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SALGAVÎ Skip to content Ömer b. Ebî Bekr b. Osmân el-Kerkî es-Salgavî el-Kenevî (1856-1934)
Ticâniyye şeyhi, edip, şair ve tarihçi.
Nijerya’nın kuzeyindeki Kano’da doğdu. Mahallî dilde İmam İmoru/Umaru, Umaru Krakye ve Umaru Salaga diye tanındı. Salgavî’nin büyük dedesi Şerîf Hüseyin, aile geleneğinde aktarıldığına göre Medine’den Hevsâlar’ın yaşadığı bölgeye (Batı Afrika) Fûlânî Devleti’nin kurucusu Osman b. Fûdî zamanında (1812-1817) gitmiş ve günümüzde kuzeybatı Nijerya’da bulunan Sokoto’da bir okul açmıştır. Şerîf Hüseyin’in oğlu Osman’ın Gobirli Saâdatu ile evlenmesinden Ebû Bekir doğmuştur. Ebû Bekir Kebbi’ye yerleşmiş, önce Kebbi ile Kano, ardından Kano ile bölgenin en önemli ticaret merkezlerinden biri olan Salaga (bugünkü Gana’da) arasında ticaret yapmıştır. Ebû Bekir’in Kanolu bir kadın olan Meymunata’yla evliliğinden de Ömer dünyaya gelmiştir.
Ömer Salgavî, Kur’an eğitimini on iki yaşında iken Kano’da tamamladıktan sonra öğrenimini Kebbi ve Gobir’de sürdürdü. Öğrenimi esnasında babasının ticarî seyahatlerine katıldı. Salaga’daki İslâm âlimlerinden ders aldı, onların ısrarıyla bu şehirde küçük bir okul açtı. Seyahatleri 1878’de vefatına kadar devam eden Ebû Bekir’in ölümünün ardından oğulları Sulay Binta ve İndoli ticarî işleri devralarak Ömer’in tahsiline devam etmesini sağladı. Ömer sonraki yıllarda Hevsâlar’ın yaşadığı bölgenin batısına, ayrıca Zarma, Songhay, Gurma, Mossi ve Gurunsi’ye seyahatler yaptı. Nihayet tüccar olan iki erkek kardeşinin ve kız kardeşinin yaşadığı Salaga’ya yerleşmeye karar verdi. Günümüzde Gana’nın kuzeyinde yer alan Salaga yabancıların yoğunlukta bulunduğu bir şehirdir. Ömer, Salaga’ya 1886’da gelen, Hevsâ diline vâkıf Alman kâşif Gottlob Adolf Krause ile tanıştı. Aralarında, Hevsâ diline ilgilerinden dolayı yakın dostluk kuruldu. Bölgede aynı hânedandan üç ailenin iktidar için mücadele ettiği bu dönemde Ömer Salgavî yerel siyasetle de ilgilendi; Lepo ailesi taraftarlarından Lamporwura’yı destekledi. Ṭalʿu’l-münâfaʿa adlı eserinde fedakâr olması, ilme, camilere ve okullara verdiği destekten dolayı Lamporwura’yı övdü. 1892’deki iç savaşta Lepo’nun güçleri mağlûp olduğunda Salgavî şehri tahrip edilmeden önce terkederek Volta’da küçük bir ticaret merkezi olan Kete Krakye’ye gitti. Buradaki yerel önder (Sarkin Zongo) İmam Audu Badi ile bir anlaşmazlık yaşayınca şehirden bir süre ayrılmak durumunda kaldı; sonraki birkaç yılını Bagyemso, Walewale ve Gambaga’da geçirdi. 1907’de Kete Krakye’ye geri döndü, şehrin Alman idarecisi tarafından görevinden alınan Audu Badi’nin yerine imam tayin edildi. Kete Krakye’de aynı zamanda Protestan misyoner, dil bilimci ve antropolog olan Alman idarecisi Adam Mischlich ile yakın bir dostluk kurdu; ona Hevsâ dili, tarihi ve kültürü dersleri verdi. Bu dersler sayesinde Mischlich, Almanca’ya bir Hevsâ dili sözlüğü ve gramer kitabı kazandırdı. Salgavî ise Mischlich’in teşvikiyle çok sayıda tarihî eser telif etti. Bunlar daha sonra Almanya’da önce Almanca’ya, daha sonra İngilizce’ye çevrilerek yayımlandı (Stanislaw Pilaszewicz, Hausa Prose Writings in Ajami by Alhaji Umaru , Berlin 2000). Mischlich, Misahohe’ye gönderildiğinde Salgavî de ona eşlik etti. 1913’te buradan hacca gitti. Mekke’de tanıştığı Elfâ Hâşim el-Fûtî vasıtasıyla Ticâniyye tarikatına intisap etti ve “mukaddem” olarak tayin edildi. Fûlânî geleneğiyle ilişkili birçok âlim gibi Salgavî de Mekke’ye gitmeden önce Kādiriyye tarikatına mensuptu. Hacda iken Togo’nun idaresi Almanlar’dan İngiliz ve Fransızlar’a geçti. Dönüşünde artık İngiliz manda yönetimine bağlı olan Kete Krakye’nin imamlığını tekrar üstlendi. Hayatının son döneminde kendini öğretime ve telife verdi; Yendi’ye ve Sarkin Zongo Malam Sallaw’ın daveti üzerine Kumase’ye yolculuk yaptı. Kete Krakye’de vefatında kendi inşa ettirdiği yeni camiye defnedildi.
