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SARÂY-ı ATÎK-i ÂMİRE Skip to content İstanbul’da inşa edilen ilk Osmanlı sarayı.
Fâtih Sultan Mehmed, İstanbul’un fethinden sonra bugün Beyazıt Camii ile Süleymaniye Camii arazilerini de içine alan, İstanbul Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü ile üniversitenin bazı bölümlerinin üzerinde bulunduğu alana ilk sarayını yaptırmıştır. Eski Saray’ın kuruluşuyla ilgili ilk bilgiler dönemin tarihçileri Kritovoulos, Dukas ve Tursun Bey’in eserlerinde yer alır. Kritovoulos, İstanbul’un fethinin ardından Fâtih’in bazı imar faaliyetleriyle birlikte şehrin en güzel yerinde bir saray yaptırarak 1455’te tamamlandığını belirtir. Dukas ise padişahın 8, belki daha fazla stadionluk (1 stadion = 184,87 m.) yer ayırıp içinde sarayını inşa ettirdiğini söyler. Çeşitli kaynaklar çevre duvarlarının uzunluğunun 1 veya 2 mil tuttuğunu ve dört kapısının bulunduğunu belirtir. Tursun Bey ise daha kapsamlı bilgi verir. Padişahın iki denize ve iki karaya bakan bir yer seçip burada dört köşeli, duvarları sağlam bir saray yaptırdığını, bir kısmını harem-i hâs için ayırıp bir kısmını kendi istirahati ve iç oğlanlarına tahsis ederek kasırlar, köşkler inşa ettirdiğini, saray alanının bazı yerlerinin divan ve taht için ve bir tarafının da av sahası olarak ayrılıp çeşitli hayvanlarla doldurulduğunu belirtir. Giovanni Maria Angiolello ve Giovantonio Menavino gibi iç oğlan olarak bizzat sarayda hizmet görmüş olanlar da saray bahçesindeki av hayvanları ile nâdide kuşların varlığına dikkat çekmişlerdir. Sarayın yapılışından etraflıca bahseden İbn Kemal, padişahın İstanbul’u merkez yapmaya karar verdikten sonra sarayın şehrin içinde hem karaya hem denize bakan çok geniş bir arazi üzerinde, bir orta avlu etrafında yüksek çatılı binalar halinde inşa edildiğini ifade eder. Burada zikredilen orta mekândan kuruluşundan beri sarayın bir avlu etrafında geliştiği düşüncesi ortaya çıkar. Fâtih’in bu sarayı belirli bir planda tasarlayıp ikamet yeri ve devlet işlerinin yürütüldüğü birimleri ayrı düzenler içinde ele aldığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Saray çeşitli tarihlerde büyük yangınlar geçirmiştir. 5 Şubat 1540 gecesinde tamamen yanmış ve eskisine oranla çok daha güzel bir şekilde yeniden yapılmıştır. Ancak daha önceleri arsasına Beyazıt Camii inşa edilmiş bulunan saray alanı bu sefer biraz daha küçültülmüş, bir kısmı üzerine Süleymaniye Külliyesi inşa edilmiştir.
Fâtih’in bu sarayın varlığına rağmen yenisini yaptırmasının sebebi her zaman merak konusu olmuştur. XVI. yüzyılın bazı tarihçileri buna bir ölçüde değinmiştir. İbn Kemal, Fâtih’in yönetim merkezinin şehir ortasında olmasını uygun görmediğini, Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî ise Galata’da oturan ecnebilerin İslâm padişahının düşmandan korktuğu için şehrin ortasında oturduğu söylentisini yaydıklarını, ayrıca padişahın şehir içinde oturmasının büyük hükümdarların şehir dışında yerleşmesi geleneğine ters düştüğü iddiasına yer verir.
