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SARI SALTUK Skip to content SARI SALTUK (ö. 697/1297-98) Anadolu ve Balkanlar’ın Türkleşip müslümanlaşmasındaki etkisi sebebiyle adı etrafında menkıbeler oluşmuş bir alperen.
Müellif: Machiel Kiel
Kaynaklarda “mücahid-gazi, gazi-derviş, alp-eren, mübarek zat, ermiş” gibi sıfatlarla anılan Sarı Saltuk Sünnî, Alevî ve Bektaşî çevrelerince farklı yönleriyle benimsenmiş önemli bir isimdir. Anadolu ve Rumeli’nin Türkleşip İslâmlaşmasında etkin rol oynamasına rağmen bu yönü mitolojik kimliğinin gölgesinde kalmıştır. Hayatından daha çok menâkıbnâme türündeki eserlerde bahsedildiğinden tarihî kimliğini tesbit etmek güçtür. Hakkında kaleme alınmış müstakil eserlerin en önemlisi Cem Sultan’ın, onun türbesini ziyaret edip menâkıbını dinledikten sonra Ebülhayr Rûmî’ye yazdırdığı Saltuknâme’dir. Hayatının 697’ye (1297-98) kadar olan dönemi tarihî bilgilerle kısmen irtibatlandırılabilmektedir; 661’den (1263) öncesine ait bilgiler muğlaktır.
Yakın zamana kadar Sarı Saltuk’tan bahseden en eski kaynak İbn Battûta’nın Seyahatnâme’si olarak bilinmekteydi. İbn Battûta, 732 (1331-32) yılında Bizans’a gidiş ve gelişinde uğradığı Baba Saltuk kasabasında -bugünkü Romanya’da Babadağı olmalıdır- Sarı Saltuk hakkında dinlediği menkıbevî hikâyelerden bahseder. Bazı araştırmacılar, Baba Saltuk kasabasının Güney Rusya stepleri taraflarında bulunduğunu söylerse de onların bu görüşünü destekleyen fazlaca delil yoktur. Diğer taraftan Kuzey Dobruca’daki Babadağı kasabasının en azından XV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından beri Sarı Saltuk kültünün merkezi olduğu bilinmektedir. 1913’te Jean Deny, Babadağı’nın Sarı Saltuk ile özdeşleştiğini ve buranın onun kasabası olduğunu söylemiştir. Arap coğrafyacısı Ebü’l-Fidâ’nın 721’de (1321) tamamladığı Taḳvîmü’l-büldân’a göre Kuzey Dobruca’da Babadağı’nın kuzeybatısındaki İsakça’da halkın çoğu müslümandı. İsakça o sırada bağımsız müslüman bir yönetici olarak kendi adına para bastıran Nogay Han’ın başşehriydi. Bu bilgiler, Sarı Saltuk’un Türk-müslüman kültürünün hâkim olduğu bir çevrede yetiştiğini göstermesi bakımından önemlidir.
Yazıcıoğlu Ali’nin Oğuznâme’sine göre 660’ta (1261-62) Selçuklu Sultanı II. İzzeddin Keykâvus, Moğollar’ca desteklenen kardeşi Rükneddin Kılıcarslan’a yenilip beraberindeki Türkmenler’le birlikte İstanbul’a İmparator VIII. Mikhail Palaiologos’a sığınmış, imparator kendisine Dobruca’da yer gösterince beraberindeki Türkmenler’le Rumeli’ye geçerek buraya yerleşmiştir. Yazıcıoğlu, hıristiyan-Türk hükümdarı Dobrotiç’ten sonra (1354-1386) bu yeri Dobruca olarak anan ilk tarihçidir. Dobruca’da iki kasabada otuz kırk obalık bir nüfus oluşturan bu Türk gruplarına Sarı Saltuk liderlik yapmış, ancak Bulgar beylerinin bölgede güç kazanmasıyla birlikte (1304) bunlar Batı Anadolu’ya geçerek Karesi’ye yerleşmiştir. Bir diğer rivayete göre İzzeddin Keykâvus bir ara Enez’de hapse düşmüş, Kırım Hanı Berke tarafından kurtarılarak beraberindeki Türkmenler’le Kırım’a götürülmüş ve bir müddet Kefe’de yaşamıştır. Sarı Saltuk’un da içinde bulunduğu bu Türkmen topluluğu İzzeddin Keykâvus’un 677’de (1278-79) vefatı ve hâmileri Berke Han’ın ölümünden sonra tekrar Dobruca’ya dönmüştür. Sarı Saltuk burada 1293 yılına kadar yaşamış ve ölümünün ardından Babadağı’ndaki zâviyeye gömülmüştür. Yazıcıoğlu’na göre Dobruca halkı Sarı Saltuk’un vefatından sonra dinleri dahil bütün kimliklerini kaybetmiştir. Bunlar kendilerini Dobruca’ya yollayan İzzeddin Keykâvus’un isminden dolayı Gagavuz adını alan topluluk olup halen bir kısmı Dobruca’da, Varna’nın kuzeyindeki bazı köylerde ve daha çok Moldova Cumhuriyeti’nde yaşamaktadır.
