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SALNÂME Skip to content Osmanlılar’da resmî ve özel kurumlar tarafından yayımlanan yıllıklar.
Osmanlı Devleti’nde merkezî yönetimin, nezâretlerin, askerî kurumların, vilâyetlerin, bazı özel kurum ve kişilerin yıllık olarak çıkardıkları bilgilendirme amaçlı neşriyata salnâme adı verilmiştir. Kelime Farsça sâl (yıl) ile nâme (yazılı şey, mektup) kelimelerinden meydana gelmiş olup bu eserlere nev-sâl de denilmiştir. Kabaca resmî ve özel olarak ikiye ayrılan salnâmelerin resmîleri devlet, nezâret ve vilâyetlere ait olanlar şeklinde üç başlıkta ele alınabilir.
1. Resmî Salnâmeler. Devlet Salnâmeleri. İlk salnâme 1263 (1847) yılında Mustafa Reşid Paşa’nın öncülüğünde çıkarılmıştır. Bu iş için tarihçi Hayrullah Efendi görevlendirilmişse de salnâme Ahmed Vefik Paşa tarafından hazırlanmıştır. Batı’da büyük ilgi uyandıran salnâme, Bianchi tarafından aynı yıl içerisinde Fransızca’ya tercüme edilerek Journal Asiatique’te bölümler halinde yayımlanmıştır (bu tercüme, Le premier annuaire impérial de l’Empire ottoman ou tableau de l’état politique, civil, militaire, juridiciaire et administratif de la Turquie, depuis l’introduction des réformes opérées dans ce pays par les sultans Mahmoud II et Abdul-Medjid, actuellement regnant adıyla kitap olarak da basılmıştır [Paris 1848]). İlkine göre muhtevası daha zengin olan 1264 ve 1265 (1849) salnâmelerini yine Ahmed Vefik Paşa hazırlamıştır. Daha sonraki yıllara ait salnâmelerin hazırlanmasında Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, Meclis-i Maârif başkâtibi Behcet Bey ve meclis üyelerinden Rüşdü Bey görev almıştır. 1872 yılının sonunda çıkarılan bir irâde-i seniyye ile Maarif Nezâreti Mektûbî Kalemi tarafından hazırlanmaya başlanan devlet salnâmeleri, 1306 (1888) yılından itibaren düzenli biçimde Sicill-i Ahvâl Komisyon-ı Umûmîsi Tedkīkat Kalemi’nce yayıma hazırlanmıştır. Sicill-i Ahvâl Komisyonu her yıl nezâret ve vilâyetlerden, geçmiş yıla ait bilgilerin güncellenmesi için önceki senenin salnâme formalarını gerekli yerlere göndererek bunlar üzerinde düzeltmelerin yapılmasını talep ederdi. Ancak istenilen bilgilerin zamanında ulaşmaması sebebiyle salnâmelerde yer alan biyografik bilgiler ve teşkilât şemaları hatalarla doludur. 1263’ten 1326’ya kadar (1847-1908) altmış dördü hicrî tarihlere göre, bundan sonraki dördü (1326-1334/1910-1918) malî tarihlere göre olmak üzere toplam altmış sekiz adet neşredilen devlet salnâmeleri sadece 1263-1327 (1847-1912) yılları arasında düzenli biçimde basılabilmiş, 1328-1332 (1912-1916) arasında savaş yüzünden yayımlanamamıştır. Sonuncusu 1334 r. (1918) tarihini taşıyan devlet salnâmelerinin Cumhuriyet döneminde yayımına devam edilmiş, ilk ikisi Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Salnâmesi ismiyle 1925-1926 ve 1927-1928 yıllarında Arap harfleriyle, üçüncüsü Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Yıllığı adıyla 1928-1929 yıllarında Latin harfleriyle basılmıştır. Altı sayı neşredilen bu yıllıkların sonuncusu 1941 tarihlidir.
