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SALÎBÎ, Kemal Süleyman Skip to content (1929-2011)
Lübnanlı tarihçi.
Fransız manda yönetimi altındaki Lübnan’ın başşehri Beyrut’ta Protestan bir ailenin çocuğu olarak doğdu. Bilâdüşşam’ın büyük hıristiyan Ortodoks aşiretlerinden Salîbîler’e mensuptur. Ailesi XIX. yüzyılda Amerikan misyonerlerinin etkisiyle Protestanlığa geçti. Anne tarafından dedesi İbrâhim, II. Abdülhamid döneminde İstanbul’daki Mekteb-i Tıbbiyye-i Şâhâne’den mezun olmuş ve I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Ürdün’de Osmanlı Garnizonu’nun bulunduğu Salt’taki birlikte doktorluk yapmıştır. Babası Süleyman da doktordu. İlk öğreniminden sonra orta öğrenimini bir İngiliz misyoner okulu olan Medresetü Burummâne’l-âliye’de yapan Salîbî Beyrut’ta el-Külliyyetü’s-sâneviyyeti’l-âmme’de öğrenim gördü. Yüksek tahsilini Beyrut Amerikan Üniversitesi’nde tamamladı. Burada siyaset bilimi ve tarih okudu. Ardından aynı üniversitede yüksek lisans öğrenimine başladı. 1950’de doktora yapması için Londra Üniversitesi Doğu ve Afrika Araştırmaları Okulu’na gönderildi. Doktora tezini (Maronite Historians and Lebanon Medieval History) Bernard Lewis yönetiminde 1953’te bitirdi. Lübnan’a döndükten sonra bir süre Beyrut Amerikan Üniversitesi’nde idarî görevlerde çalıştı. Akademik kariyerinin hemen her safhasını Beyrut Amerikan Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih ve Arkeoloji Bölümü’nde geçirdi. 1965’te profesör oldu ve uzun süre tarih bölümü başkanlığı yaptı. Londra Üniversitesi Doğu ve Afrika Araştırmaları Okulu, Harvard, Manchester, Oxford üniversiteleriyle Smith College’da misafir öğretim üyesi olarak bulundu. Pek çok üniversitede konferanslar verdi, bildiriler sundu. Beyrut Amerikan Üniversitesi’nden emekliye ayrıldıktan sonra 1994-2003 yıllarında Amman’da el-Ma‘hedü’l-melekî li’d-dirâsâti’d-dîniyye’de kurucu direktörlük görevini üstlendi ve 2004’te hayat boyu onursal başkanı olarak tayin edildi. Aynı dönemde Ürdün veliaht prensi Hasan b. Tallâl’a danışmanlık yaptı. Bu görevinin sona ermesinin ardından Müessesetü’t-türâsi’d-Dürzî’de danışmanlık görevinde bulundu. 1 Eylül 2011’de Beyrut’ta öldü.
Kitapları, makaleleri ve ilginç fikirleriyle uluslararası bilim ortamında haklı bir şöhret kazanan Salîbî’nin çalışmalarını iki kısma ayırmak mümkündür. İlim hayatının ilk dönemini oluşturan 1960 ve 1970’li yıllarda kaleme aldığı eserler daha ziyade Suriye ve Lübnan’a, İslâm ve Ortadoğu tarihine, 1980’li yıllardan itibaren yazdığı eserler ise Hıristiyanlık, Tevrat ve İnciller, Hz. Îsâ’nın hayatına dairdir. Hıristiyanlık ve bu dinin tarihiyle ilgili lengüistik ve topografik verilere dayalı sıra dışı düşünceleri ilmî çevrelerde büyük yankı uyandırmıştır. Günümüzde Arap dünyasında üniversitelerin tarih bölümlerinde etkin olan pek çok hoca onun talebesidir. Ayrıca Arap ve Lübnan milliyetçiliği fikirleriyle tanınan Salîbî hâtıralarını da yayımlamıştır (Ṭâʾirun ʿalâ Sindiyâne: Müẕekkirât , Amman 2002). Birçok kitabının yanı sıra Revue des études islamiques, Studia Islamica, el-Ebḥâs̱ gibi dergilerde önemli makaleleri çıkmış ve The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’ın ikinci baskısına alanıyla ilgili maddeler yazmıştır.
