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SALÂTÜSELÂM Skip to content Hz. Peygamber’in mânevî şahsiyetini selâmlama anlamında bir tabir.
Sözlükte “dua, tâzim, rahmet” gibi anlamlara gelen salât ile (çoğulu salavât ) “esenlik” mânasındaki selâm kelimelerinden oluşan salât ü selâm , “aleyhi’s-salâtü ve’s-selâm” veya “sallallāhü aleyhi ve sellem” şeklindeki dua cümlelerinin yerine daha çok Osmanlı Türkçesi’nde kullanılmıştır. Böyle dua etmeye “salavat getirme”, Arapça’da ise “tasliye” denir; bu duadan söz edilirken “salvele” kısaltması kullanılır (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “ṣlv” md.; İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, s. 155-156; Fîrûzâbâdî, s. 6-7). Kâşgarlı Mahmud salavat karşılığı olarak alkış (övgü) kelimesine yer vermektedir (DİA , II, 470).
Bir âyette, “Allah ve melekleri peygambere salât ediyorlar. Ey iman edenler! Siz de ona salât edin ve onu tam bir teslimiyetle selâmlayın” buyurulur (el-Ahzâb 33/56; ayrıca bk. el-Bakara 2/157; et-Tevbe 9/99, 103; el-Ahzâb 33/43). Müfessirler, bu âyette Allah’ın peygambere salâtının ona rahmet etmesi ve onu melekleri katında övmesi, meleklerin salâtının peygamber için istiğfarda bulunmaları ve müminlerin salâtının Allah’tan peygamberin kendi katındaki makamını yüceltmesi için dua etmeleri anlamına geldiğini ifade ederler. Âyetin ikinci kısmında geçen “tam bir teslimiyetle selâmlama” ifadesi ise ya -namazların son ka‘desinde okunan Tahiyyat duasında olduğu gibi- belli selâm kelimelerini kullanarak Hz. Peygamber’in mânevî şahsiyetini selâmlama ya da onun emirlerine tam anlamıyla boyun eğme şeklinde anlaşılmıştır. Âyetteki emrin gereklilik mi (vücûb) yoksa tavsiye mi (nedb) ifade ettiği tartışılmış, vücûb ifade etmekle birlikte hayatta bir defa yerine getirilmesinin yeterli ve diğerlerinin mendup hükmünde olacağı (Kādî İyâz, II, 64), bir mecliste Resûl-i Ekrem’in adı ilk anıldığında veya bir metinde ilk yazıldığında salâtüselâmda bulunmanın âyetteki emri yerine getirmek için yeterli sayılacağı kabul edilmiştir.
Hz. Peygamber’e salâtüselâm getirmekle ilgili hadislerden birinin meâli şöyledir: “Kıyamet günü insanların bana en yakını bana en çok salavat okuyanıdır” (Tirmizî, “Vitir”, 21; başka örnekler için bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ṣlv” md.). Resûl-i Ekrem, kendisine nasıl salât okuyacaklarını soran bazı sahâbîlere namazlarda okunan “Salli ve Bârik duaları”, “salât-ı tâmme” ya da içinde Hz. İbrâhim’in adı geçtiğinden “salât-ı İbrâhîmiyye” diye bilinen duayı okumalarını tavsiye etmiştir. Çeşitli lafız farklılıkları ile rivayet edilen bu duanın Kâ‘b b. Ucre tarafından nakledilen şekli şöyledir: “Allāhümme salli alâ Muhammedin ve alâ âli Muhammedin kemâ salleyte alâ âli İbrâhîme inneke hamîdün mecîd. Allāhümme bârik alâ Muhammedin ve alâ âli Muhammedin kemâ bârekte alâ âli İbrâhîme inneke hamîdün mecîd” (Buhârî, “Daʿavât”, 33; Müslim, “Ṣalât”, 66). Hanefîler’e göre bu duanın namazların son ka‘desi ile müekked sünnet olmayan nâfile namazların ilk ka‘desinde, Mâlikîler’e göre sadece namazların son ka‘desinde okunması sünnettir. Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre ise namazın son ka‘desinde Hz. Peygamber’e salâtta bulunmak farzdır. Şâfiîler ayrıca salavatı hutbenin rükünleri arasında sayar. Konuyla ilgili rivayetlerde Resûl-i Ekrem’e salavat getirmenin başka şekillerinden de söz edilmiştir (Fîrûzâbâdî, s. 140-159). Namazların dışında Resûlullah’ın adı anılınca, yazılınca, ezan dinlerken, cuma günü, mescide girince, cenaze namazında vb. vesilelerle, ayrıca yazışmalarda ve kitap hâtimelerinde Hz. Peygamber’e salâtüselâmda bulunmak müstehap sayılmıştır (Kādî İyâz, II, 67-70). Bazı âyet ve hadislerden hareketle Hz. Muhammed’den başka diğer peygamberlere de salâtüselâmda bulunulması tavsiye edilmiştir. Ehl-i beyt’e veya sahâbeye Resûl-i Ekrem’e salâtüselâmın devamında ve ona tâbi olarak salâtta bulunmak câiz olmakla birlikte onlar için müstakil şekilde salât ifadesi kullanılması genellikle uygun görülmemiştir.
