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SÂMİPAŞAZÂDE SEZÂİ Skip to content (1859-1936)
Tanzimat sonrası Türk edebiyatının ikinci nesline mensup hikâye ve roman yazarı.
Sultan III. Ahmed devrinde ordu ile Mora’ya gitmiş ve orada Tripoliçe’de tekke kurmuş bir aileye mensuptur. Büyük babası Halvetî şeyhlerinden Ahmed Necib Efendi, babası Abdurrahman Sâmi Paşa’dır. Annesi Gülârâyiş Hanım, Kafkasya’dan kaçırılmış bir Çerkez kızıdır. Kardeşi Hazîne-i Evrâk mecmuasının kurucularından Sâmipaşazâde Abdülbâki’dir. Mora isyanı sırasında isyanın bastırılmasında görev alan babası adada rehin kalan ailesini kurtardıktan sonra Mısır’a iltica eder ve Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın hizmetine girer. Bu isyanın sebeplerini ve gelişmesini anlattığı eserini beğenen Mehmed Ali Paşa onu Bulak Matbaası müdürlüğüne ve başmâbeyinciliğe getirir (1831). Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın oğlu İbrâhim Paşa’nın ölümünden sonra hidiv olan Abbas Paşa ile anlaşamayınca 1849’da Mısır’dan ayrılmak zorunda kalan Sâmi Paşa kalabalık ailesiyle birlikte İstanbul’a gider ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin hizmetine girerek Rumeli müfettişliği, Trabzon, Vidin, Edirne ve Girit valilikleriyle Maarif nâzırlığı, Meclis-i Vâlâ, Meclis-i Aliyye ve Meclis-i A‘yân üyelikleri gibi önemli görevlerde bulunur.
Sâmipaşazâde Sezâi babasının İstanbul Aksaray’da Taşkasap’taki konağında doğdu. Bir mahalleyi andıran konak Ziyâ Paşa, Ahmed Vefik Paşa, Ali Suâvi, Osman Nevres, Yenişehirli Avni Bey ve Üsküdarlı Hakkı Bey gibi devrin önemli fikir adamı ve edebiyatçılarının devam ettiği bir kültür merkezi hüviyetindedir. Tahsilini bu konakta özel olarak yapan Sezâi’nin hocaları arasında Çankırılı Hâşim, Mehmed Galib, Resul Mestî ve Muallim Feyzî bulunmaktadır. Sezâi’ye burada devrin şairlerinden Osman Nevres, Üsküdarlı Hakkı ve Yenişehirli Avni şiir ve edebiyat zevki verirken Mösyö Fabre adlı bir Fransız hoca Fransızca dersleriyle birlikte 1789 Fransız İhtilâli vesilesiyle onda hür düşünce fikrini uyandırdı. Sezâi henüz çocuk yaşta, babasının Çamlıca’daki yazlık köşküne komşu köşklerde oturan ve ömür boyu dostlukları devam edecek Abdülhak Hâmid ve Recâizâde Ekrem’le tanıştı.
1879’da Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Mektûbî Kalemi’ne giren Sezâi, bir yıl sonra Londra Sefâreti ikinci kâtipliğine tayin edildiyse de babası izin vermediğinden bu göreve ancak babasının ölümünden sonra gidebildi. 1885’te izinli olarak geldiği İstanbul’da görevinden azledildi. 1885 kışını Paris’te geçirdi, orada Tunuslu Mahmûd b. Ayat’ın kızı Latife Hanım’la kısa süren bir evlilik yaptı. 1886’da teklif edilen Viyana Sefâreti ikinci kâtipliğini kabul etmedi; 1901’e kadar Hariciye Nezâreti İstişare Odası muavinliğinde çalıştı.
1888’de Sergüzeşt ’i yayımlaması ve bu romanda esaret konusuyla birlikte hürriyet kavramını işlemesinden dolayı sıkı bir takibe alındı. Bunun üzerine yakın akrabalarından Âyetullah ve Bâki beylerin aracılığı ile İstanbul’daki Jön Türk mensuplarıyla tanıştı ve yurt dışına kaçma çareleri aramaya başladı. Maceralı bir yolculuktan sonra Jön Türkler’in lider kadrosunun yanına Paris’e kaçmayı başardı (1901). Paris’te II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânına kadar Ahmed Rızâ Bey’in yönetiminde çıkan İttihat ve Terakkî’nin yayın organı Şûrâ-yı Ümmet gazetesinde Osmanlı Devleti’nin iç ve dış politikası ile mevcut rejimi ağır bir dille eleştiren yazılar yayımladı.