Eserleri. Ortadoğu Tarihi. 1. Maronite Historians of Medieval Lebanon (Beyrut 1959, 1991). İbnü’l-Kılâî, Düveyhî ve Tannûs eş-Şidyâk gibi Lübnanlı Mârûnî tarihçilerinin eserlerinde Haçlılar ve Memlükler döneminin nasıl ele alındığını inceleyen eser müellifin doktora tezidir. 2. The Modern History of Lebanon (London 1965; New York 1977, 1993). XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren Lübnan tarihine dair eserde özellikle XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıllarda Lübnan’da meydana gelen siyasî olaylar ayrıntılı biçimde incelenir ve Lübnan tarihi 1960 yılına kadar getirilir. Târîḫu Lübnâni’l-ḥadîs̱ adıyla Arapça olarak da yayımlanan eser (Beyrut 1967, 1991) Sylvie Besse tarafından Fransızca’ya çevrilmiştir (Histoire du Liban: Du XVIIe siècle à nos jours , Paris 1997). 3. Crossroads to Civil War: Lebanon 1958-1976 (New York 1976). Salîbî, Lübnan iç savaşı esnasında yazdığı bu eserde iç savaşa yol açan yönetim krizini ele alır. 4. Syria under Islam, Empire on Trial, 634-1097 (Delmar 1977; Beyrut 2009). Bilâdüşşam’ın müslümanlar tarafından fethinden I. Haçlı Seferi’ne kadar olan siyasî tarihinin özellikle Arapça kaynaklara dayanılarak ele alındığı eser, bu alanda İngilizce olarak yayımlanan ilk bütüncül çalışma olup Kemal Havlî ve Antuan B. Nevfel tarafından Arapça’ya çevrilmiştir (Bilâdü’ş-Şâm fi’l-ʿuṣûri’l-İslâmiyyeti’l-ûlâ , Beyrut-Paris 2011). 5. Munṭalaḳu târîḫi Lübnân 634-1516 (Beyrut 1979, 2012). İslâm fethinden Osmanlı dönemine kadar Lübnan tarihine ve günümüzdeki Lübnan sınırlarının siyasî bir varlık olarak ortaya çıkışına dair bir eserdir. 6. A History of Arabia (Delmar 1980; Beyrut 2010). Antik dönemden modern çağlara kadar bir Arabistan tarihidir. 7. A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered (London 1988, 1990). Eserde başlangıcından itibaren Lübnan tarihiyle ilgili çalışmalar ve farklı görüşler incelenir. Bu eseri Sylvie Besse Fransızca’ya (Une maison aux nombreuses demeures: l’identite libanaise dans le creuset de l’histoire , Paris 1989), Afîf er-Rezzâz Arapça’ya (Beytü menâzilin kes̱îra, el-Kiyânü’l-Lübnânî beyne’t-taṣavvur ve’l-vâḳıʿ , Beyrut 1990, 2012) çevirmiştir. 8. The Modern History of Jordan (London-New York 1993). I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından Osmanlı Devleti’nin dağılması sonucunda 1921’de Ürdün emîri olan Abdullah’ın ülkeyi modern bir devlete dönüştürmesinin ve Ürdün siyasî tarihinin 1980’li yılların sonuna kadar ele alındığı çalışma Sylvie Besse tarafından Fransızca’ya tercüme edilmiştir (Histoire de la Jordanie , Paris 1996). 9. Târîḫu Beyrût (Beyrut 1969, ed. Francis Hours ile birlikte). Sâlih b. Yahyâ’nın aynı adla bilinen Aḫbârü’s-selef min ẕürriyyeti Butur b. ʿAlî Emîri’l-Ġarb bi-Beyrût adlı eserin neşridir. 10. Reports from Ottoman Syria 1819-1870 (I-V, Amman 1995, ed. Yusuf K. Khoury ile birlikte). Suriye, Lübnan ve Filistin’de faaliyet gösteren Protestan misyonerlerinin 1819-1870 yıllarında bölgenin çeşitli şehirlerinden gönderdiği, The Missionary Herald ’da yer alan rapor ve mektupların neşridir. 11. el-Mevârine, sûre târîḫiyye (Beyrut 2011). Başlangıcından itibaren Mârûnîler’in tarihine dairdir.
