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SAKĪF (Benî Sakīf) Skip to content Adnânîler’e mensup bir Arap kabilesi.
Adını Sakīf lakabıyla bilinen ve kaynaklarda Kays Aylân’a veya İyâd’a bağlanan Kasî b. Münebbih’ten alır. İyâd’a mensup olan Kasî’nin, III. yüzyılın başlarında meydana gelen İyâd-Mudar mücadelesinden çok sonra kabilesiyle birlikte Vec vadisine gelerek Kays Aylân’dan Hevâzin’e katıldığı rivayet edilir. Semûd’un bakiyesi olduğuna dair kayıtlar da bulunan Sakīf’in meşhur kolları arasında İlâc, Mâlik ve Ahlâf olarak bilinen Cehm ile Avf sayılabilir. Hayvancılık ve tarımla uğraşan Sakīfliler önceleri Tâif ve çevresinde yaşarken zamanla nüfuslarının artması üzerine şehirde üstünlüğü ele geçirdiler (Bekrî, I, 78).
Tâif, İslâm öncesi Arap toplumunda büyük saygı gören, dört köşe beyaz bir kaya parçasının sembolize ettiği Lât’ın kutsal mekânı idi. Sakīfliler, Kureyşliler ile aralarındaki rekabet ve düşmanlık yüzünden bu beyaz taşı Mekke’deki siyah taşın (Hacerülesved) karşılığı sayıyor ve Kâbe gibi üzerinde örtü bulunan Beytürrabbe adlı bir binada koruyup tapıyorlardı; bu sebeple Tâif de bir tür hac mekânı olmuştu. Kâbe’yi yıkmak için gelen Ebrehe, Tâif’e ulaştığında Benî Sakīf ileri gelenlerinin onu karşılayıp Lât Mâbedi’ne dokunmadığı takdirde kendisine yardımcı olacaklarını söyledikleri ve onun bu teklifi kabul etmesi üzerine emrine Ebû Rigāl adlı bir rehber verdikleri bilinmektedir.
Benî Sakīf, tarım ve hayvancılık kadar çeşitli el sanatları ve ticaret alanında da ilerlemişti. Kuru üzüm, şarap, zeytinyağı ve bal üretiminde, özellikle deri işlemeciliğinde bütün Arabistan’da tanınıyordu. Bu sayede Sakīfliler, Sâsânîler ve Bizans’ın yanında Yemen’den Mısır’a kadar geniş bir coğrafyada ticarî ilişkiler kurmuştu. Kendileri gibi tarımla uğraşan Yesribliler’le bağlantıları bulunan Sakīfliler ile Kureyşliler arasında da ekonomik ilişkiler kurulmuş ve Tâif’te üretilen malların önemli bir kısmının Suriye’den Horasan’a kadar pazarlanması Mekkeli tüccarlar tarafından üstlenilmişti. Kureyş ile Sakīf arasında ayrıca karşılıklı evlilikler yoluyla akrabalıklar kurulmuştu. Kureyş zenginlerinden pek çoğunun sayfiye şehri olarak kullandığı Tâif’te bağ ve bahçeleri vardı. Ancak ekonomik bağları ve akrabalıklarına rağmen Hz. Peygamber’in dedesi Abdülmuttalib ile mücadeleye girişen Sakīfliler, Dördüncü Ficâr Savaşı’nda Kureyş-Kinâne ittifakına karşı müttefikleri Kays Aylân’ın yanında yer almışlar ve Kureyş’ten pek çok kişinin ölümüne sebep olmuşlardı (İbn Hişâm, I, 209-210).
Resûl-i Ekrem risâletle görevlendirildiğinde ilk tepkileri olumsuz olan Sakīfliler’in arasında ünlü şair Ümeyye b. Ebü’s-Salt gibi resul olarak kendisinin görevlendirileceğini umduğunu söyleyenler vardı. Kureyş liderlerinden Velîd b. Mugīre’nin, kendisi yahut Benî Sakīf’in ileri gelenlerinden Ebû Mes‘ûd Amr b. Umeyr veya Ahnes b. Şerîk varken Hz. Muhammed’e vahiy gelmesini yadırgamasıyla ilgili sözlerine Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de atıf vardır (ez-Zuhruf 43/31). Tâif eşrafından Mekke’de oturan Ahnes b. Şerîk, Kureyşli müşriklerle birlikte Hz. Peygamber’e eziyet ederdi. Nübüvvetin 8. yılında (618) Ümeyye b. Ebü’s-Salt’ın Resûl-i Ekrem’i münazaraya davet ettiği, bu münazaradan umduklarını elde edemeyen Sakīfliler’in Hz. Peygamber’e ve müslümanlara olan kinlerinin daha da arttığı rivayet edilir.