Sarı Saltuk hakkında bilgi veren bir diğer kaynak yakın zamanlara kadar ihmal edilmiş olan Yûsuf b. İsmâil en-Nebhânî’nin (ö. 1932) Câmiʿu kerâmâti’l-evliyâʾ adlı eseridir. Nebhânî kitabında Sarı Saltuk (Saltuk et-Türkî) hakkında bilgi verirken buna Kemâleddin Muhammad Serrâc er-Rifâî’nin 715’te (1315) yazılmış olan Tüffâḥu’l-ervâḥ adlı eserini kaynak olarak gösterir. Serrâc’ın verdiği bilgilere göre (Berlin Staatsbibliothek, nr. 8734, vr. 110b ) Sarı Saltuk eski adı İsakça olan Dobruca’da yaşamış ve 697’de (1297-98) vefat ettiğinde zaman zaman inzivaya çekildiği dağın yakınlarına gömülmüştür. Mensuplarının onun adına yaptırdığı zâviye sebebiyle burası Babadağı olarak adlandırılmıştır. Serrâc eserinde sonraları popüler bir hikâye haline gelecek olan yedi lahit hikâyesine abartılardan arındırılmış basit bir kurguya sahip olarak yer vermiştir. Buna göre Sarı Saltuk’un cesedi mezarından alınıp bilinmeyen farklı mezarlara konulmuştur. Bunun sebebi, o dönemde hüküm süren bir hıristiyan kralın cesedi alıp kendi siyasî emelleri doğrultusunda kullanmasına engel olmaktır. Nebhânî ve Serrâc’ın eserleri karşılaştırıldığında Nebhânî’nin kaynağındaki bilgileri olduğu gibi aktardığı görülür. Nebhânî, Serrâc’ın Sarı Saltuk hakkındaki bilgileri, o zamanlar İslâm dünyasında çok yaygın olan Haydariyye tarikatının mensubu olması ihtimali yüksek bulunan Seyyid Behram Şah el-Haydarî’den aldığını kaydetmiştir. Serrâc, Sarı Saltuk’un Dobruca’da yaşadığını ve yetmiş yaşlarında iken 700 (1300-1301) yılından üç yıl kadar önce öldüğünü söyler. Sarı Saltuk’un vefat ettiği 697 ile Serrâc’ın eserini yazdığı 715 (1315) arasında on sekiz yıl vardır. Bu durumda Tüffâḥu’l-ervâḥ 715 (1315) yılında yazılmış oluyor ki bu da onun şimdilik İbn Battûta’nın Seyahatnâme’sinden önce Babadağı hakkında bilgi veren tek kaynak olduğunu göstermektedir. Sarı Saltuk’un tasavvufî kimliğine ait bilgiler de içeren bu kaynağa göre mürşidi Şeyh Mahmud adında bir zat olup Şeyh Ahmed er-Rifâî’nin Irak Ümmüubeyde’deki tekkesinden feyiz almıştır. Şeyh Mahmud’un himmetiyle Sarı Saltuk kâfir topraklarını dolaşarak oradakileri müslüman yapmıştır.
Sonraki yüzyıllara ait kaynaklarda Sarı Saltuk tamamen menkıbevî yönüyle anılır. 1480’de tamamlanan Ebülhayr Rûmî’nin Saltuknâme’si diğer kaynaklara nisbetle gerçek tarihî hikâyelerle dolu olduğundan akademik çevrelerde kabul görmektedir. 1481-1500’lü yıllarda kaleme alınan Hacı Bektaş Vilâyetnâmesi’ne ve aynı yıllarda yazılmış olan Vilâyetnâme-i Kutbü’l-aktâb Sultan Otman Baba adlı esere göre Sarı Saltuk, Hızır’ın himmetiyle Karadeniz’i seccadesiyle geçip Rumeli’ye gelmiştir. Ayrıca Battal Gazi’nin torunu olarak ortaya çıkan Sarı Saltuk zaman zaman bir şahin şekline girerek kerametler göstermiş, insan yiyen yedi başlı devi tahta kılıcıyla öldürmüştür. Kâfirlerin konuştuğu dilleri ve dinlerini iyi bildiğinden kendini gizleyen bir keşiş ve rahip olarak onların kilise ve saraylarını gezmiş, bazı yöneticilerini öldürmüş, bazılarını İslâm’a döndürmüştür. Hacı Bektaş, müridi olduğu zaman Sarı Saltuk’a bir kılıç, bir seccade ile yanına Ulu Abdal ve Kiçi Abdal adında iki arkadaş vermiştir. Üçü birlikte seccadeyle Sinop’tan Ermenistan’a kadar giderek kralını müslüman yaptıktan sonra Varna’nın kuzeyindeki Kaliakra Kalesi’ne ulaşmış, orada bulunan yedi başlı bir ejderi öldürüp kale kumandanının müslüman olmasını sağlamıştır. Ardından Sarı Saltuk arkadaşlarıyla beraber bir süre önce vefat etmiş olan Hacı Bektaş’ın kabrini ziyaret için Anadolu’ya dönmüştür.