II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânı üzerine İstanbul’a döndü ve 1909-1921 yılları arasında Madrid sefiri olarak görev yaptı. Ancak 1914’te hastalanınca uzun süreli izinlerle sık sık görevinden ayrılmak zorunda kaldı; 1916-1918 yıllarını tedavi amacıyla İsviçre’de geçirdi. 1921’de görevinden azledildi; İstanbul’a döndükten sonra hayatını çeşitli gazete ve dergilere yazdığı yazılarla güç şartlar altında sürdürdü. 1927’de Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi tarafından kendisine “hidemât-ı vataniyye” tertibinden cüzi bir maaş bağlandı ve ölümüne kadar İstanbul Belediyesi’nce Kadıköy Mühürdar’da kiralanan bir evde yaşadı. 26 Nisan 1936’da vefat etti, kabri Küçüksu Mezarlığı’ndadır.
Bir yandan küçük yaştan itibaren eserlerini okuduğu Nâmık Kemal’in, diğer yandan aile fertleri arasındaki Jön Türkler’in etkisiyle ikinci Tanzimat nesli içinde politikayla en çok uğraşan Sezâi hikâye, roman, tiyatro ve edebî tenkitle çok sayıda siyasî ve sosyal muhtevalı makale yazmış olmasına rağmen edebiyat tarihinde daha çok Sergüzeşt yazarı olarak tanınmış, bu romanın getirdiği şöhret onun diğer eserlerini gölgede bırakmıştır. Henüz on dört yaşında iken edebiyata ve edebiyatçılığa heves eden Sezâi’nin ilk yazısı Kamer dergisinde yayımlanmıştır. Resmî görevle henüz Avrupa’ya gitmeden önce Victor Hugo, Alphonse de Lamartine ve Musset gibi Fransız romantiklerini okumuş, onlardan belli ölçüde etkilenmiş, Londra yıllarında İngiliz edebiyatını ve özellikle Shakespeare’i tanıma imkânı bulmuştur.
Paris’te Jön Türkler’e katıldıktan sonra Sezâi’nin Şûrâ-yı Ümmet gazetesindeki yazılarında önemli dış meselelere ilgi duyduğu görülmektedir. Uzakdoğu’da Japonya’nın Rus ordusunu ve donanmasını yenilgiye uğratması Jön Türkler’i heyecanlandırmış, Sezâi, Rus-Japon savaşı ve bu savaşın büyük kahramanı Amiral Togo ile ilgili yazılar kaleme almıştır. İran şahının meclisi feshetmesi üzerine çıkan ayaklanmaları fırsat bilen İngilizler’le Ruslar’ın ticarî menfaatlerini koruma bahanesiyle İran’a ordu sevketmeleri, ayrıca Azerbaycan’daki Rus tehlikesi onun dikkatinden kaçmamıştır. Ancak II. Abdülhamid ve rejimini Batılı politikacıların görüşleri doğrultusunda değerlendiren Sezâi’nin bu konudaki eleştirilerinde tarafsız ve ileri görüşlü olduğu söylenemez. Başlangıçta Hazîne-i Evrâk ’ta yazıları çıkan Sezâi’nin yazar kadrosunda yer aldığı yayınlar arasında İkdam , İleri , Edebiyyât-ı Umûmiyye Mecmuası da vardır. Trablusgarp, Balkan, I. Dünya savaşları ve Millî Mücadele yıllarını Avrupa’da geçiren Sâmipaşazâde Sezâi’nin, vatanının uğradığı haksız hücum ve işgaller karşısında o zamana kadar savunduğu ve örnek aldığı Batı medeniyeti hakkındaki düşünce ve kanaatlerini değiştirdiği görülür.
Sâmipaşazâde Sezâi, Türk edebiyatı tarihinde Halit Ziya’dan (Uşaklıgil) önce yetişen ilk büyük üslûpçu olmakla birlikte cümleleri onun cümleleri kadar sağlam değildir. Hayatı boyunca Tanzimat’tan sonra ortaya çıkan yeni edebiyatı savunmuş, bu edebiyata yapılan hücumlar karşısında daima yeninin ve yeniliğin yanında yer almıştır. Millî Edebiyat akımı başladıktan sonra Türk dilinin sadeleşmesi fikrini desteklemiş, çeşitli yazılarıyla Mehmet Emin’i (Yurdakul) ve onun açtığı çığırı savunmuş, bunu Türklüğün mânevî varlığını gösterecek tek yol olarak görmüştür.
