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SARDİNYA Skip to content Akdeniz’de İtalya’ya bağlı ada.
İtalyanca adı Sardegna’dır (Sardenya); Arap kaynaklarında Sardinya, XIX. yüzyıl Osmanlı kaynaklarında Sardunya şeklinde geçer. İtalya’nın Sicilya’dan sonra en büyük adası olup özerk bir bölgedir. Fransa’ya ait Korsika adasından Bonifacio adı verilen dar bir boğazla ayrılır, çevresindeki küçük adalarla birlikte yüzölçümü 24.090 km2 ’yi bulur. Çok yeri dağlık görünüşte olan adanın en yüksek yeri Gennargentu zirvesinde 1834 metreye ulaşır. Adanın merkezi Cagliari’dir. Eskiçağ’lardan beri kendine mahsus bir medeniyet geliştiren ve diğer Akdeniz adaları gibi dışarıdan gelen tesirlere açık kalan Sardinya bazı dönemlerde bağımsızlığını aramış, bir aralık oluşan devlete adını vermiştir. İslâm âlemiyle çeşitli zamanlarda ilişki içinde bulunmuş, bunun etkilerini günlük hayata, siyasete ve kültürüne yansıtmıştır.
Tarihî kaynaklarda adı milâttan önce XIII. yüzyıla kadar iner ve Mısırlılar’ın ada halkını Sardana diye andıkları belirtilir. Adanın milâttan önce IX. yüzyılda Fenikeliler’ce iskân edildiği bilinmektedir. Ardından Roma İmparatorluğu’nun hâkimiyeti altına girmiştir (m.ö. 238 – m.s. 456). Hıristiyanlığın Avrupa kıtasında güçlenmeye başlaması üzerine din adamları adada etkili teşebbüsler yaptı ve Roma’da bulunan papalık idaresinin nüfuzunu sağladı. Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun kuvvetli zamanlarında Afrika’nın kuzey tarafındaki mahallî idareye bağlandı (534-1000). Merkezî otoritenin zayıflamasından sonra Cenova Cumhuriyeti ve Pisa gibi küçük devletlerin etkisine girdi. Napoli şehrine hâkim olan Aragonlar (1323-1479) ve İspanyollar (1479-1708) burada idarelerini kabul ettirdiler. XVIII. yüzyılda İtalya’da dağınık olan küçük şehir devletleri daha geniş müstakil devletler haline geldiği sırada merkezi Torino olan Piemonte yöresi de bunlara katıldı; etraftaki şehirlerin birleşmesinin ardından bu siyasî teşekküle Sardinya Krallığı adı verildi. İtalyan birliği kurulduğu zaman (18 Şubat 1861) buranın son kralı olan II. Vittorio Emanuele oluşturulan meclis tarafından 17 Mart 1861’de yeni devletin ilk kralı ilân edildi. Ada bu tarihten sonra bir eyalet şeklinde kaldı; hem kendi içinde hem İtalya merkez hükümeti tarafından çeşitli zamanlarda kabul edilen kanunlara göre mahallî bir idareye kavuştu. Günümüzde de imtiyazlı kanunlarla yönetilmektedir. Fakat belirli bir ekonomik gelişme hiçbir zaman gerçekleşmedi; tarım, hayvancılık, küçük el sanatlarına dayalı ekonomi yanında sanayi hiç kurulamadı. Tarihin en eski devirlerinden beri görülen susuzluk her bir aşamada menfi yönde etkili oldu. 1968’de başlayan anarşi hareketleri Avrupa kıtasında tesirini gösterirken Sardinya içinde çok daha fazla haklar elde etme ve bağımsız bir devlet kurma eğilimi ortaya çıktı. Alınan sert tedbirler neticesinde merkezî hükümet bunu bastırdı. Bunun yanında tarihin en eski çağlarından beri zengin bir kültür geleneğine sahip bulunan adanın bu özelliklerinin korunması için müzeler, araştırma merkezleri, kültür evleri kuruldu ve teşvik edildi. 1980’li yıllarda turizm hareketinin gelişmesi yeni bir iş sahasının açılmasına yol açtı, fakat ada halkının dışarıya göçü hiçbir zaman durdurulamadı. Bundan dolayı başta Afrika ülkeleri olmak üzere ucuz emek gücünü karşılamak için resmî veya gayri resmî yollardan adaya yönelik göç hareketi oldu. İslâm ülkelerinden çok sayıda aile buraya geldi. Günümüzde 4 milyon nüfus barındıran adada her türlü siyasî akım mevcuttur.