Tarihî kaynaklara göre Sarı Saltuk, Dobruca’ya yerleşmesinden vefatına kadar irşad faaliyetlerini sürdürmek amacıyla çeşitli tekke ve zâviyeler açmıştır. Dobruca’daki Sarı Saltuk, Kaligra’daki Sultan (Yılan) Tekkesi, kendisinin bizzat açtığı ve faaliyette bulunduğu tekkeler olarak bilinmektedir. Sarı Saltuk’un adına ölümünden sonra açılan tekkeler Babaeski’deki Eski Baba Tekkesi ile Kütahya Şeyhlü’deki Sarı Selcük Tekkesi’dir. Sarı Saltuk uğradığı yerlerde önemli hizmetlerde bulunduğundan adına makam-türbeler oluşturulmuştur. Saltuknâme’ye göre başlıcaları Kaliakra (Bulgaristan), Babadağı (Romanya), Blagay (Hersek), Ohri (Makedonya), Kruya (Akçahisar/Arnavutluk), Rumelifeneri (İstanbul), Babaeski (Edirne), Bor (Niğde), Diyarbakır, Tunceli ve İznik gibi merkezlerde olmak üzere Sarı Saltuk’un pek çok türbesi bulunmaktadır.
Babadağı’ndaki zâviye 1484’te II. Bayezid’in emriyle külliyeye dönüştürülmüş ve etrafında yeni bir şehir olarak Babadağı kurulmuştur. Buradaki zâviye XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıllardaki Rus istilâlarında yok olmuş, 1828’den sonra yaptırılan tek kubbeli basit türbe binası zaman zaman onarılarak korunmuş, son olarak Türk iş adamları tarafından restore ettirilip 26 Ekim 2007’de ziyarete açılmıştır. Önceleri hıristiyanların da ziyaret ettiği türbe halen hem ziyaretgâh hem önemli tarihî bir mekân olarak korunmaktadır. Kaliakra’da Sarı Saltuk’a ait bir zâviyenin varlığı, XVI ve XVII. yüzyıl kaynaklarında temellükâtı ve dervişlerinin isimleri zikredilmek suretiyle belirtilmektedir. Kaynaklar o dönemde Sarı Saltuk’un hâtırasının yaşadığını gösterse de zâviye bugün mevcut değildir. Kruya, Ohri ve Blagay’da bulunan türbeleri yanı başlarındaki yapılarla hâlâ birer ziyaretgâhtır. Arnavutluk’un Kruya kasabasındaki (Akçahisar) Sarısaltuk tepesinde bir mağaranın içinde basamaklarla inilen tekkedeki türbe 975’te (1567-68) veya daha geç yapılmış olmalıdır. Ohri’de Sveti (Aziz) Naum Manastırı’ndaki şapelde yer alan türbe hıristiyanların Slav asıllı hıristiyan bir azize, müslümanların ise Sarı Saltuk’a ait kabul ettikleri bir yerdir. Kosova’da Dragaş’a yakın Plava köyünde, Jur köyünde, Virmica-Dragaş kavşağının sağında, Paştrik dağının tepesinde, Yakova-İpek arasındaki Pirlepe köyünde Sarı Saltuk makamları vardır. Bunlardan İpek’te bulunan ve her yıl 2 Ağustos’ta büyük kutlamalar yapılan türbe sarılık hastalığına yakalananların ziyaret ettiği bir mekândır.