Eserleri. 1. Sergüzeşt (İstanbul 1305). Esas olarak Tom Amca’nın Kulübesi adlı romanla XIX. yüzyılda bütün dünyada aktüel bir tema haline gelen esaret konusunun işlendiği eserde daha çok romantik bakışla toplumdaki sosyal bir yara gündeme getirilir. Amacı esaret kurumunun insanlık dışı yönü üzerinde okuyucuyu düşündürmektir. Romanda yazar olaylara, konaklarında bir arada yetiştiği câriyeler dolayısıyla hayatını ve ıstıraplarını çok yakından bildiği güçsüz kahramanı Dilber’in gözüyle bakar. Bu suretle ezen-ezilen, kuvvetli-zayıf tezadını çarpıcı şekilde dile getirdiği gibi Dilber’in başından geçen olaylar vasıtasıyla toplumun merhamet duygularını harekete geçirmek ister. Romanın eleştirilecek bir yönü esaret meselesini sadece Doğu’ya aitmiş gibi göstermesi, Avrupa’daki serf sistemini ve Amerika’daki köleliği âdeta görmezlikten gelmesidir.
2. Küçük Şeyler (İstanbul 1308). Çeşitli hikâye, deneme ve tercümelerden meydana gelen bu eserinde Sezâi, mukaddimede belirttiği gibi Nâmık Kemal ve Abdülhak Hâmid çizgisinden kısmen uzaklaşmakla birlikte yine de tasvirlerine şahsî duygularını katmak suretiyle romantizmden tamamen kopamadığını göstermektedir. Özellikle realist tasvirleri dolayısıyla devrinde bir çığır açan eser Servet-i Fünuncular üzerinde büyük ölçüde etkili olmuş, gerek devrinde gerekse daha sonraki yıllarda takdirle karşılanmıştır.
3. Şîr (İstanbul 1296). Yazarın yirmi yaşlarında iken kaleme aldığı bu oldukça zayıf ve acemice eser üç perdelik bir trajedi olup devrinde bir yankı uyandırmamıştır.
4. Rumûzü’l-edeb (İstanbul 1316). Hikâye, hâtıra, gezi notları ve sohbet yazılarından meydana gelmiştir.
5. İclâl (İstanbul 1924). Tek bir hikâye ile hâtıra, gezi notları ve denemelerden oluşmuştur.
6. Konak . Yazarın 1934-1935 yıllarında yazmaya başlayıp tamamlayamadığı bir roman müsveddesi olup Güler Güven tarafından yayımlanmıştır (TDED , XXI [1973], s. 97-113).
Sezâi’nin eserlerinin büyük kısmını Zeynep Kerman Sami Paşazade Sezaî’nin Hikâye-Hâtıra-Mektup ve Edebî Makaleleri (İstanbul 1981) ve Sami Paşazade Sezai: Bütün Eserleri (I-III, Ankara 2003) adıyla neşretmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
A. Ferhan Oğuzkan, Sami Paşazade Sezai: Hayatı, Sanatı, Eserleri , İstanbul 1954.
Güler Güven, Sami Paşazade Sezayi ve Eserleri (doktora tezi, 1970), İÜ Ed.Fak.
Mehmet Kaplan, Türk Edebiyatı Üzerinde Araştırmalar I , İstanbul 1976, s. 369-383.
R. P. Finn, The Early Turkish Novel: 1872-1900 , Istanbul 1984, s. 37-50.
Zeynep Kerman, Sami Paşazâde Sezai , Ankara 1986.
a.mlf., “Sami Paşazâde Sezai”, Tanzimat Edebiyatı (haz. İsmail Parlatır v.dğr.), Ankara 2006, s. 557-584.
a.mlf., “Sezâi (Samipaşazâde)”, TDEA , VII, 562-563.
Ahmet Ö. Evin, Türk Romanının Kökenleri ve Gelişimi (trc. Osman Akınhay), İstanbul 2004, s. 197-215.
Kh. Kyamilev, “Sami Pashazade Sezai v isterii turetzkoy prozvi”, Kratkie Soobščenija Instituta Naradov Azii , LXV, Moskva 1864, s. 98-104.
Mehmed Murad (Mizancı), “Üdebâmızın Numûne-i İmtisalleri: Sergüzeşt”, Mîzan , sy. 64, İstanbul 1888, s. 625-626; sy. 66 (1889), s. 50, sy. 68 (1889), s. 672.
Güzin Dino, “Samipaşazâde Sezai Bey’in Sergüzeşt İsimli Romanında Gerçekçiliğin Payı”, DTCFD , XII/1-2 (1954), s. 139-152.
Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, “Sami Paşazâde Sezai”, TM , XIII (1958), s. 1-30.
Talat Sait Halman, “Sezāʾī”, EI2 (İng.) , IX, 150.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 77-78 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.