan Tekkesi bir müddet son postnişin Hasan Tahsin Baba’nın ve bazı dervişlerin meskeni şeklinde kullanılmış, bu neslin vefatını müteakip terkedilerek harap olmaya başlamıştır. Günümüze ulaşmayan bazı bölümlerin bu devirde ortadan kalktığı bilinmektedir. 1965 yılı civarında Vakıflar İdaresi tekkenin bir kısmını (meydan evi ile buna bitişik olan bazı bölümleri) restore ettirmiş, ancak herhangi bir fonksiyon verilmediğinden yapılar yeniden yıkılmaya yüz tutmuştur. Yakın zamanda kurulan Şahkulu Sultan Külliyesi’ni Onarma ve Yaşatma Derneği tekkeyi aslına uygun biçimde tamir ettirerek Alevî-Bektaşî kültürünün yaşatıldığı bir merkez haline getirmiştir.
İstanbul’da Bektaşîliğin en parlak temsilcisi olan Şahkulu Sultan Tekkesi askerî ve siyasî öneminin yanı sıra Bektaşî edebiyatı ve mûsikisinde de önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bektaşîler’den başka diğer tarikat ehli arasında da sevilip sayılan, bir müddet Kırşehir’deki pîr evinde dedebabalık yapacak kadar nüfuzlu olan şair ve bestekâr M. Ali Hilmi Dedebaba’nın meşihatı sırasında tekke verimli bir kültür hayatına sahne olmuştur. Ayrıca hazîredeki mezarlardan anlaşıldığı gibi mensupları arasında devlet ricâlinden birçok kimsenin bulunduğu bu tekke “aristokrat” İstanbul Bektaşîliğini temsil etmekteydi. Tekkenin âyin günü perşembe idi.
Şahkulu Sultan Tekkesi bütün Bektaşî tekkeleri gibi şehrin karmaşasından uzak, mesire niteliğinde sakin bir mevkide geniş bir arazi içinde yer alır. Doğu yönünde geniş bir mezarlık, kuzeydeki cümle kapısı dışında ulu bir çınarın altında Mâh Baba Çeşmesi bulunmaktadır. Bu çeşmenin yanında günümüze ulaşmamış bir namazgâhla tekkeyi ziyarete gelenlere selâmlık vazifesi gören bir kahvehanenin var olduğu bilinmektedir. Cümle kapısından tekkenin bahçesine girildiğinde sağda “kapıcı can” hücresiyle kadınların ağırlandığı bacılar mahfili sıralanır. Aynı sırada yer alan üçüncü birimin ahırların bakımı ile yükümlü at evi (ahır) babasına ait olduğu tahmin edilebilir. Bu mekânların arkasında kuzey yönündeki çevre duvarı boyunca tekkenin at evi uzanır.
Cümle kapısının soluna kuzey-güney doğrultusunda tekkenin en önemli bölümlerini barındıran ana bina yerleştirilmiştir. Bu bölümler kuzeyden güneye doğru tekkede yaşayan mücerred babalara ve dervişlere mahsus iki katlı ikametgâh, bu kanadın içinde gündelik yemeğin pişirildiği küçük aşevi, âyinlerin icra edildiği meydan evi, özel günlerde kullanılan büyük aşevi ve çamaşırhane, kiler evi, hamam, aşevi babası ile kiler evi babasının hücreleridir. Ana bina, kuzey ve doğu yönlerinde daha ziyade babaların gömülü olduğu bir hazîre ile kuşatılmıştır. Şahkulu Sultan’ın açık türbesi de bu hazîrededir. Ana binanın batı yönünde bahçeye bakan setler üzerinde havuzlar ve çardaklar göze çarpar. Bu kesimde cümle kapısının tam karşısında tekkeye gelen hatırlı misafirlerin ağırlandığı, şeyh odası niteliğinde bir mekânın bulunduğu bilinmektedir. Ayrıca tekkenin bahçesinde ekmek evinin (fırın), zenbûr evinin, koyun ve inek ağıllarının ve kozahanenin duvar kalıntıları, çeşitli bostan kuyuları ve bir su kulesi görülmektedir. Tekkenin yakınında Gözcü Baba makamı ve hazîresi bulunmaktadır. Bu mevkide tekke sakinleri tarafından yazlık ikametgâh olarak kullanılan büyük bir ahşap köşkün yer aldığı belirtilmektedir.