XX. yüzyılın başlarında Batı Afrika’nın en tanınmış etkili âlimlerinden biri olan Salgavî’nin eserlerinde başta Süyûtî olmak üzere Buhârî ve İbn Hanbel gibi birçok İslâm âliminin yanı sıra Sokrat, Aristo, Eflâtun, Batlamyus ve İbn Sînâ gibi Yunan ve İslâm filozoflarına da atıflar dikkat çekicidir. Ancak Salgavî, geleneksel İslâm ilimleri ve felsefeden ziyade genelde tarihî araştırma ve sosyal konulara yoğunlaşmış, ardında dikkat çekici bir edebî miras bırakmıştır. Daha çok manzum olarak Arapça ve Hevsâ dilinde eserler vermiştir. Özellikle İmruülkays’ın divanının Arapça’dan Hevsâ diline çevirisi bu dilin edebî gelişiminde bir dönüm noktası teşkil eder. Salgavî’nin bölgedeki etkisi ve edebî geleneği, Büyük Volta bölgesinin tamamına yayılan talebeleri ve onların öğrencileri sayesinde devam etmiştir. Salgavî üzerine Talatu Mustapha, McGill Üniversitesi’nde yüksek lisans tezi (bk. bibl.), Douglas Edwin Ferguson, California Üniversitesi’nde (Nineteenth Century Hausaland Being a Description by Imam Imoru of the Land, Economy and Society of his People , Los Angeles 1973), Abdürrezzak İdrîs (Abdul Razak Idriss) Gana Üniversitesi’nde (Alhaj Umar of Kete-Karachie: A Muslim leader, a Teacher, a Poet and a Social Commentator of his Time , 1996) ve Muhammed el-Münîr Gibrill Indiana Üniversitesi’nde (bk. bibl.) doktora tezi hazırlamıştır.
Eserleri. Arapça. 1. “Bârrü’l-Ḥaḳ”. 1932’de oğluna hitaben yazdığı, İslâm birliğini konu alan, otuz sekiz mısralık bir şiirdir. 2. “Meşraʿu me’l-ḫaber li-vâridin vâridühâ bi’n-naẓar”. 1899’da tamamladığı, Avrupalılar’ın bölgeye gelişiyle ilgili seksen sekiz mısradan oluşan bir şiirdir. 3. Naẓmü’l-leʾâlî bi-iḫbâr ve tenbîhi’l-kirâm. Yine Avrupalılar’ın bölgeye gelişiyle ilgili 1900’de yazdığı 216 mısradan oluşan ağıttır. Bir önceki manzumeyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (İng. trc. Abdul Razak Idriss, Alhaj Umar of Kete-Karachie: A Muslim Leader, a Teacher, a Poet and a Social Commentator of His Time , doktora tezi, University of Ghana, 1996, s. 95-106, 148-172, 211-221). 4. “Ḳaṣîde bâʾiyye”. 1904’te Gonja ve Kuzey Asante’de bulunan Mehdî Mûsâ ve arkadaşlarını kınayan 177 mısralık bir manzumedir. 5. Ṭalʿu’l-münâfaʿa fî ẕikri’l-münâzaʿa. 1892 Salaga iç savaşı üzerine yazılmış bu doksan dokuz mısralık şiir bir sonrakiyle birlikte neşredilmiştir. 6. Tenbîhü’l-iḫvân fî ẕikri’l-aḥzân. Salaga’da yaşanan iç savaşla birlikte ortaya çıkan ahlâk çöküşü ve iyi yönetimin sona ermesine dair 1904’te kaleme alınan 248 mısradan oluşur (İng. trc. B. G. Martin, “Two Poems by Al-Hajj Umar of Kete-Krachi: Tāl Al-Munafa fī Dhikr Al-Munazaa and Tanbīh al-Ikhwān fî Dhikr Al-Ahzān”, J. A. Braimah – J. R. Goody, Salaga: The Struggle for Power , London 1967, s. 189-209). 7. Târîḫu iḳlîmi Eşentî. Asante’de erken dönem müslüman yerleşimini konu alan bir eserdir. 8. Terbîʿu Kitâbi’z-Zühd ve’l-vaṣiyye. Hz. Hüseyin’in oğlu Ali Zeynelâbidîn’in eseri üzerine yazılmıştır (Kahire 1367/1947, el-Ḳaṣâʾidü’l-ʿaşriyyāt adlı mecmua içinde). 9. Serḥatü’l-verîḳa fî ʿilmi’l-ves̱îḳa (Kahire 1334, 1959, müellifin Ali b. Hüseyin es-Seccâd’ın [Ali Zeynelâbidin] eserine dair kaleme aldığı Terbîʿu Kitâbi’z-Zühd ve’l-vaṣiyye adlı kitabıyla birlikte bir mecmua içinde; nşr. ve trc. I. A. Ogunbiyi, “The Thornless Leafy Tree Concerning the Knowledge of Letter-Writing”, Research Bulletin: Centre of Arabic Documentation , IX/9, 1973-74, s. 1-68; Ibadan 1975). 10. Tunkuyawa. 1918-1919 yıllarındaki grip salgını dolayısıyla yazılmış altmış dört mısradan oluşan bir şiir olup başlığı Hevsâ dilinde, metni Arapça’dır (faksimile nşr. ve İng. trc. M. O. A. Abdul, “Literacy in an illiterate Society”, Research Bulletin: Centre of Arabic Documentation , XI, 1975-76, s. 13-25).
