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SALÂTÜ’l-HAVF Skip to content Korku ve tehlike hallerinde farz namazların tek imama uyarak nöbetleşe kılınması anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “korku namazı” anlamına gelen salâtü’l-havf tabiri fıkıhta düşman, eşkıya, hayvan saldırısı yahut yangın, sel tehlikesi gibi tehditler karşısında farz namazların tek imama uyarak nöbetleşe kılınmasını ifade eder. Deprem, yıldırım, kasırga gibi doğa olayları ya da düşman istilâsı, salgın hastalık gibi felâketler karşısında Allah’a sığınmak amacıyla kılınması fakihlerin çoğunluğunca mendup sayılan salâtü’l-feza‘ ise bir nâfile namaz çeşididir.
İslâm’ın beş şartından biri olan namazın belirlenmiş vakitleri içinde eda edilmesi özel bir öneme sahip olduğundan (en-Nisâ 4/103) bu ibadetin vakti geçirilmeden yerine getirilmesi için bazı durumlarda özel kolaylıklar tanınmıştır. Ayrıca savaş, tabii âfetler gibi fevkalâde durumlarda bile namazın cemaatle kılınmasının önemine vurgu anlamı taşıyan tek imama uyarak nöbetleşe namaz kılma biçimine Kur’an ve Sünnet’te yer verilmiştir. “Eğer -bir şeyden- korkarsanız namazı yaya olarak veya binek üzerinde kılabilirsiniz. Güvenliğe kavuştuğunuz zaman Allah’ı daha önce bilmediğinizi size öğrettiği gibi anın” meâlindeki âyet (el-Bakara 2/239) başta olmak üzere ilgili delillerden hareketle fakihler düşmandan kaçmak zorunda kalan müslümanın farz namazları rükû, secde ve kıbleye dönme gibi şartları yerine getirmeksizin ayakta veya binek üzerinde oturarak tek başına kılabileceği hususunda fikir birliği etmişlerdir; Hanefîler dışındaki üç mezhebe ve Hanefîler’den Muhammed b. Hasan’a göre bu şekildeki namaz cemaatle de kılınabilir. Hayvan, hırsız, eşkıya saldırısından endişe eden veya yangın, sel gibi bir tehlikeden kaçan kimse bakımından da kıyas yoluyla aynı sonuca ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca fakihlerin çoğunluğunca, fiilen düşmanla çatışma içinde olma veya düşman baskısının ağırlaşması gibi durumlarda namaz vecîbesinin ima yoluyla yerine getirilebileceği belirtilmiştir. Ca‘ferîler’e göre ima ile de kılınamazsa her rek‘at için Allah’ı yüceltme anlamı içeren bir dua okunur. Hanefîler’e göre ise savaş devam ettiği için vakit içerisinde namaz kılmaya fırsat bulamayan kişinin namazını tehir etmesinde bir sakınca yoktur. Zira Hz. Peygamber, Hendek Gazvesi’nde çatışma gün boyunca devam ettiği için bazı namazları tehir etmiş ve geceleyin savaş durunca kıldırmıştı (bazı Hanefîler’in bu görüşü amel-i kesîr ve kanın namazı bozmasıyla temellendirmesi hakkında bk. Tahâvî, I, 229-230; İbnü’l-Hümâm, II, 101). Yine Hanefîler’e göre binekten inmenin tehlikeli ve imkânsız olduğu durumlarda namazın binek üzerinde ima ile kılınması câiz ise de yerde hareket halindeyken (yürüyerek) ima ile kılınması câiz değildir. Belirtilen durumlarda kılınan namaz da korku gerekçesiyle bağlantılı olduğu için fıkıh eserlerinde “salâtü’l-havf” başlığı altında incelenmekle birlikte dar anlamıyla salâtü’l-havf terimi savaş esnasında farz namazların tek bir imama uyarak nöbetleşe kılınış biçimini ifade eder. Namazın bu şekilde kılınmasının delillerini Nisâ sûresinin 102. âyetiyle Hz. Peygamber’in bu âyete açıklık getiren uygulamaları teşkil eder.
Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre salâtü’l-havf Hz. Peygamber’e mahsus bir uygulama olmayıp bütün müslümanlar için geçerli bir ruhsat hükmüdür (Mâlikî mezhebindeki sünnet mi ruhsat mı olduğu tartışması için bk. Hattâb, II, 561; Ali b. Ahmed el-Adevî, I, 338-339). Ebû Yûsuf, Hasan b. Ziyâd ve İsmâil b. Uleyye, Nisâ sûresinin 102. âyetinde Resûl-i Ekrem’in namaz kıldırmasından söz edildiğinden hareketle bu hükmün gerekçesinin Resûlullah’ın imâmetine uyma arzusu olduğunu ve onun vefatıyla bu gerekçenin, dolayısıyla salâtü’l-havf hükmünün sona erdiğini, artık duruma göre ayrışacak her bir grubun ayrı imamlarla namazlarını kılabileceklerini ileri sürmüştür. Şâfiî fakihi Müzenî ise Hz. Peygamber’in Hendek Gazvesi’nde namazları tehir etmesiyle daha önce teşrî‘ kılınmış olan salâtü’l-havfın neshedildiği kanaatindedir. Cumhurun en güçlü delili, salâtü’l-havf uygulamasının Resûl-i Ekrem’in vefatından sonra da devam etmesi ve bu konuda sahâbe icmâının oluşmasıdır. Nitekim Ebû Mûsâ el-Eş‘arî’nin İsfahan’ın fethi, Hz. Ali’nin Sıffîn Savaşı ve Huzeyfe b. Yemân’ın Taberistan’ın fethi sırasında bu şekilde namaz kıldırdıkları bilinmekte, başka sahâbîler tarafından bu uygulamanın sürdürüldüğüne dair rivayetler bulunmaktadır. Cumhurun yaklaşımına göre bu ruhsat hükmünün konuluş amacı, zor şartlarda namazın cemaatle kılınması sayesinde müslüman askerlerin birbirine kenetlenmesini sağlamak ve birlik beraberlik ruhunu pekiştirmektir (İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, İʿlâmü’l-muvaḳḳıʿîn, III, 145; Bedreddin ez-Zerkeşî, III, 170).