1263-1297 (1847-1880) yıllarına ait devlet salnâmeleri taş baskısı olarak yayımlanmıştır. 175 sayfa ve 13,5 × 8 cm. ebadında olan ilk salnâme diğerlerine göre hacmi ve yayın tekniği bakımından oldukça mütevazi özellikler taşır. Sonraki yıllarda daha mükemmel salnâmeler neşredilmiştir. Nitekim altın yaldızlı ve lüks baskılı olarak yayımlanan II. Abdülhamid dönemi salnâmeleri, Osmanlı matbaacılığının ve devlet yayıncılığının ulaşmış olduğu seviyeyi gösteren dikkate değer örneklerdir. 1889 ve 1890 salnâmeleri 1500, 1891 salnâmesi 2000, 1313 salnâmesi Şûrâ-yı Devlet ve Meclis-i Âlî-i Vükelâ kararı gereğince 7000 adet basılmıştır. Devlet bazı görevlilerine salnâme almayı zorunlu tutunca Sicill-i Ahvâl Dairesi maaşları 1000 kuruş ve üzerinde olan devlet memurlarının listesini çıkarmış, Dîvân-ı Muhâsebât reisi 1895 yılında bu tanıma uyan 6538 memur tesbit etmiştir. Salnâmenin basımında bu rakam dikkate alınmış, ayrıca satılması için 500 adet basılmıştır. Salnâme hazırlama görevinin Sicill-i Ahvâl Komisyonu’na verilmesinden sonra 1306 (1888) yılı salnâmesi 1800 adet basılmış, 1888’de Mehmed Bey Matbaası’nda, sonraki yıllar Matbaa-i Âmire’de tabedilen salnâmelerin dağıtımı ücretsiz olarak postahane tarafından yapılmıştır. 6 kuruşa satılan ilk salnâmenin ardından 1266 (1849-50) yılına ait üçüncüsünün fiyatı 5 kuruşa düşürülmüş, 1281 (1864-65) salnâmesi 10 kuruştan satışa çıkarılmıştır. 1310 (1892-93) yılına ait salnâmenin fiyatı bir mecidiyeye (19-20 kuruş) kadar yükselmiş, 1319 (1901) salnâmesi 19 kuruştan satılmıştır.
Osmanlı Devleti’nin idarî teşkilâtının mülkiye, askeriye ve ilmiye bölümlemesiyle verildiği ilk salnâme, bu teşkilâtta görev yapan makam ve memuriyet sahiplerinin isimlerini bir tablo halinde verir. Ayrıca Osmanlı ülkesindeki panayırlardan dinî günlere kadar sosyal hayatı ilgilendiren önemli günlerin yer aldığı bir takvimin yanı sıra kara ve deniz postalarına ait tarifeler, Türk parasının yabancı ülke paraları karşısındaki değerini gösteren bir liste, yabancı devletlerin elçilikleri, bazılarının hükümdarları, idare şekilleri, kabineleri, bunların nüfusu, yüzölçümü, parası ve askerî durumu hakkında bilgiler bulunmaktadır. 1264 ve 1265 (1849) yıllarına ait salnâmelere imparatorluğun bütün kazalarıyla birlikte gösterildiği eyaletlerin mülkî taksimatına ait tablolar, gayri müslimlerin her vilâyet ve kazadaki ruhanî temsilcilerini gösteren cetveller ve namaz vakitlerini bildiren takvim eklenmiştir. Zamanla muhteva bakımından daha da zenginleşip gelişen salnâmelerde Mâbeyn-i Hümâyun teşkilâtı, Bâb-ı Seraskerî, Hey’et-i Vükelâ, Meclis-i A‘yân, Şûrâ-yı Devlet, sadâret, şeyhülislâmlık ve Bâbıâli’deki nezâretler, bunlara bağlı kurum ve kuruluşlar yöneticileriyle beraber tanıtılmıştır. Ayrıca Ticaret, Adliye ve Maarif nezâretlerine bağlı okul, matbaa ve kütüphaneler hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. İstanbul’da çıkan gazetelerin listesini devlet salnâmelerinde bulmak mümkündür. Bazı salnâmelerde “ihsâiyyât” başlığı altında nüfus, bütçe, okullar, hastahanelerle ilgili bilgiler yer almaktadır. Devlet salnâmeleri, merkezî idarenin yanı sıra vilâyetlerdeki idarî teşkilât birimleri ve bunların yöneticileri, tarihî camiler, nüfus, bina istatistikleri, vilâyetin idarî taksimatına dair mâlûmatı da ihtiva eder. 1300 (1883) yılından sonraki salnâmeler, genellikle resmî devlet görevlilerinin ve yabancı temsilciliklerin uzun listelerinden ibaret bir muhteva ile neşredilmeye başlanmış, bu dönemde istatistik bilgileri olarak sadece vilâyetlerdeki sancak, kaza, nahiye ve köy sayılarıyla yetinilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’nin idarî taksimatının verildiği salnâmelerde zaman zaman sancak, kaza ve nahiyelerin alfabetik listeleri de yer almıştır.