Benî Sakīf, Resûlullah’a hayatının en zor günlerinden birini yaşatmasıyla İslâm tarihine geçmiştir. Resûl-i Ekrem, müşriklerin kendisine ve ilk müslümanlara karşı tavırlarını gittikçe sertleştirmeleri üzerine davetini Mekke dışındaki bir merkeze götürmeyi düşünmüş ve yanına Zeyd b. Hârise’yi alarak Amr b. Umeyr ile üç oğlu gibi Benî Sakīf’in bazı önemli kişilerini İslâm’a davet etmek amacıyla Tâif’e gitmişti. Ancak bunlar, davetini benimsemedikleri gibi kendisiyle alay edip şehrin alt tabaka insanlarını ve çocukları peşine takarak onu taşlattılar. Resûl-i Ekrem bu saldırılardan ancak şehrin dışındaki, Mekkeli Utbe b. Rebîa ile kardeşi Şeybe’ye ait bir üzüm bağına sığınarak kurtulabildi ve orada Tâif’te gördüğü bu eziyete karşı beddua etmeyerek Sakīfliler için şu ünlü duasını yaptı: “Allahım! Sakīf’i hidayete erdir ve hepsini doğru yola ileterek emrin ve itaatin altına al!” (Müsned, III, 343; İbn Hişâm, IV, 127).
Hicretten sonra başlayan Medine-Mekke arasındaki mücadelede Benî Sakīf müşrikleri destekledi ve müttefikleriyle birlikte onların safında başta Uhud ve Hendek gazveleri olmak üzere her mücadeleye katıldı. Ancak aynı yıllardan itibaren bazı Sakīfliler’in İslâmiyet’e girdiği görülmektedir. Hudeybiye Antlaşması’ndan bir süre önce Medine’ye gelerek ihtida eden ve barış görüşmeleri sırasında Hz. Peygamber’in koruyuculuğunu yapan Mugīre b. Şu‘be bunlardan biridir. Resûl-i Ekrem, Hudeybiye’nin ardından Benî Sakīf’ten İslâmiyet’i kabul ederek Medine’ye hicret eden Ebû Basîr ve Utbe adlı kişileri anlaşma hükümlerini çiğnememek için iade etmek zorunda kalmıştı.
Hz. Peygamber’in Mekke’nin fethinden sonra çevredeki bazı putları yıktırması, kendi putları Lât’ın da tahrip edileceğinden endişeye düşen Sakīfliler’i telâşlandırdı. Bu sırada müslümanlarla bir ölüm kalım savaşına hazırlanan Hevâzin lideri Mâlik b. Avf’ın ordusuna katıldılar ve savaşın şiddetlenmesinde önemli rol oynadıkları Huneyn Gazvesi’nde aralarında kabilenin ileri gelenlerinden Osman b. Abdullah’ın da bulunduğu yetmiş kayıp verdiler (a.g.e., IV, 93). Yenilginin ardından kaçan Sakīfliler ve Hevâzinliler’in büyük bir kısmı kumandanları Mâlik b. Avf ile birlikte Tâif’e sığındı. Resûl-i Ekrem şehri kuşattıysa da Sakīfliler’in bir yıllık erzak depolamaları ve haram ayların yaklaşması sebebiyle bir ay kadar sonra kuşatmayı kaldırdı. Ashaptan bazılarının Tâif halkına bedduada bulunmasını istemeleri üzerine daha önce yaptığı gibi yine, “Allahım, Sakīfoğulları’na hidayet nasip eyle; onları müslüman olarak bize gönder!” diye dua etti.
Huneyn Savaşı’nda esir düşen Hevâzinliler’in serbest bırakılmasından sonra Hz. Peygamber’in huzuruna çıkıp müslüman olan ve kendi kabilesiyle civar kabilelere âmil tayin edilen Mâlik b. Avf bölgedeki müşrik kabilelere karşı baskı politikası uygulamaya başladı. Bu arada Sakīf ileri gelenlerinden Urve b. Mes‘ûd da Medine’ye gelip İslâmiyet’i kabul etti ve Tâif’e giderek kabilesinin ileri gelenlerini İslâm’a davet etmek için Resûl-i Ekrem’den izin istedi, fakat Tâif’e gittiğinde davet çalışması yaparken öldürüldü. Hatta Sakīf’in kollarından Mâlik ve Ahlâf gerçekleştirmiş oldukları bu fiilden dolayı birbirleriyle övünme yarışına girdiler.