Hz. Peygamber’in salâtü’l-havf uygulamalarının sayısı ve şekilleri hakkında farklı rivayetler bulunmaktadır (ilgili hadisler için bk. bibl.). Bu rivayetlerin hepsinde gazvenin adından söz edilmediği veya aynı gazve için farklı isimler kullanıldığı, daha da önemlisi bunların kronolojik sırası hakkında farklı görüşler bulunduğu için salâtü’l-havf uygulamasının ilk defa ne zaman teşrî‘ kılındığını ve bu namazların hangi şartlar altında eda edildiğini belirlemek güçtür. Konuya ilişkin rivayetler incelendiğinde Resûl-i Ekrem’in Usfân, Zâtürrikā‘, Zûkared (Gābe) ve Tâif gazvelerinde salâtü’l-havf kıldırdığı konusunda kesin bir kanaate ulaşılabilmektedir. Nisâ sûresinin 102. âyetinin Usfân Gazvesi’nde nâzil olduğu belirtilmekle birlikte ilk salâtü’l-havf uygulamasının Usfân’da mı yoksa Zâtürrikā‘ Gazvesi’nde mi yapıldığı tartışmalıdır. Hâkim kanaat Resûlullah’ın salâtü’l-havf uygulamalarının altı şekil altında toplanabileceği yönünde olup (İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, Zâdü’l-meʿâd , I, 529-532; Bedreddin el-Aynî, VI, 256-257; Şevkânî, III, 316-322) bu farklılıklar izah edilirken daha ziyade Hz. Peygamber’in savaşlarda karşılaşılan değişik tehlike hallerine en uygun ve en güvenli biçimde namazı kıldırmış olduğu yorumu yapılmıştır (Şirbînî, I, 301; Şevkânî, III, 317). Resûl-i Ekrem’in savaş dışında bir gerekçeyle salâtü’l-havf kıldırmadığı bilinmekle birlikte (İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî, XV, 275) fakihler, Bakara sûresinin 239. âyetinde genel olarak korku halinden söz edilmiş olduğunu dikkate alıp hayvan, hırsız, eşkıya saldırısı, yangın, sel gibi can veya mal kaybına sebep olabilecek korku ve tehlike hallerinde salâtü’l-havfın kılınabileceğine hükmetmişlerdir.
Dört mezhep imamının dahil olduğu çoğunluğa göre korku dolayısıyla namazın rek‘atlarında bir eksilme söz konusu olmaz; dört rek‘atlı namazların iki rek‘at kılınması seferîlik haliyle ilgilidir. Ca‘ferî mezhebinde tercih edilen görüşe göre ise mukim de olsalar cemaatle kılınan salâtü’l-havfta dört rek‘atlı namazların iki rek‘at kılınması gerekir. Kaynaklarda İbn Abbas’tan nakledilen ve salâtü’l-havfın bir rek‘at olarak kılınacağını ifade eden bir rivayet de vardır.
Fakihler Resûlullah’ın sahih rivayetlerle aktarılan farklı şekillerdeki salâtü’l-havf uygulamalarından herhangi birine uyulabileceğini birlikte farklı ölçütleri esas alarak bunlardan bir veya birkaçını tercih etmişlerdir. İbn Ömer yoluyla gelen rivayeti esas alan Hanefîler’in tercihine göre salâtü’l-havfın kılınış şekli şöyledir: İmam cemaati iki gruba ayırır; birinci grup imamla beraber namaza başlar, diğer grup düşman karşısında nöbet tutar. İlk grup birinci rek‘atı kıldıktan sonra selâm vermeden nöbet mahalline yürüyerek gider ve ikinci grup gelir. Namazın ikinci rek‘atında imama uyan bu grup secdelerden sonra tahiyyata oturmadan kalkıp nöbet mahalline döner ve imam tek başına tahiyyata oturup selâm verir. Bu arada ilk grup gelip ikinci rek‘atı kendi başına ve kıraatsiz şekilde tamamlar, çünkü lâhiḳ hükmündedir. Ardından ikinci grup gelerek ikinci rek‘atı kendi başına ve kıraatli olarak tamamlar; çünkü mesbûk hükmündedir. Eğer dört rek‘atlı bir namaz kılınıyorsa ilk grubun ayrılıp ikinci grubun gelmesi ikinci rek‘atın tamamlanmasından sonra olur. Bu şekil Evzâî’nin yanı sıra bazı Mâlikî ve Şâfiî âlimleri tarafından da benimsenmiştir. Fakihler, savaş vb. durumlarda iki ayrı cemaate ayrılarak ve ayrı imamlara uyarak normal zamanlardaki şekilde namaz kılınabileceği hususunda ittifak etmişlerdir. Hatta salâtü’l-havfın usulüne uygun biçimde kılınamaması ihtimalini dikkate alan Hanefîler, belirli bir imama uyma hususunda ihtilâf çıkmayacaksa iki ayrı imamla iki grup halinde kılmanın efdal olacağını belirtmişlerdir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 21-23 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.