Hz. Peygamber’in ismi yazıldığında salavat getirilmesini teşvik eden hadislerin de etkisiyle yazılı metinlerde bu tür dua cümlelerine ve bu cümlelere ait kısaltmalara yer verilmektedir. Goldziher, yazılı metinlerde salavatın ”صلعم“ ya da ”صللم“ , ”عليلم“ gibi kısaltmalarla gösterilmesinin geç dönemlerde ortaya çıktığını, bununla birlikte 253 (867) tarihli bir papirüste salâtüselâmın ikinci kısmı olan “aleyhi ve sellem”in ”عسسلم“ şeklinde bir kısaltmasına rastlandığını ve ilk defa Hârûnürreşîd’in, o zamana kadar sadece besmeleye yer verilen resmî yazışma usulüne tasliyenin eklenmesi emrini verdiğini, III. (IX.) yüzyıldan itibaren edebiyat ürünlerinde görülmeye başlanan tasliyenin V. (XI.) yüzyıldan sonra kitap başlangıçlarının ayrılmaz bir parçası haline geldiğini ileri sürmüştür (Gesammelte Schriften , IV, 44-45). Salavat için Türkçe’de “s.a.v.” ve “a.s.” gibi kısaltmalar kullanılmaktadır.
Şeyh Muhammed b. Süleyman el-Cezûlî’nin (ö. 870/1465) Delâʾilü’l-ḫayrât adlı salavat mecmuası Osmanlı döneminde Türkler arasında rağbet görmüş ve sevap kazanma, Hz. Peygamber’in şefaatine nâil olma, kötü huyları terkedip güzel huylarla bezenme, maddî sıkıntılardan ve günahlardan kurtulma gibi amaçlarla çokça okunmuştur (bk. DELÂİLÜ’l-HAYRÂT ). Bilhassa Türkiye’de salavat dualarının cuma, bayram ya da sabah namazı vaktinin yaklaşması gibi önemli bir zamanı ya da vefat gibi bir olayı duyurmak üzere minarelerden yüksek sesle okunması âdeti yaygındır. “Salâ vermek” şeklinde ifade edilen bu salavatların çeşitli makamlarda bestelenmiş formları da vardır. Bunlar okunuş vesilelerine göre cuma salâsı, bayram salâsı, cenaze salâsı gibi adlarla anılır (bk. SALÂ ). Türk kültüründe ayrıca damat donatılırken, hacı uğurlanırken ve bir başlık türü olan arakıyyenin şeyh tarafından tarikata intisap eden dervişe törenle giydirilmesini ifade eden arakiyye tekbirlemesinde salavat getirilmesi yaygın bir uygulamadır (DİA , III, 266).
Salâtüselâmla ilgili olarak erken dönemlerden itibaren çeşitli eserler kaleme alınmıştır. Abdullah b. Muhammed el-Habeşî bu konuda 180 civarında eser tesbit etmiştir (Muʿcemü’l-mevżûʿâti’l-maṭrûḳa fi’t-teʾlîfi’l-İslâmî , II, 750-757). Sadece Mağrib ve Endülüs âlimlerinin bu konuda altmıştan çok eser kaleme aldığı belirtilmektedir (Menûnî, II, 826-847). Konuya dair ilk telif 104 rivayet içeren Cehdamî’nin (ö. 282/896) Fażlü’ṣ-ṣalât ʿale’n-nebî adlı eseridir (nşr. Nâsırüddin el-Elbânî, Dımaşk 1383/1963; Beyrut 1389, 1397). Alican Tatlı, bu eserle ilgili olarak Ḳāḍî Ebû İsḥāḳ İsmâʿîl el-Ezdî ve ‘Kitâbü Fażli’ṣ-ṣalâti ʿale’n-nebî’ Adlı Hadis Cüzü ismiyle yüksek lisans tezi hazırlamış (1989, MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü), Es‘ad Sâlim Teyyim de Beyânü evhâmi’l-Elbânî fî taḥḳīḳihî li-Kitâbi Fażli’ṣ-ṣalât ʿale’n-nebî li’l-Ḳāḍî İsmâʿîl b. İsḥâḳ el-Ezdî adlı bir çalışma gerçekleştirmiştir (Amman 1420/1999). İbn Ebû Âsım’ın doksan bir rivayetten oluşan Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣalât ʿale’n-nebî adlı cüzü Hamdî Abdülmecîd es-Selefî tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Dımaşk 1415/1995).