Mûsevîlik ve Hıristiyanlık. 1. Die Bible kam aus dem Lande Asir (Hamburg 1985). Önce Almanca ve ardından İngilizce olarak yayımlanmıştır (The Bible Came from Arabia , London 1985). Salîbî, Ahd-i Atîk’in lengüistik temellerini incelediği çalışmasında yer isimlerine dayanarak aslında Ahd-i Atîk’te sözü edilen coğrafyanın Filistin olmayıp Arap yarımadasının güneybatısında Hicaz ve Asîr bölgesinde bulunduğu tezini öne sürerek büyük tartışmalara yol açmış, kitabına reddiyeler yazılmıştır. İsrail eseri kendi meşruiyetine karşı bir saldırı olarak kabul ederken Suudi Arabistan, İsrail’in bölgede hak iddia edebileceğini düşünerek Serât dağları civarındaki antik kalıntıları tahrip etmiştir. Dünya çapında yankı uyandıran ve en çok satanlar listesine giren eseri Gerard Mannoni Fransızca’ya (La Bible est nee en Arabie , Paris 1986) ve Afîf er-Rezzâz Arapça’ya (et-Tevrât câʾet min Cezîreti’l-ʿArab , Beyrut 1985, 1986, 1991, 1994, 1997) çevirmiştir. 2. Secrets of the Bible People (London 1988). Salîbî’nin adı geçen eserindeki teorisini daha da ileri götürdüğü bu çalışmasında Ahd-i Atîk’te geçen Âdem ve İbrâhim gibi peygamberlerle ilgili kıssaları irdeleyerek eleştirmiştir. Eser müellif tarafından Arapça olarak da neşredilmiştir (Ḫafâya’t-Tevrât ve esrârü şaʿbi İsrâʾîl , Beyrut-London 1988, 1991). 3. Conspiracy in Jerusalem, The Hidden Origins of Jesus (London 1988). Hıristiyanlık’ta sonradan yazılan İnciller ve Saint Pavlus tarafından oluşturulan Hz. Îsâ imgesinin zıtlıklar ve tenakuzlar içerdiğini ileri süren müellif eserinde Hz. Îsâ’nın gerçek hayatını ve tarihsel kişiliğini ortaya çıkarmaya çalışmıştır. Eserin ikinci baskısı Who was Jesus? A Conspiracy in Jerusalem adıyla yayımlanmış (London 1992) ve Hans-Joachim Maass tarafından Almanca’ya çevrilmiştir (Die Verschwörung von Jerusalem: wer war Jesus wirklich , München 1994). Ayrıca Arapça olarak da neşredilmiştir (el-Baḥs̱ ʿan-Yesûʿ: Ḳırâʾe cedîde fi’l-Enâcîl , Beyrut 1999, 2000). 4. Ḥurûbu Dâvûd (Amman 1990, 1991). Ahd-i Atîk’te yer alan Hz. Dâvûd’un savaşlarına dair Samuel II kısmının İbrânîce’den Arapça’ya tercümesidir. 5. The Historicity of Biblical Israel: Studies in 1 and 2 Samuel (London 1998). Ahd-i Atîk’te geçen İsrail topraklarının konumu üzerine bir çalışmadır.