Nezâret Salnâmeleri. Devlet salnâmeleri kadar düzenli olmasa da yayımlandıkları dönem için önemli bilgi kaynağı teşkil eden resmî salnâmelerin bir bölümü nezâretler ve askerî kurumlar tarafından hazırlanarak 1282-1326 (1865-1908) yılları arasında elli bir adet olarak basılmıştır. Bunların içinde seraskerlik ve Harbiye Nezâreti tarafından Salnâme-i Askerî adıyla 1282-1326 (1865-1908) yıllarında on dört defa neşredilen salnâme, diğer resmî salnâmelere göre oldukça erken bir tarihte yayımlanması bakımından dikkat çekicidir. İlki Keçecizâde Fuad Paşa’nın seraskerliği döneminde neşredilen bu salnâmeler devrin Osmanlı kara ve deniz ordularının teşkilât yapısını, personel ve asker sayısını vermekte olup askerî tarih çalışmaları bakımından önemli bir kaynaktır. Askerî nitelikteki ikinci salnâme, nezâret tarafından 1307 (1890) yılında neşredilmeye başlanan Bahriye Salnâmesi olup bu grubun en düzenli yayınıdır. Yirmi dört defa neşredilen bu salnâmenin sonuncusu 1341-1342 (1925-1926) malî yılına aittir. Nezâretin Sicill-i Ahvâl Müdüriyeti tarafından 1302-1320 (1885-1902) yılları arasında Salnâme-i Nezâret-i Hâriciyye adıyla yayımlanan dört salnâme nezâretin tarihçesi, teşkilâtı, hariciye nâzırları, reîsülküttâblar, elçiler, muahedeler vb. hususlar hakkında bilgi içerir. Bu salnâme Ahmet Nezih Galitekin tarafından yeniden neşredilmiştir (Sâlnâme-i Nezâret-i Hâriciyye: Osmanlı Dışişleri Bakanlığı Yıllığı, I-IV, İstanbul 2003). Maârif-i Umûmiyye Nezâreti’nin 1316-1321 (1898-1903) yıllarında altı defa neşrettiği Maarif Nezâreti Salnâmesi de muhtevası bakımından oldukça zengindir. Nezâretin tarihçesi, maarif nâzırları, memurlar, okullar ve kütüphaneler, imtihanlar ve mükâfat cetvelleri hakkında bilgilerin yer aldığı yıllık 1316’daki ilk neşrinde 1257 sayfa iken üçüncüsünde (1318/1900) 1677 sayfaya çıkmıştır. Meşihat makamı tarafından 1334 (1916) yılında bir defaya mahsus olmak üzere yayımlanan İlmiyye Salnâmesi, salnâmeler arasında muhtevası ve baskı kalitesi bakımından ayrı bir yere ve öneme sahiptir. Mektûbî-i Meşîhat tarafından Cerîde-i İlmiyye’nin ilâvesi olarak hazırlanan salnâmenin tarihle ilgili bölümlerini Ali Emîrî Efendi, Ahmed Refik (Altınay), Muallim Emin Bey gibi dönemin tanınmış müellifleri