Tekkenin önünde atlar için düşünülmüş uzun yalağı ile tipik bir kır çeşmesi olan Mâh Baba Çeşmesi’nin ayna taşında ve musluk yerinde teslim taşı kabartmaları dikkati çeker. Tepede II. Abdülhamid’in tuğrası ve 1315 (1897) tarihi yer almaktadır. İki mısralık manzum kitâbenin sülüsle yazılmış olduğu sezilmekteyse de günümüzde okunması imkânsızdır. Namazgâh bütünüyle ortadan kalkmıştır. Buradan getirildiği anlaşılan 1161 (1748) tarihli mihrap taşı yakın zamana kadar meydan evinin duvarına dayalı olarak durmakta, taşın üst kesiminde Lâle Devri üslûbunu yansıtan kabartmalar bulunmaktaydı. Cümle kapısının dikdörtgen açıklığı kesme küfekiden sövelerle kuşatılmıştır. Düşey çubuklarla ve dairevî madalyonlarla donatılan yan sövelerin üst bitiminde teslim taşı kabartmaları yer alır. Üst söve başlığının tam ortasına Hacıbektaş taşı olarak adlandırılan oniksten bir teslim taşı kakılmıştır. Üstteki alınlığın içine kitâbe konmuş, alınlığın üzerinde alem olarak horasânî denilen tipte bir Bektaşî tacı oturtulmuştur.
Ana binanın kuzey kesimi “L” planlı ve iki katlı kitlesiyle ikametgâh şeklinde düzenlenmiştir. Duvarlar tuğla olup pencerelerin çoğu ve kapılar sepet kulpu kemerlerle donatılmıştır. 1960’larda bir yangında harap olan yapı son yıllarda yalnız cepheleri eski haline uygun biçimde yeniden inşa edilmiştir. Özgün planı hakkındaki bilgilerin sınırlı olduğu yapıda güneydeki kapı dışında kuzeyde Şahkulu Sultan makamına açılan ikinci bir kapı bulunmaktadır. Ana binanın güneyindeki tek katlı kanada batı cephesinden girilir. Duvarlar moloz taş ve tuğla ile örülmüştür. Büyük aşevi ile çamaşırhanenin yer aldığı mekân düzgün olmayan bir plana sahiptir. Girişin sağında yer alan büyük ocak aynı zamanda hemen arkada bulunan hamamın külhanı olacak şekilde tasarlanmıştır. Aşevi ocağından sonra hamamın girişi, bunun ötesinde çamaşırhane ocağı yer alır. Solda (kuzey yönünde) meydan evinden bu kanada açılan iki adet kapı-pencere görülür. Doğuda yan yana kiler evi ile kiler evi babasının hücresi sıralanmaktadır. Bir camekân-ılıklık, bir halvet ve bir helâdan oluşan hamamda ilginç mimari ayrıntılar göze çarpar. Bunlardan biri halvetle camekân-ılıklık arasındaki duvarda bulunan tütekli bir lamba penceresidir. Diğeri de camekân-ılıklık mekânının güney duvarında yer alan, alçı kabartma perde motifleriyle çerçevelenmiş, geç dönem halk resmi türünde hayalî bir peyzajla bezenmiş olan niştir. Aşevi babasının hücresi kanadın güneybatı köşesine sonradan eklenmiştir.
Tekkenin ana binasının ortasında yer alan meydan evi kuzeyde tekke sakinlerinin odalarını ve küçük aşevini barındıran iki katlı yapıya, güneyde büyük aşevi, kiler evi, hamam, helâ ve çamaşırhane bölümlerini içeren iki katlı diğer bir yapıya bitişiktir. Meydan evi ile bu iki yan kanat arasında kapılarla geçiş sağlanmıştır. Batısında bir giriş mekânı mahiyetinde olan taşlıkla su haznesi yer almaktadır. Sadece doğu yönünde serbest kalarak içinde bulunduğu yapı kitlesinden dışarıya taşan meydan evi, komşu bölümlerle kuşatılmış olmasına karşılık yan kanatlara nisbetle yüksek tutulmuş üst yapısı sayesinde dışarıdan bakıldığında bağımsız bir bölüm gibi algılanmaktadır. Meydan evinin planı düzgün bir onikigenden oluşur. Moloz taş ve tuğla ile örgülü, içten ve dıştan sıvalı duvarlar kenarları içten 2,80 m. uzunluğundaki bu onikigeni meydana getirmektedir. Bu mekânın tasarımında çokgenler içinde onikigenin seçilmiş olmasının başlıca sebebi, on iki imam kültüne sıkı sıkıya bağlı olan Bektaşîliğin rakam sembolizminde söz konusu sayının taşıdığı önemdir.