İslâm Dünyası ile İlişkiler. Sardinya diğer Batı Akdeniz adaları gibi İslâm denizcilerinin akınlarına hedef olmuştur. Çeşitli zenginlikteki ziraat varlığı ekonomik gelişmeleri de beraberinde getirmiş, Akdeniz’in en hareketli esir ticareti burada yoğunlaşmıştır. Afrika’nın kuzey sahillerine sahip olan müslüman idareciler ve denizciler Bizans egemenliğini zayıflatıp 84 (703) yılından itibaren adaya akınlar gerçekleştirdiler, ancak bu akınlar kalıcı olmadı. Bazı araştırmacılar bunu adalıların kendilerini çok iyi savunmasına ve ilâhî kuvvetlerin yardımına bağlar. Bu durumda sahilleri korumak için kaleler, gözetleme ve haber verme kuleleri inşa edildi, buraların malî ve idarî mesuliyetleri oralardaki ailelere verildi. Bunlar sonraki asırlarda büyük topraklar elde ederek adanın idaresinde söz sahibi oldular. 135’te (752-53) adaya büyük bir İslâm ordusunun gelip hâkimiyet kurduğu ve halkı cizye ödemeye mecbur tuttuğuna dair İslâm kaynaklarında verilen bilgiler Batılı kaynaklar tarafından teyit edilmez. Diğer büyük bir harekâtı 1010-1025 yılları arasında İspanya yarımadasında kurulmuş İslâm emirliklerine bağlı Mücâhidîler’in gerçekleştirdiği üzerinde durulur. Nitekim Mücâhid el-Âmirî 406’da (1015-16) 120 gemi ve 1000 süvariyle adanın büyük bir kısmını fethetmişti. Buna karşılık kıta tarafında kurulmuş küçük İtalyan devletlerinin başta papalık olmak üzere bir müttefik ordusu gönderdikleri, bu gelişme vesilesiyle Katolik kilisesinin adada çok kuvvetli bir teşkilât tesis ettiği belirtilir. İslâm denizcilerinin akınları neticesinde bir askerî ve siyasî başarı elde edilmese de adanın coğrafî yapısı ve özellikleri İslâm coğrafyacılarınca kaydedildi. Ticarî ilişkilerin mahiyeti hakkında arkeolojik kalıntılar belirleyici oldu. Özellikle bulunan paralar (700-778 yılları arasına ait on bir sikke, yedisi bakır), müzelerdeki bazı örnekler ve az sayıdaki mezar kitâbeleri (1070 ve 1077 yıllarına ait kûfî yazılı kitâbeler) söz konusu münasebetleri aydınlatıcı bilgi sağlar. Ayrıca adanın toponimisinde Arapça adlara rastlanır.
Adanın Osmanlılar’la olan ilişkisi, Afrika’nın kuzey taraflarına sahip olup XV. yüzyıl sonunda kuvvetlenen İspanya Krallığı karşısında kendini müdafaa edemeyen mahallî beylerin Osmanlı himayesini istemeleriyle başlar. Mısır’ın ele geçirilmesi ve Kuzey Afrika sahillerine doğru hâkimiyetin genişlemesi Batı Akdeniz’deki Osmanlı gücünü arttırınca ada bundan etkilendi. XVI. yüzyılda Sardinya’yı da hedefleyen akınlar (meselâ 950’de [1543] Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa’nın akını) siyasî olduğu kadar ticarî, iktisadî, kültürel alanda yeni gelişmeleri beraberinde getirdi. XVI. yüzyıl başlarında Pîrî Reis ada ve çevresi hakkında askerî olduğu kadar iktisadî durumunu da gösteren ayrıntılı bilgiler verdi ve haritasını çizdi. 1560’ta siyasî ilişkiler hız kazandı. 1029-1036 (1620-1627) yılları arasında yapılan akınlar esnasında büyük miktarda mal, para ve köle elde edildi. XVIII. yüzyılda süren akınlar mahallî idarecileri zor durumda bıraktı. Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı Garp ocaklarının Batı kaynaklarında “Reggenze” olarak geçen Afrikalı / Mağribli denizcileri Osmanlı himayesi altında olmakla beraber Avrupa kıtasındaki devletlerle bir dizi antlaşma yaptı ve bunlar ada için belirli bir barış zemini getirdiyse de akınlar hiçbir zaman durmadı. Sardinya Krallığı adıyla ortaya çıkan devlet ise 1816’da Cezayir, Tunus ve Trablusgarp’ı yöneten beyler ve dayılarla diplomatik ilişkilere girişip konsolosluklar açtı. Esirler karşılıklı olarak serbest bırakıldı. 24 Haziran 1803’te adanın merkezi Cagliari’de düzenlenen büyük bir âyin esnasında İslâm dinini terkedip Hıristiyanlığa geçenler takdis edildi.