Eski Saray’a ait en erken tarihli tasvir bugün aslının Fâtih döneminde çizildiği anlaşılan bir İstanbul resminin Venedikli Giovanni Andrea Vavassore tarafından 1520 tarihlerinde basılan gravüründe yer almaktadır. İç içe iki duvarla çevrilen sarayda asıl yapılar ikinci duvarın içinde toplanmıştır. Dış surun içinde çeşitli yapılarla Teodosius Sütunu görülür. Sarayın da işaretlendiği ikinci resim Matrakçı Nasuh’un 1537 tarihli İstanbul tasviridir. Burada da asıl yapılar ikinci duvarın içinde yer almıştır. XVI. yüzyıla ait diğer bir tasvir 1584-1585 tarihli Hünernâme ’nin I. cildindeki İstanbul minyatüründedir. Viyana Österreichische Nationalbibliothek’teki bir albümde (Codex Vindobonensis, nr. 8626) yer alan 1588 tarihli İstanbul panoramasında saray binaları önceki resimlerden farklıdır. Sık ağaçların çizildiği alanda kiremit çatılı binalar görülür. Yapılardan biri Beyazıt Camii tarafında kurşun örtülü, diğeri Süleymaniye Camii tarafında kiremit örtülü, piramidal sivri çatılıdır. Bu sivri çatılı yapının Alay Köşkü olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. 1559 tarihli Melchior Lorich panoramasıyla bunun benzeri olan ve yaklaşık aynı tarihlere rastlayan Dilich’in resminde yapıların bir kısmı görülmektedir. İki resimde de sarayın çevre duvarları Haliç yönünde üçgen oluşturmuştur. Sarayda ana binalar iç duvarın arkasında toplanmıştır. Yüksek tasarlanan binalar dışında daha alçak tutulan hizmet binalarıyla kubbeli yapılar mevcuttur.
Eski Saray’ın XVII. yüzyıla ait resimlerine rastlanmamakla birlikte dönemin yazılı kaynakları günümüze ulaşmıştır. Bu yüzyılda sarayla ilgili en ayrıntılı bilgiyi Evliya Çelebi verir. Evliya Çelebi sarayın 12.000 arşın uzunluğunda bir surla çevrili olup burçsuz kulesiz dört köşe bir bina olduğunu kaydeder. İçinde meydanların, harem dairelerinin, havuz ve şadırvanların yer aldığını, mutfaklar, özel kiler ve çalışanlar için odalar yapıldığını, etrafında muhtelif sarayların bulunduğunu, dört tarafının umumi yollarla çevrilerek üç kapısı olduğunu bildirir. Eski Saray’ın XVIII. yüzyıldaki durumunu gören İnciciyan sarayın etrafının 1 mil uzunluğunda, gayri muntazam, sekiz köşeli yüksek bir surla çevrilip dört kapısı bulunduğunu söyler. Sarayın XVIII. yüzyılın bazı İstanbul panoramalarında Haliç tarafından çizilen resimleri mevcuttur. Eski Saray’ı da içine alan 1710 tarihli Cornelius Loos ile Choiseul Gouffier’in çizdiği 1776-1780 tarihli panoramalar belge niteliği taşımasından dolayı dikkate değer. Her iki resimde de sarayın önemli bölümlerinin Süleymaniye tarafında olduğu görülür. Saray 1786’da Fr. Kauffer tarafından düzenlenen şehir planında da Süleymaniye ve Beyazıt camilerine kadar uzanan geniş bir alana yayılmış olarak gösterilmiştir.