Mâlik b. Avf’ın baskılarından bunalan, Urve’nin haksız yere öldürülmesinin ardından Mekke pazarını kaybeden ve İslâmiyet’e giren komşu kabileler tarafından çepeçevre kuşatılan Sakīfliler müslümanlarla savaşarak başa çıkamayacaklarını anlayınca 9 (630) yılında Medine’ye bir heyet göndermeye karar verdiler. Abdüyâlîl b. Amr başkanlığındaki altı kişilik heyet müslüman olmak için namazdan ve zekâttan muaf tutulmaları, Lât’a dokunulmaması, Tâif’in kutsal bölge ilân edilmesi, içki ve faize izin verilmesi gibi şartlar ileri sürdü. Tebük Seferi’nden döndükten sonra Sakīf heyetiyle görüşen Hz. Peygamber, onları sadece bir süreliğine zekâttan ve cihada katılmaktan muaf tutmayı kabul ettikten sonra heyetin en genç üyesi Osman b. Ebü’l-Âs’ı Tâif’e vali tayin etti ve Mugīre b. Şu‘be ile Sakīf’le akrabalığı olan Ebû Süfyân’ı Lât Mâbedi’ni yıkmakla görevlendirdi. Kısa süre içinde İslâmiyet’i benimseyerek zekât ve cihadla ilgili yükümlülüklerini de yerine getirmeye başlayan Sakīfliler ridde olayları sırasında İslâmiyet’e bağlılıklarını sürdürdüler ve Arap kabileleri içerisinde bir bütün halinde İslâmiyet’e bağlı kalan iki kabileden biri (diğeri Kureyş) oldular (Taberî, III, 242). Tâif valisi tarafından gönderilen ve çoğunluğu Sakīfliler’den oluşan birlikler önce Ezd, Becîle ve Has‘am kabilelerinden irtidad edenlerle, ardından Yemen ve diğer bölgelerdeki isyancılarla savaştılar.
Sakīfliler, Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn döneminden itibaren gerek askerlik gerekse bürokrasi alanlarında önemli görevlere getirildiler. Hz. Ömer, Irak cephesine yolladığı 1000 kişilik gönüllü birliğinin kumandanlığına Ebû Ubeyd es-Sekafî’yi getirdi. Ridde savaşlarında Nüceyr üzerine gönderilen birliğin kumandanı Mugīre b. Şu‘be, Kādisiye ve Nihâvend savaşları öncesinde elçilik heyetlerinde görevlendirildi; ardından Basra ve Kûfe valiliği yaptı. Yine Hz. Ömer’in Bahreyn ve Uman valiliğine getirdiği Osman b. Ebü’l-Âs, Hz. Osman döneminde ele geçirdiği Rey, Erdeşîr ve Sâbûr şehirlerinin bulunduğu bölgenin valiliğine tayin edildi. Hz. Ali de Tâif’in Sakīfli valisini azletmekle birlikte bazı Sakīfliler’i bürokraside görevlendirdi. Hz. Ali-Muâviye mücadelesine doğrudan katılmayan Sakīfliler halifenin Hâricîler tarafından öldürülmesinden sonra Ümeyyeoğulları’na daha da yaklaştılar ve Hz. Hasan’ı hilâfetten çekilmeye ikna etmeye çalıştılar (Ya‘kūbî, II, 215).