kaleme almıştır. Meşihatın tarihçesi, şeyhülislâmların hayatı, verdikleri fetvalardan örneklerin yer aldığı salnâmede merkez ve taşra teşkilâtı tablolar halinde gösterilmiştir (bk. İLMİYYE SALNÂMESİ). Bunların dışındaki nezâretler veya bu nezâretlere bağlı kurumlar tarafından neşredilen salnâmeler de vardır. Ticaret ve Nâfia Nezâreti’ne bağlı rasathâne idaresince yayımlanan Rasadhâne-i Âmire Salnâmesi ile (1288/1871) Maliye Nezâreti’ne bağlı rüsûmat emaneti tarafından neşredilen Rüsûmat Salnâmesi (1332/1914) bunların önemli örneklerindendir. Doğrudan devlet kurumu olmasa da yarı resmî niteliği dolayısıyla Osmanlı Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti’nin malî 1329-1331 yılları için 1329 r. (1913) yılında neşrettiği salnâme ile Cem‘iyyet-i Tedrîsiyye-i İslâmiyye’nin 1332’de (1914) yayımladığı iki salnâme de burada zikredilebilir.
Vilâyet Salnâmeleri. Bunların hazırlanmasında Halep mektupçusu İbrâhim Hâlet Bey’in yayımladığı Fihrist-i Vilâyet-i Haleb adlı salnâme örnek alınmıştır. İçindeki iktisadî bilgiler ve istatistiklerle Bâbıâli’nin dikkatini çeken bu eserden her vilâyete birer nüsha gönderilerek bu tarzda salnâmeler hazırlanması istenmiştir. İlk eyalet salnâmesi Saraybosna’da Salnâme-i Vilâyet-i Bosna adıyla 1283 (1866) yılında neşredilmiş, bunu Halep (1284), Konya (1285), Suriye (1285) ve Tuna (1285) eyaletlerine ait salnâmeler izlemiştir. Osmanlı eyaletlerinde yayımlanan son salnâmeler, Beyrut vilâyeti tarafından 1333-1335 (1915-1917) yıllarında ve Bolu livâsı tarafından malî 1337-1338 (1921-1922) yılında çıkarılmış olanlardır. Toplam vilâyet salnâmesi olarak 504 adet künye tesbit edilmiştir (Duman, Osmanlı Salnâmeleri, I, 77-136). Vilâyet salnâmeleri yayımlama geleneği, Cumhuriyet döneminde 1967 ve 1973 yıllarında toplu halde yayımlanan il yıllıkları ile sürdürülmüştür. Eyalet salnâmelerini vilâyet mektupçuları yayıma hazırlardı. Türkçe’nin yanı sıra Arapça, Rumca ve Boşnakça neşredilen salnâmeler de vardır. Bazı vilâyetler yalnızca bir salnâme yayımlamışken bazılarında bu sayı otuz beşi bulmuştur. Vilâyet salnâmeleri arasında muhteva ve baskı kalitesi bakımından çok iyi nitelikte olanları mevcut olup bir kısmı çeşitli resim, fotoğraf ve istatistikler ihtiva etmektedir.