İstanbul’un bu ilk sarayının XV-XVI. yüzyıllardaki durumuna ilişkin arşiv belgelerine rastlanmamaktadır. Öte yandan XVII-XVIII. yüzyıllarla XIX. yüzyılın ilk dönemine ait belgeler genel durumu dışında binalarla ilgili bilgileri de kaydeder. Bunlar daha ziyade tamirat ve oluşan masraflara dair bilgiler verir. Bu yeniden yapımların genelde yangınlar sonucu ortaya çıktığı kayıtlardan anlaşılmaktadır. Eski Saray 1540 yangınının ardından 11 Eylül 1687’de tekrar büyük bir yangın felâketine uğramış, akşamdan sonra Harem’e yayılan ateş beş saatte birçok yeri yakmıştır. Târîh-i Râşid ’de saraydaki yangınların bazılarına ve sonrasında yapılan onarımlara yer verilmektedir. 1127 yılı Ramazan bayramının ilk gününde (30 Eylül 1715) yine Harem’den çıkan yangın dört saat içinde Dâire-i Hümâyun, Sultan Murad Kasrı’ndaki daire ve Horanda Hamamı yakınındaki kilere kadar birçok yerin yanmasına sebep olmuştur. 1137 (1725) tarihli belgede sarayın teberdar odası, hamam, helvahâne ile diğer dairelerin tamir ve tefrişatının yapıldığı belirtilmektedir. Ancak onarımdan kısa bir süre sonra yine 1138 yılı Ramazan bayramının ilk günü (2 Haziran 1726) saray karşısındaki baltacılar kethüdâsı evinden çıkan yangının saray duvarından otluğa, oradan Baltacılar Koğuşu’na yayılarak koğuşun tamamen yanmasına yol açmıştır. Yanan yerler 1727’de yenilenmiş, ayrıca bazı yeni bölümler ilâve edilmiştir. Buna göre teberdar koğuşları genişletilerek bir hamam eklenmiş, bu yapılanların dışında yazıcı efendilerin makamları genişletilmiş, zâbitlerin kendi yerleri olmadığından bunlara bir yer ve geniş bir mutfak yapılmıştır.
Eski Saray’da XVIII. yüzyılda yoğun bir tamirle beraber yeni yapılaşma da başlamıştır. 1144 (1731) tarihli belgede silâhdar ağa tarafından I. Mahmud için bir oda inşa edilip döşendiği, 11 Şâban 1153 (1 Kasım 1740) tarihli belgede ise Kazancılar yönündeki yıkık sur duvarının hassa başmimarı tarafından ördürüldüğü kayıtlıdır. 1167 (1754) tarihli belgede Dârüssaâde ağası tarafından Sarây-ı Atîk’te Yalı Köşkü denilen kasr-ı hümâyunun yeniden inşa edildiği belirtilmektedir. XVIII. yüzyıl kaynaklarında padişahların sarayı ziyaretleri sırasında köşkün hem dinlenilen hem sazlar eşliğinde yemek yenilen yer olarak kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Yalı Köşkü sarayın ikinci suru içindeki yapılardandır; muhtemelen köşk konumundan ötürü tercih edilmiştir. Köşkün, adından dolayı sarayın Haliç’e bakan tarafında olması ihtimal dahilindedir. 28 Zilhicce 1172 (22 Ağustos 1759) tarihli belge Sarây-ı Atîk’te Harem-i Hümâyun’daki zerdûzan odalarıyla çatılarında yapılan onarımı gösterir. Giovantonio Menavino, yeni alınan genç kızları eğitmek üzere Eski Saray’a her sabah on nakış hocasının geldiğini bildirir. Albertus Bobovius, Harem’deki kadınların ev işlerinde çalıştırılmadıklarında uğraşlarının mendil, yemeni yapılan pamuklu kumaşa altın ya da sim ipekle nakış işlemek olduğunu belirtir. Harem’deki kadınlara ait bu odalar küçük birer atölye niteliğinde olmalıdır.
1791’de Eski Saray’ın yanan yerlerinin Manas Kalfa tarafından tamiri ve bunun için 5000 kuruş verilmesi uygun görülmüştür. 1792 yılı Mayıs ayında sarayda başka bir yangın daha çıkmış, bunu haber alan III. Selim, Ağa Odası’na giderek yangın kontrol altına alınıncaya kadar beklemiştir. 7 Cemâziyelevvel 1208’de (11 Aralık 1793) helvahâne ve Aşçılar Ocağı’ndan çıkan yangın büyümeden söndürülmüş ve burası eskisi gibi yaptırılmıştır. 11 Şâban 1210 (20 Şubat 1796) tarihli belgede kaydedildiğine göre Harem-i Hümâyun’daki ağalar dairesi yanmış, yine aynı yıl çıkan yangında yanan helvahâne ile diğer yerler yeniden inşa edilmiştir. Eski Saray’a II. Mahmud döneminde de gereken bakım gösterilmiştir. 22 Receb 1229 (10 Temmuz 1814) tarihli belge Harem-i Hümâyun ağaları için hastahane ve hamam yaptırıldığına, 19 Muharrem 1236 (27 Ekim 1820) tarihli belge ise Harem-i Hümâyun ile iç oğlanı odalarına döşenecek hasır için verilecek paraya işaret eder.