Osmanlı Devleti ile Sardinya Krallığı arasında XIX. yüzyıl başlarında İngiltere’nin aracı olması üzerine diplomatik ilişkiler başlatıldı ve kısa zaman içinde ilerledi. Bu ilişkinin esas temeli Cenova Cumhuriyeti’ne dayanmaktaydı. Zira kuvvetini kaybedip tarih sahnesinden silinen Cenova asırların birikiminin uzantısını Sardinya içinde devam ettiriyordu ve girişimler neticesinde 25 Ekim 1823 tarihinde tamamlanan antlaşma yeni bir devri haber veriyordu. Böylece Osmanlı Devleti kendisine yeni bir müttefik edindi, devlet merkezi olan Torino’ya dâimî elçiler tayin edildi. Sardinya Krallığı, İstanbul’daki elçilik yanında konsolosluklar aracılığı ile İtalyan geleneğinin Şark topraklarında devamını sağladı. Osmanlı başşehrine gönderilen kıymetli diplomatlar arasında Ludovico Sauli d’Igliano ile Romualdo Tecco kaleme aldıkları eserler sayesinde öne çıktılar. İlki memleketine döndükten sonra Cenova Devlet Arşivi’ndeki Şark’a dair kayıtları neşretti, diğeri de şarkiyat çalışmalarına eğilip eserler topladı, İran dili ve edebiyatı üzerine çalışmalar yaptı. Adlarını kalıcı kılanlar arasında askerî alandaki birikim ve deneyimini yeni ordu düzeninde uygulayan ve Rüstem Bey adıyla da şöhret yapan Giovanni Timoteo Calosso, İstanbul ve Anadolu hakkında yazıp resimlediği eserlerle bilinen Antonio Baratta sayılabilir. II. Mahmud zamanında getirtilen ve sonraları paşa rütbesini alan Giuseppe Donisetti’nin besteleri, yetiştirdiği Türk bestekârlar ve Cumhurbaşkanlığı Senfoni Orkestrası vasıtasıyla varlığını sürdürmektedir. Sardinya Krallığı’nın ağırlığının duyurulmasını sağlayan gelişme Kırım harbine müttefik olarak katılmış olmasıyla ortaya çıktı. Savaş sırasında veya hastalık sebebiyle ölenler Feriköy Mezarlığı’nda özel hazîrelere gömüldüler. Yeniköy ve İstinye semtlerinde kurulan hastahaneler bir gelenek meydana getirdi. Bu tarihten sonra İtalyanlar’ın varlığı İstanbul ve liman şehirlerinde hep arttı ve Sardinya Krallığı yaptığı bir dizi antlaşma sayesinde Osmanlı Devleti’nin Avrupa’daki etkinliğini tanıttı. Bu devletin merkezine giden diplomatlar yeni bir anlayışın hazırlayıcısı oldular. Bugün adada mevcut İslâm cemaatinin tam sayısını vermek zor olsa da Fas ve Senegal asıllı olanlar çoktur. Bir miktar Türk vatandaşının bulunduğu 1990’daki bir istatistikte görülür. Cagliari Üniversitesi’nde bazı zamanlar şarkiyat çalışmalarına yer verilmiştir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 133-135 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.