Vilâyet salnâmeleri muhteva bakımından yayımlandıkları vilâyetlere göre farklılıklar göstermekle beraber bunlarda genellikle vilâyetin idarî teşkilâtı, memurları, mahallin tarihi, eski eserleri, coğrafyası, idarî taksimatı, kazaları, nahiyeleri, kasaba ve köyleri, üretim faaliyetleri, ticaret ve nüfusu hakkında bilgiler, fotoğraf ve haritalar yer alır. Vilâyet salnâmeleri, neşredildikleri dönem içerisinde vilâyet idarî teşkilâtında meydana gelen gelişmelerin takip edilmesi bakımından önemli birer kaynaktır. Bunlarda vilâyete bağlı sancak ve kazalardaki müslüman ve gayri müslim okulları, idarecileriyle öğretmen ve öğrenci sayıları hakkında bilgilerin yanı sıra bazı okulların resimlerine de yer verilmiştir. Diyarbekir, Konya, Bolu, Hudâvendigâr (Bursa), Manastır ve Selânik salnâmeleri tarihî ve coğrafî bilgiler bakımından zengin bir muhtevaya sahiptir. Uzun süre neşrine devam edilmiş vilâyet salnâmelerinde vilâyetlerdeki su, gaz, demiryolu ve tramvay şirketleri, vilâyet dahilindeki cami, medrese, tekke, imaret, kahvehane, hamam, han, hastahane, bedesten gibi yapılar, ticarî müesseseler, fuarlar, ziraî üretim ve hayvancılık, tarım arazileri, postahaneler ve telgraf merkezleri gibi vilâyetin iktisadî ve ticarî durumuna dair önemli bilgiler ve istatistikler bulunur. Nüfusun sancak ve kazalara göre dağılımının yanı sıra cinsiyet ve milletlere göre taksimi de gösterilmiştir. Erken tarihli vilâyet salnâmelerinde takvimlere dair açıklamalarla o yılın takvimi ve bazı coğrafya bilgilerine yer verilmiş, bunu padişahların doğum, tahta çıkış ve ölüm günlerinin bulunduğu bir saltanat kronolojisi takip etmiştir. Yazışmalarda kullanılacak resmî hitaplar ve teşrifat sıralamasının da yer aldığı bazı örneklerde vilâyette görev yapmış valilerle kumandanların adlarını ve görev sürelerini gösteren listeleri bulmak mümkündür.
2. Özel Salnâmeler. Osmanlı Devleti’nde bazı özel kurumlar ve kişiler daha çok almanak diye nitelendirilebilecek türde salnâmeler yayımlamıştır. Bunların ilki Ali Suâvi tarafından Türkiye Fî Sene 1288 adıyla Paris’te çıkarılmıştır (1871). İkincisi 1289 (1872), üçüncüsü 1290 (1873) tarihini taşıyan ve bu tarihten sonra çıkıp çıkmadığı bilinmeyen bu salnâmelerden ikincisi ele geçmemiştir. Ali Suâvi bunlarda Osmanlı Devleti’nin coğrafî durumu, nüfusu, ziraî ve sınaî üretimi, kara ve deniz yolları, ticaret gemileri ve limanları, para ve ölçü birimleri ve şirketler hakkında bilgi vermiştir. Özel salnâmeler içerisinde Ebüzziya Mehmed Tevfik’in yayımladıkları çok başarılı olmuş ve geniş halk kitlelerinin ilgisini çekmiştir. Bunlardan ilki Salnâme-i Hadîka adıyla 1290’da (1873) basılmıştır. Daha sonra çıkanlar Salnâme-i Ebüzziyâ, Rebî-i Ma‘rifet ve Nevsâl-i Ma‘rifet gibi isimler taşır. 1294 (1877) tarihli Salnâme-i Ebüzziyâ’nın ilk baskısı padişahın emriyle matbaada iken imha edilmiştir. Ebüzziya Mehmed Tevfik’in neşrettiği salnâmeler, gerek muhteva gerekse yayın tekniği bakımından Osmanlı yayıncılığının en seçkin örnekleri arasında yer alır. Bunlarda Avrupa’da olduğu gibi gazete ve dergilerde çıkan önemli yazılardan derlemelerin yanı sıra sanat, meslekler ve sağlık gibi konulara dair yazılara yer verilmiştir. Özel salnâmelerden bir kısmı “nevsal” adı altında bazı gazete ve dergi yayıncıları tarafından neşredilmiştir. 