Meydan evinin güneydoğu (kıble) yönünde yer alan kenarında âyinlerde taht-ı Muhammed’in ve kanun çerağının konulmasına mahsus bir niş bulunmaktadır. Bunun karşısında kuzey yönünde benzer bir niş daha vardır. Bu iki niş arasında dört kenarda birer kapı-pencere yer almaktadır. Doğu yönündeki hazîre ve özellikle tekkeye adını veren Şahkulu Sultan’ın kabrini gören bu açıklıklar birer niyaz penceresi niteliğindedir. Kuzeybatı yönündeki iki kapı-pencere, gerek tekkede oturanların gerekse âyinlere katılmak için gelenlerin kullanımına mahsustur. Bunlardan batı yönündeki eşik adı verilen kapı olup bunun solunda meydan evinin çatısına çıkan kâgir merdivene geçit veren açıklık bulunmaktadır. Arkasını su haznesine dayamış olan kenarda ise önleri yalaklı üç adet abdest musluğu vardır. Bunların tarikat erkânıyla ilgili fonksiyona sahip olduğu, taşlıktaki benzeri üç adet musluğun da cemaatin abdest almasına tahsis edildiği söylenebilir. Meydan evinin güneyinde yer alan iki kenarda büyük aşevi, kiler evi, hamam, helâ ve çamaşırhane gibi mekânların etrafında sıralandığı taşlığa açılan birer kapı-pencere mevcuttur. Meydan evinin duvarlarının üst kısmında her kenarda birer adet olmak üzere toplam on iki adet pencere sıralanmaktadır. Bunlar alttakilerle aynı şekilde, ancak biraz daha küçüktür. Bu pencerelerin altında köşelerinde Bektaşîliğin alâmet-i fârikası haline gelmiş olan on iki köşeli teslim taşlarının kabartma şeklinde yer aldığı birer dikdörtgen mermer levha mevcuttur. Bu levhalarda zamanında on iki imamın isimlerinin yazılı olduğu kesindir.
Meydan evinin mimari düzeninde en çok dikkati çeken ve tekkedeki bu bölümün tarikat mimarisi için olduğu kadar Türk İslâm mimarisi tarihinde önemli bir yer işgal eden husus yapıda kullanılan değişik örtü sistemidir. Meydan evinin onikigen alanının tam ortasında kaidesi ve başlığı onikigen olan daire kesitli bir mermer sütun yükselmekte, bu sütunun ekseni etrafında 360 derece dönen ve bu sütunla duvarlara oturan, tuğla ile örülmüş bir tür yelpaze tonoz mekânı örtmektedir. Bu arada sütunun yer aldığı noktanın Bektaşîler’ce “dâr” veya “dâr-ı Mansûr” diye adlandırıldığı, yani Tanrı ile birleşme (vahdet) makamı olarak kabul edildiği, ayrıca Hakk’a giden doğru yolu (sırât-ı müstakîm) sembolize ettiği ve âyinlerde çok önemli bir yerinin bulunduğu göz önünde tutulursa bu noktadaki taşıyıcının inşaî fonksiyonunun yanı sıra en az onun kadar önemli bir de sembolik fonksiyonu olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Yelpaze tonozun aslında dıştan onikigen piramit biçiminde ahşap bir külâhla örtülü bulunduğu halde son tamirlerde bu çatı iptal edilmiş ve üst yapıya dışarıdan bakıldığında gözün yadırgadığı çok basık bir kubbe görüntüsü verilmiştir. Meydan evinin alemi mermerden oyulmuş elifî tipte bir Bektaşî tacıdır. Aynı tekkenin cümle kapısında görülen, tarikat tacının alem olarak kullanılma durumu geç devir tekkelerinde çokça görülen bir özelliktir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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I. Mélikoff, “L’Ordre des Bektaşi après 1826”, Turcica , XV, Paris 1983, s. 166-167.
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N. Vatin v.dğr., “Le Tekke Bektachi de Merdivenköy”, Anatolia Moderna: Yeni Anadolu , II, Paris 1991, s. 29-135.
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“Esrar Baba (Kalkandelenli)”, a.e. , X, 5365-5366.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 286-289 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.