Hevsâ Dilinde. 1. Wakar Nasara. Avrupalılar’ın gelişi, sağlık koruma ve yol yapım çalışmalarının övüldüğü, 1903’te yazılmış, 203 mısradan oluşan şiirdir. 2. Tarihin Kabi (nşr. ve Alm. trc. H. Sölken, “Die Geschichte von Kabi nach Imam Umaru”, Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung , VII, 1959-60, s. 123-162). 3. Tarihin Kasar Hansa (nşr. ve Alm. trc. Adam Mischlich, “Über Sitten und Gebräuche in Hausa”, MSOS , X, 1907, s. 155-181; XI, 1908, s. 1-81; XII, 1909, s. 215-274). 4. Tarihin İlorin (nşr. Stefan Reichmuth, “Imam Umaru’s Account of the Origins of Ilorin Emirate: A Manuscript in the Heinz Sölken Collection, Frankfurt”, Sudanic Africa , IV, Bergen 1993, s. 155-173). 5. Kundin wakokin İmru al-Qays dan Hujri. İmruülkays b. Hucr’e ait divanın Hevsâ diline çevirisidir (bk. R. S. Rattray, “Hausa Poetry”, Essays Presented to C. G. Seligman , ed. E. E. Evans-Pritchard v.dğr., Oxford 1934, s. 255-265) (eserlerinin bir listesi, yazma nüsha ve neşirleri için bk. Hunwick, IV, 588-594).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 76, 483; T. Hodgkin, “The Islamic Literary Tradition in Ghana”, Islam in Tropical Africa (ed. I. M. Lewis), Oxford 1966, s. 453-456; J. Goody, “Restricted Literacy in Northern Ghana”, Literacy in Traditional Societies (ed. J. Goody), Cambridge 1968, s. 219-220, 242-243; Talatu Mustapha, A Historiographical Study of Four Works of al-Hajj Umar İbn Abī Bakr of Kete-Krachi (yüksek lisans tezi, 1970), McGill University Institut of Islamic Studies; J. O. Hunwick, “The Arabic Qasida in West Africa: Forms, Themes and Contexts”, Qasida Poetry in Islamic Asia and Africa (ed. S. Sprel – C. Shackle), Leiden 1996, I, 89-90, 95-96; a.mlf. v.dğr., “Writers of the Greater Voltaic Region”, Arabic Literature of Africa: The Writings of Western Soudanic Africa (ed. J. O. Hunwick v.dğr.), Leiden 2003, IV, 586-594; S. Pilaszewicz, Hausa Prose Writings in Ajami by Alhaji Umaru , Berlin 2000; M. Saani İbrahim, The Tijāniyya Order in Tamale, Ghana: Its Foundation, Organization and Role (yüksek lisans tezi, 2002), McGill University Institute of Islamic Studies, s. 3, 13, 34, 66-68; Abdulai Iddrisu, Contesting Islam in Africa: Homegrown Wahhabism and Muslim Identity in Northern Ghana, 1920-2010 , Durham 2012, s. 29, 34-37, 40-42, 46-49; M. Al-Munir Gibrill, A Structural-Functional Analysis of the Poetics of Arabic Qasidah: An Ethnolinguistic Study of Three Qasīdahs on Colonial Conquest of Africa by Al-Hajj Umar b. Abī Bakr b. Uthmān Krachi (1858-1934) (doktora tezi, 2015), Indiana University Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 453-454 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.