İslâm öncesinde Mekke ile Tâif arasındaki sosyal yakınlaşmada Benî Sakīf’le Benî Ümeyye arasındaki ilişkilerin yoğunluğu Emevîler’in iktidarı ele geçirmesi üzerine yeniden eski heyecanına kavuştu. Benî Sakīf’ten seçilen Haccâc b. Yûsuf, Mugīre b. Şu‘be, Ziyâd b. Ebîh, oğlu Ubeydullah ve Yûsuf b. Ömer gibi yöneticiler Emevî iktidarının sürdürülmesinde önemli rol oynadılar. Bunlardan bazıları, doğuda başta Horasan olmak üzere Irak’a bağlı ya da müstakil olarak yönetilen bölgelerde uzun süre yöneticilik yaptılar. Süleyman b. Abdülmelik dönemi dışında Yemen, Sakīfli valiler tarafından yönetildi. Sakīf kabilesi, Emevîler’in yıkılma sürecinde (744-750) bürokrasideki etkinliğini büyük ölçüde kaybetti. Benî Sakīf’ten siyasî ve askerî alanlar yanında çeşitli ilim dallarında da çok sayıda kişi yetişti. Bunlar arasında şair sahâbî Gaylân b. Seleme ile Câhiliye ve İslâm dönemlerinde yaşayan Arap hekimi Hâris b. Kelede sayılabilir.
Tâif anayurtları olarak kalmakla birlikte Sakīfliler, İslâm fetihleri sırasında Arabistan’ın çeşitli bölgeleri yanında Irak, Hindistan, Sind, Kuzey Afrika ve Endülüs gibi fetihlerine iştirak ettikleri bölgelere yerleştiler. Bu arada Hz. Ömer’in Basra’yı kurmasında etkin rol oynarken daha sonra Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin ortaya çıkmasına, Zeydîler’in Yemen ve çevresinde hâkimiyet kurmalarına önemli katkı sağladılar.
1814 yılında hac yolculuğuna çıkan J. Ludwig Burckhardt, Tâif ve çevresinde yaşayan halkın ekseriyetini Sakīfliler’in oluşturduğunu, bir kısmı göçebe ise de çoğunun şehir hayatı yaşadığını ve Tâif’i Vehhâbîler’e karşı koruduklarını kaydetmektedir (Travels in Arabia, s. 84-85; İA, X, 98). 1916 yılında Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı ayaklanan Abdullah b. Hüseyin’in saflarında yer alan Sakīfliler, Abdülazîz b. Suûd’un 1924’te Tâif’i âni bir baskınla ele geçirmesinden sonra Suudi Arabistan Krallığı’nın idaresi altına girdiler. Günümüzde yedi alt kola ayrılan Sakīfliler, Tâif’teki yoğunluklarını sürdürmektedir. Kabile mensuplarından bir kısmı başta Medine olmak üzere çevredeki merkezlerde bağ ve bahçe işlerinde çalışmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Müsned, III, 341, 343; Vâkıdî, el-Meġāzî, I, 201-203; III, 955; İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt (nşr. M. Abdülkādir Atâ), Beyrut 1410/1990, I, 164-165, 237-238; VI, 465-466; İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre (nşr. Ömer Abdüsselâm Tedmürî), Kahire 1987, I, 209-210; IV, 93, 127, 130-131, 182; Belâzürî, Ensâb (Zekkâr), I, 273-274, 427; II, 189-192; Ya‘kūbî, Târîḫ, I, 249; II, 215; Taberî, et-Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl), III, 242, 322, 441-446, 455, 457; Ebü’l-Ferec el-İsfahânî, el-Eġānî, IV, 121-122; Bekrî, Muʿcem, I, 78; Kalkaşendî, Nihâyetü’l-ereb, Beyrut 1405/1984, s. 186; J. L. Burckhardt, Travels in Arabia, London 1829, s. 84-88; Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal, IV, 142-157; Hamîdullah, İslâm Peygamberi, I, 498-499; Âtik b. Gays el-Bilâdî, Muʿcemü ḳabâʾili’l-Ḥicâz, Mekke 1403/1983, s. 68-69; M. Süleyman et-Tayyib, Mevsûʿatü’l-ḳabâʾili’l-ʿArabiyye, Kahire 1421/2001, V, 922-967; Âtıf Abbas Hammûdî el-Kaysî, S̱aḳīf ve devrühâ fi’t-târîḫi’l-ġarbiyyi’l-İslâmî ḥattâ evâḫiri’l-ʿaṣri’l-Ümevî, Beyrut 1424/2003; İrfan Aycan, “Sakîf Kabilesi ve Tâif Şehrine İslâm Tarihi Açısından Bir Bakış”, AÜİFD, XXXIV (1993), s. 209-235; a.mlf., “Emevî İktidarının Devâmında Sakîf Kabîlesinin Rolü”, a.e., XXXVI (1997), s. 119-141; H. Lammens, “Saḳîf”, İA, X, 97-98; M. Lecker, “T̲h̲aḳīf”, EI2 (İng.), X, 432.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 10-11 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.