XVIII. yüzyıla ait bazı tarihî kaynaklarda ve rûznâmelerde sarayın spor alanına Tepebaşı denilmektedir. Dinî bayramların üçüncü günü padişahın saraya gelip buradaki sultanlarla bayramlaşması âdetti. Bayramın ikinci günü Gülhane resmi, üçüncü günü sarayda cirit seyrinin âdetten olduğuna arşiv belgeleri işaret etmektedir. Bazı rûznâmeciler dinî bayramların üçüncü günü padişahların bu saraydaki gösterileri izlemesini Eski Saray günü olarak adlandırırlar. Taylesânîzâde Hâfız Abdullah Efendi, 3 Şevval 1203’te (27 Haziran 1789) ramazan bayramı münasebetiyle III. Selim’in buraya gelişini ve yapılan spor gösterilerini ayrıntılarıyla anlatarak gösterileri padişahın izniyle halkın da izlediğini belirtmektedir. Bu spor gösterileri öylesine önem ve süreklilik arzetmiştir ki bunların seyri için ayrı ayrı köşkler inşa edilmiştir. III. Ahmed’in gösterileri Meydan Köşkü’nden, III. Selim’in meydandaki Kasr-ı Cedîd ve Cirit Kasrı’ndan izlediği kaynaklarda yer almaktadır. Soğuk ve yağışlı havalarda gösteriler Topkapı Sarayı’ndaki Gülhane’de ya da Ağa Bahçesi’nde yapılırdı. Atlı cirit oyununun yanı sıra menzil ciridi de Eski Saray’da oynanan oyunlar arasındadır. Menzil ciridi atmada başarılı olan padişahlardan IV. Murad’ın Eski Saray’dan attığı ciridin Beyazıt Camii minaresi dibine düştüğü Târîh-i Nâimâ ’da ve Evliya Çelebi’de kayıtlıdır.
Eski Saray’daki Harem teşkilâtının durumu hakkında ilk zamanlarla ilgili fazla bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Bir görüşe göre önceleri Topkapı Sarayı’nın harem dairesi yoktu, padişah burada yaşıyor, zaman zaman Eski Saray’daki haremine gidiyordu. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın eşi Hürrem Sultan’ın daima padişahın yanında olmak istemesi sebebiyle haremin ancak XVI. yüzyılın ortasında Yeni Saray’a nakledilmiş olduğu ileri sürülmüş olmakla beraber yeni yorumlar Topkapı Sarayı’nda da başlangıçtan beri haremin bulunduğu doğrultusundadır. Promontorie 1475’te Harem’deki kadınların 150’sinin Yeni Saray’da, 250’sinin Eski Saray’da oturduğunu söyler. Neşrî, Yeni Saray bahsinde harem kelimesini iki defa iki ayrı yer için kullanmıştır. Gelibolulu Âlî Mustafa Efendi de Eski Saray’ın hastalara, kadınlara ve hizmetçi zümresindeki hizmetten alâkasını kesenlere kaldığını, bundan sonra Sarây-ı Cedîd’in imarına başlandığını belirterek bu birimin kuruluşundan itibaren Yeni Saray’da da mevcut olduğunu düşündürür. Evliya Çelebi ise ilk zamanlarda Yeni Saray’da harem bulunmayıp padişahların haftada iki defa Eski Saray’a giderek o gece orada kaldığını yazar.