1311 r. (1895) tarihinden itibaren Ahmed İhsan’ın (Tokgöz) çıkardığı Musavver Nevsâl-i Servet-i Fünûn türün en önemli örneklerinden biri olup bu adla beş yıl boyunca yayımlanmış, daha sonra neşrine uzunca bir müddet ara verilmiş, 1326 r. (1910) ve 1327 r. (1911) yıllarında Salnâme-i Servet-i Fünûn adıyla iki defa daha yayımlanmıştır. Dikkat çekici bir muhtevaya sahip olan Millî Nevsal ise malî 1338-1341 (1922-1925) yıllarında Kanaat Kütüphanesi tarafından yayımlanmıştır. Siyasî olaylara en çok yer verilen salnâmelerden biri olan Millî Nevsal’de edebiyat, tarih ve sanat konusunda yazılar da bulunmaktadır. Nevsâl-i Âfiyet ve Salnâme-i Tıbbî adlarıyla Besim Ömer Paşa’nın (Akalın) malî 1315-1322 (1899-1906) yıllarında dört defa çıkardığı salnâmeler Türk tıp tarihi ve sağlık kurumları için önemli bir kaynaktır. Nevsaller arasında muhtevası ve yayın kalitesi bakımından anılmaya değer olan diğer nevsaller de şöylece sıralanabilir: Mehmed Ârif, el-Münakkah (1292); Hüseyin Vassâf, Nevsâl-i Asr (1313-1315, üç adet); Nevsâl-i Ma‘lûmât (1315-1317, iki adet); Selânikli Tevfik, Nevsâl-i Askerî (1316); Osman Ferid ve Ekrem Reşad, Nevsâl-i Osmânî (1325-1327, üç adet); Nevsâl-i Millî: 1330 (1332); Akçuraoğlu Yûsuf, Türk Yılı (1928); Musavver Nevsâl-i Meşâhîr (1314); Nevsâl-i Atâî (1321); Nevsâl-i Râgıb (1324); Nevsâl-i Bahrî (1325); Musavver Eczacı Salnâmesi (1328); Şirket-i Hayriyye Salnâmesi (1330); Nevsâl-i Edebî (1340); Büyük Salnâme (1923-1926).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Midhat Sertoğlu, Resimli Osmanlı Tarihi Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul 1958, s. 280-282; Hasan Duman, Osmanlı Yıllıkları (Salnameler ve Nevsaller), İstanbul 1982; a.mlf., Osmanlı Salnâmeleri ve Nevsâlleri Bibliyografyası ve Toplu Kataloğu, Ankara 2000, I-II; Gülden Sarıyıldız, Sicill-i Ahvâl Komisyonu’nun Kuruluşu ve İşlevi (1879-1909), İstanbul 2004, s. 21, 54, 80-83; Selim Nüzhet Gerçek, “Vilâyet ve Nezaret Salnâmeleri”, Kitap Belleten, I/25, İstanbul 1963, s. 7-9; H. Refik Ertuğ, “Osmanlı Devrinde Salnâmeler”, Hayat Tarih Mecmuası, II/7, İstanbul 1973, s. 15-22; a.mlf., “Salnâme-i Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmaniyye-1321”, a.e., II/8 (1973), s. 20-25; a.mlf., “Nezaret ve Eyalet Salnâmeleri”, a.e., I/2 (1974), s. 10-16; a.mlf., “Eski Harflerle Özel Yıllıklar”, a.e., I/4 (1974), s. 19-24; J. McCarthy – J. D. Hyde, “Ottoman Imperial and Provincial Salnâmes”, MESA Bulletin, XIII/2 (1979), s. 10-13; Pakalın, II, 104-106; “Salnâme”, TA, XXVIII, 85-86; “Sâlnâme”, İA, X, 134-136; K. Kreiser, “Sālnāme”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 898; Ömer Faruk Akün, “Ahmed Vefik Paşa”, DİA, II, 151.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 51-54 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.