Salâtüselâm konusundaki eserlerden bazıları şunlardır: Ebü’l-Abbas el-Uklîşî, Envârü’l-âs̱âr el-muḫteṣṣa bi-fażli’ṣ-ṣalâti ʿale’n-nebiyyi’l-muḫtâr (Rabat, el-Hizânetü’l-âmme, nr. 242); Abdülkādir-i Geylânî, Beşâʾirü’l-ḫayrât ve bülûġu’l-meserrât fi’ṣ-ṣalâti ʿalâ ṣâḥibi’l-muʿcizât (Kahire 1957); İbn Beşküvâl, Kitâbü’l-Ḳurbe ilâ Rabbi’l-ʿâlemîn bi’ṣ-ṣalâti ʿalâ Muḥammedin seyyidi’l-mürselîn (nşr. Cristina de la Puente, Madrid 1995); İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, Celâʾü(Cilâʾü)’l-efhâm fi’ṣ-ṣalât ve’s-selâm ʿalâ (Muḥammedin) ḫayri’l-enâm (nşr. Şuayb el-Arnaût – Abdülkādir el-Arnaût, Küveyt 1407/1987; nşr. Muhyiddin Dîb Mestû, Medine 1408/1988; nşr. Muhammed Beyyûmî, Mansûre 1415/1995; Mekke 1417/1996; eser, İbrâhim b. Abdullah el-Hâzimî tarafından ihtisar edilmiş ve el-Fevâʾid ve’s̱-s̱emerât el-ḥâṣıla bi’ṣ-ṣalâti ʿale’n-nebî ismiyle yayımlanmıştır, Riyad 1414); İbn Ebû Hacele, Defʿu’n-nıḳme fi’ṣ-ṣalât ʿalâ nebiyyi’r-raḥme (Escurial Library, nr. 1772); Fîrûzâbâdî, eṣ-Ṣılât ve’l-büşer fi’ṣ-ṣalât ʿalâ ḫayri’l-beşer (nşr. M. Nûreddin Adnân el-Cezâirî v.dğr., Dımaşk 1385/1966; nşr. Ebû Esmâ İbrâhim b. İsmâil Âlü Asr, Beyrut 1405/1985; eser Mustafa Demirkan ve İsmail Tavman tarafından Resûlüllah Üzerine Salâvat-ı Şerîfe Getirmek adıyla Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir, Konya 1998); Sehâvî, el-Ḳavlü’l-bedîʿ fi’ṣ-ṣalât ʿale’l-ḥabîbi’ş-şefîʿ (Medine 1397/1977; Beyrut 1407/1987); Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Kastallânî, Mesâlikü’l-ḥunefâ ilâ meşâriʿi’ṣ-ṣalât ʿale’n-nebiyyi’l-Muṣṭafâ (nşr. Bessâm Muhammed Bârûd, Ebûzabî 2000); İbn Hacer el-Heytemî, ed-Dürrü’l-menḍûd fi’ṣ-ṣalât ve’s-selâm ʿalâ ṣâḥibi’l-maḳāmi’l-maḥmûd (nşr. Haseneyn Muhammed Mahlûf, Kahire 1380/1961; nşr. Bû Cum‘a Abdülkādir Mekrî – Muhammed Şâdî Mustafa, Beyrut 1426/2005); Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Azb, Tuḥfetü’l-muḥibbîn bi’ṣ-ṣalâti ve’s-selâm ʿalâ seyyidi’l-mürselîn (Kahire 1282); Yûsuf b. İsmâil en-Nebhânî, Efḍalü’ṣ-ṣalavât ʿalâ seyyidi’s-sâdât (Beyrut 1309) ve Saʿâdetü’d-dâreyn fi’ṣ-ṣalâti ʿalâ seyyidi’l-kevneyn (Beyrut 1316). Günümüzde bu konuda yapılan pek çok çalışmaya Abdünnebî Gālib Ahmed Îsâ’nın Terġīb fi’ṣ-ṣalâti ʿale’n-nebiyyi ʿaleyhi’ṣ-ṣalâtü ve’s-selâm (Hartum 1987), Muhammed b. Ahmed eş-Şukayrî’nin es-Sünen ve’l-mübtediʿât el-müteʿalliḳa bi’l-eẕkâr ve’ṣ-ṣalavât (Kahire 1381), Muhammed Şekûr b. Mahmûd el-Meyâdinî’nin Cemʿu’l-eḥâdîs̱i’l-erbaʿîn fi’ṣ-ṣalâti ve’s-selâm ʿale’n-nebiyyi’l-emîn (Zerkā 1407) ve Amadou Makhtar Samb’ın Aç çalâtou ala Nabi ou De la prière sur le