Vefat eden veya iktidardan düşen padişahın maiyeti, kadınları, kızları, vâlide sultanlar ve câriyelerin Harem Dairesi’nden alınarak Eski Saray’a gönderilmesi âdet olmuştur. Buraya gönderilen kadınefendiler padişah olacak oğulları yoksa hayatlarının geri kalanını burada tamamlar, kadınefendilerin oğullarından biri tahta çıkarsa vâlide sultan olarak Yeni Saray’a dönerlerdi. Eski Saray, kadınlar için Topkapı Sarayı’ndan sonra ömürlerinin sonuna kadar yaşayacakları yer olarak belirlenmişse de genç ve zengin kadınların derecelerine göre devlet ricâlinden bazı kimselerle evlenmeleri sonucunda saraydan ayrılmaları mümkün kılınmıştır.
Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devrinden sonra padişah kızlarının düğünleri büyük bir ihtişamla burada yapılmıştır. Zaman zaman padişah ailesi, hâne halkının tamamı düğün töreni için Eski Saray’a geçerdi. Şenlikler sırasında önde gelen devlet adamları, dinî erkân ve bunların haremleri resmen kabul edilerek ağırlanırdı. 1586’da İbrâhim Paşa ile III. Murad’ın kızı Ayşe Sultan, 1593’te Fatma Sultan ile Kaptanıderyâ Halil Paşa burada evlenmiştir. XVII. yüzyılın ortalarında gelin sultanların hâlâ Eski Saray’dan çıkarak damadın sarayına gittiği görülür. Sonraki tarihlerde sultan düğünleri babalarının sağ olup olmadığına göre değişmektedir. Sultan padişahın kızı ise Yeni Saray’dan alınarak damadın konağına götürülür, padişahın kardeşi ya da yeğeni ise Eski Saray’dan alayla damadın konak ya da sarayına götürülürdü. Bu durum muhtemelen XVII. yüzyılın sonlarında değişmiştir. Çünkü Naîmâ, Sultan İbrâhim’in kızı Fatma Sultan’ın Fazlı Paşa ile nikâhlandığında (14 Mart 1646) devlet büyüklerinden başka nişancı paşa ve bütün vezirlerin gelin alayında bulunup nahiller eşliğinde gelinin Eski Saray’dan alındığını, padişahın töreni saray köşkünden izlediğini belirtir.
Padişah kızlarının düğünlerinin coşkusu yanında şehzadelerin sünnet düğünleri için daha büyük bir heyecan yaşanmıştır. Eski Saray’daki ilk sünnet düğünü Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in şehzadesi Cem ve II. Bayezid’in büyük oğlu Abdullah için 1472’de yapılmıştır. 1480’de Fâtih’in torunları Sultan Şehinşah, Ahmed, Korkut, Mahmud, Alem, Selim ve Oğuz Han için yapılan sünnet düğünü bir öncekine göre daha gösterişli kutlanmış ve bir ay sürmüştür. 1582’de III. Murad’ın şehzadesi III. Mehmed’in sünnet düğünü eğlenceleri Eski Saray’da başlamış, buna yalnız kadınlar katılmıştır; eğlenceler İbrâhim Paşa Sarayı’nda devam etmiştir. 18 Eylül 1720’de III. Ahmed’in dört şehzade için yaptırdığı ve bütün ayrıntılarıyla anlatılan sünnet düğünü, hem kültür tarihi hem de bu sarayın iç düzeni hakkında bazı bilgiler vermesi açısından önemlidir.
1826’da seraskerlik makamına devrine kadar önemini koruyan Eski Saray aynı tarihte Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırılmasından sonra seraskerliğe tahsis edilmiş, içindeki kadınlar Topkapı Sarayı’na ve Eyüp Çifte Saraylar’a nakledilmiştir. Serasker paşalar teşkilâtıyla birlikte bir süre sarayın kasır ve müştemilâtında oturmuştur. 1866’da Fransız mimarı Bourgeois’ya, Eski Saray yapılarının yıkılmasından sonra onların yerine bugün İstanbul Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü tarafından kullanılmakta olan bina yaptırılmıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 122-125 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.