Salîbî’nin önemli makaleleri ve telif ettiği kitap bölümlerinden bazıları şunlardır: “Listes chronologiques des grands Cadis de l’Egypte sous les mamelouks” (REI , XXV [1957], s. 81-125); “The Maronites of Lebanon under Frankish and Mamluk Rule (1099-1516) (Arabica , IV [1957], s. 288-303); “The Buhturids of the Gharb. Medieval Lords of Beirut and Southern Lebanon” (Arabica , VIII [1962], s. 74-97); “Taʿrifü târîḫi Lübnân” (el-Ebḥâs̱ , XV [1962], s. 364-384); “The Traditional Historiography of the Maronites” (Historians of the Middle East , ed. Bernard Lewis Peter – M. Holt, London 1962, s. 212-225); “Islam and Syria in the Writings of Henry Lammens” (Historians of the Middle East [1962], s. 330-342); “Lebanon under Fuad Chehab 1958-1964” (MES , II [1967], s. 211-226); “Faḫrüddîn ve’l-fikretü’l-Lübnâniyye” (Ebʿâdü’l-ḳavmiyyeti’l-Lübnâniyye , ed. Antuan Kazan, Cünye 1970, s. 85-111); “The Lebanese Identity” (Journal of Contemporary History , VI [1971], s. 76-86); “The Sayfas and the Eyalet of Tripoli, 1517-1640” (Arabica , XX [1973], s. 25-52); “The Secret of the House of Ma‘n” (IJMES , IV [1973], s. 272-287); “Beirut under the Young Turks, as Depicted in the Political Memoirs of Salim Ali Salam” (Les arabes par leurs archives [XVI-XXe siècles] , ed. J. Berque, D. Chevallier, Paris 1976, s. 193-215).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Kemal Salîbî, Ṭâʾirun ʿalâ Sindiyâne: Müẕekkirât , Amman 2002; a.mlf., “Hat die Bibel doch nicht recht?”, Der Spiegel , XXXVIII, Hamburg 1985, s. 190-207; A. Havemann, “Geschichte und Geschichtsschreibung im Libanon: Kamāl Ṣalībī und die nationale Identität”, Gegenwart als Geschichte: Islamwissenschaftliche Studien: Fritz Steppat zum fünfundsechzigsten Geburtstag (ed. A. Havemann – B. Johansen), Leiden 1988, s. 225-243; Halîl Ahmed Halîl, Mevsûʿatü aʿlâmi’l-ʿArabi’l-mübdiʿîn fi’l-ḳarni’l-ʿişrîn , Beyrut 2001, II, 681-685; Abdulrahim Abu Husayn, “Kamal Salibi, 1929-2011”, Review of Middle East Studies , XLV/2, Washington 2011, s. 297-299 (ayrıca müellifin bir kitap bölümü olarak hazırladığı, “Kamal Salibi: The Man and Historian, 1929-2011” başlıklı yazısından da yararlanılmıştır); Muhammed Sa‘d, “Vefâtü’l-müʾerriḫi’l-Lübnâniyyi’l-müsîri’l-cedel Kemâl eṣ-Ṣalîbî”, el-Ehrâm , http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/110906.aspx (02.09.2011); R. Fisk, “Kamal Salibi: Scholar and Teacher Regarded as one of the Foremost Historians of the Middle East”, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kamal-salibi-scholar-and-teacher-regarded-as-one-of-the-foremost-historians-of-the-middle-east-2350184.html (07.09.2011); S. Tamari, “Kamal Salibi (1929-2011): The Model Teacher-Scholar”, https://insidethemiddle.wordpress.com/2011/09/07/kamal-salibi-1929-2011-the-model-teacher-scholar (07.09.2011); M. Young, “Kamal Salibi, Crossroads to a Man”, http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Columnist/2011/Sep-08/148236-kamal-salibi-crossroads-to-the-man.ashx (10.09.2011); N. Sbaiti – M. Mikdashi, “Kamal Salibi 1929-2011”, Jadaliyya , http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/2563/kamal-salibi-(1929-2011) (06.09.2011); Es‘ad Ebû Halîl, “Kemâl Salîbî: Târîḫ lemmâ yüsemmâ Lübnân”, http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/20896 (10.09.2011); T. Segev, “The Makings of History / Myths and Facts”, Haaretz , http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/the-makings-of-history-myths-and-facts-1.384829 (16.09.2011); Itamar Rabinowitz, “Eulogy for a Lebanese Intellectual”, Haaretz , http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/eulogy-for-a-lebanese-intellectual-1.387181 (28.09.2011); Tahir H. Kanaan, “In Memoriam: Kamal Salibi: A Scholar of Arab History”, http://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/features/2015/5/2/in-memoriam-kamal-salibi-a-scholar-of-arab-history (02.05.2015).
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 457-459 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.