Prophète (Dakar 1990) adlı eserleri örnek olarak zikredilebilir. Ayrıca M. Naîmürrahmân’ın (Naimur-Rehman) “The Word Salat as Used in the Coran” (Allahabad University Studies , sy. 2 [1926], s. 291-312), Hidayet Işık’ın “Hz. Peygamber (S.A.S)’e Salat ve Selam Getirme ile İlgili Bir Araştırma” (Diyanet Dergisi , XXV/4 [1989], s. 263-286); Cristina de la Puente’nin “The Prayer upon the Prophet Muhammad (Tasliya): a Manifestation of Islamic Religiosity” (Medieval Encounters , sy. 5 [1999], s. 121-129) ve Ahmed Nedim Serinsu’nun “Ahzâb Sûresi 56. Âyeti Çerçevesinde Hz. Peygamber’e Salât ve Selâm Getirmenin Anlamı” (Dinî Araştırmalar , IV/10 [2001], s. 121-139) başlıklı makaleleri bulunmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ṣlv”, “slm” md.leri.
Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, el-Câmiʿ li-aḫlâḳı’r-râvî ve âdâbi’s-sâmiʿ (nşr. Mahmûd et-Tahhân), Riyad 1403/1983, II, 103-107.
Kādî İyâz, eş-Şifâʾ (nşr. Hüseyin Abdülhamîd Nîl), Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-Erkam), II, 64, 67-70.
İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, Celâʾü’l-efhâm fi’ṣ-ṣalât ve’s-selâm ʿalâ ḫayri’l-enâm (nşr. Şuayb el-Arnaût – Abdülkādir el-Arnaût), Küveyt 1407/1987, tür.yer.
Fîrûzâbâdî, eṣ-Ṣılât ve’l-büşer fi’ṣ-ṣalât ʿalâ ḫayri’l-beşer (nşr. M. Nûreddin Adnân el-Cezâirî v.dğr.), Dımaşk 1385/1966, tür.yer.
Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ (Şemseddin) , VI, 218-220, 256-258.
Şemseddin es-Sehâvî, el-Ḳavlü’l-bedîʿ fi’ṣ-ṣalât ʿale’l-ḥabîbi’ş-şefîʿ , Beyrut 1407/1987, tür.yer.
I. Goldziher, Gesammelte Schriften (nşr. J. de Somogyi), Hildesheim 1970, IV, 37-68.
Mûsâ M. Ali, Ḥaḳīḳatü’t-tevessül ve’l-vesîle ʿalâ ḍavʾi’l-Kitâb ve’s-Sünne , Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 529 vd.
Menûnî, Ḳabes min ʿaṭâʾi’l-maḫṭûṭi’l-Maġribî , Beyrut 1999, II, 826-847.
Abdullah b. Muhammed el-Habeşî, Muʿcemü’l-mevżûʿâti’l-maṭrûḳa fi’t-teʾlîfi’l-İslâmî ve beyâni mâ üllife fîhâ , Ebûzabî 1420/2000, II, 750-757.
F. Meier, “Die Segenssprechung über Mohammed im bittgebet und in der bitte”, ZDMG , CXXXVI/2 (1986), s. 364-401.
A. Rippin, “Tasliya”, EI2 (İng.) , X, 358-359.
Abdülkadir Özcan, “Alkış”, DİA , II, 470.
M. Baha Tanman, “Arakıyye”, a.e. , III, 266.
Nebi Bozkurt, “Salvele”, İslâm’da İnanç, İbadet ve Günlük Yaşayış Ansiklopedisi (ed. İbrahim Kâfi Dönmez), İstanbul 2006, IV, 1725-1726.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 23-24 numaralı sayfalarda “SALÂTÜ SELÂM” başlığıyla yer almıştır. Bu madde en son 25.12.2018 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.