Türkiye sınırları içinde de birçok yerde Sarı Saltuk türbeleri vardır. Bunlardan Tunceli Hozat’ta aynı adla anılan tepedeki türbe Alevîler için önemli bir ziyaretgâhtır. Diyarbakır’da şehrin merkezinde Gülşenîler Tekkesi diye bilinen tarihî yapılar arasında ona ait bir türbe mevcuttur. Niğde Bor’daki türbe edebî kaynaklarda adından bahsedilen bir ziyaretgâhtır (Kuddûsî Divânı, s. 660). Bektaşî kaynaklarına göre bu türbe Sarı Saltuk’un Anadolu’yu dolaşmaya gönderdiği oğlu İbrâhim Saltuk’a aittir (Saltık, sy. 34 [2005], s. 16). Babaeski’deki Sarı Saltuk Tekkesi, Bulgar savaşında veya Cumhuriyet’ten sonra yok olmuştur. İznik’te şehir dışındaki özel bir arazide dört sütun üzerine kurulu etrafı açık bir başka türbe daha bulunmaktadır ki hacca gidenler tarafından yolculuk öncesi ziyaret edilmektedir. Manisa Alaşehir’de Şeyh Sinan Camii yakınında da Sarı Saltuk adına bir türbe vardır. İstanbul’da Rumelifeneri binası içindeki sanduka ve kitâbeli kabrin de Sarı Saltuk’a ait olduğuna inanılmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Géographie d’Aboulféda , II/2, s. 316, 318. Kemâleddin Muhammed es-Serrâc er-Rifâî, Tüffâḥu’l-ervâḥ, Berlin Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesita (Kat. W. Ahlwardt nr. 8734, vr. 109a -110b ). Ebülhayr Rûmî, Saltuknâme (nşr. Şükrü Halûk Akalın), Ankara 1987-90, I-III. Kuddûsî Divânı (haz. Fehmi Kuyumcu), Ankara 1982, s. 660. I. Bogdan, Vlad Ţepeş şi naraţiunile germane şi ruseşti asupra lui: Studi critic, Bucereşti 1986, s. 81. J. Deny, “Sarı Saltuq et le nom de la ville de Babadaghı”, Mélanges Emile Picot, Paris 1913, s. 1-15. Zeki Velidi Togan, Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul 1946, s. 256-325. Nebhânî, Kerâmâtü’l-evliyâʾ , II, 100-102. Hasan Kaleshi, “Albanische Legenden um Sarı Saltuk”, Actes du premier congrès international des études balkaniques et sud-est européennes, Sofia 1971, s. 815-828. A. Kuzev – V. Gjuzelev, Bǎlgarski srednovekovni gradove i kreposti, Varna 1981, I, 211-216. R. Florescu – R. McNally, Dracula: A Biography of Vlad the Impaler, 1431-1476, London 1974, s. 92-94. E. Oberländer-Târnoveanu, “Un atelier monétaire inconnue de la horde d’or sur le Danube: Sakğy-Isaccea (XIIIe -XIVe siècles)”, Actes du XIe congrès international du numismatique, Louvain-la-Neuve 1993, s. 291-304. a.mlf., “Numismatical contributions to the History of Eastern Europe at the end of the 13th Century”, Revue roumaine d’histoire, XXVI, Bucarest 1987, s. 245-258. I. Mélikoff, “Qui était Sarı Saltuk? Quelques remarques sur les manuscrits du Saltukname”, Studies in Ottoman History in Honour of Professor V. L. Ménage (ed. C. Heywood – C. Imber), Istanbul 1994, s. 231-238. Ahmet T. Karamustafa, God’s Unruly Friends: Dervish Groups in the Islamic Later Middle Period, 1200-1500, Salt Lake City 1994, s. 44-46, 67-70. Maria Batca, “Romanya-Dobrudja Türk Topluluğunun Toplumsal Hafızasında Sarı Saltık Baba, Babadağ Şehrinin Kuruluş Efsanesi”, I. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Eren ve Evliyaları Kongresi Bildirileri, Ankara 1998, s. 75-84. Şükrü Halûk Akalın, “Sarı Saltuk’un Türbe ve Makamları Üzerine”, a.e. , s. 10-24. a.mlf., “Sledite na Sarı Saltuk b Rumelija i Svetata obitel na Sveti Naum / Sarı Saltuk v Ohrid”, Islam i Kultura: Izsledvanija (ed. G. Lozanova – L. Mikov), Sofia 1999, s. 26-51 (English summary: “The Thraces of Sarı Saltuk in Roumelia and the Holy Cloister of Saint Naum/Sarı Saltuk in Ohrid”). M. Kiel, “Sarı Saltuk: Pionier des Islams auf dem Balkan, im 13. Jahrhundert, mit Materialien von Berndt Radtke”, Alevîler: Alewiten (haz. Erhard Franz – İsmail Engin), Hamburg 2000, s. 253-286. a.mlf., “Ottoman Urban Development and the Cult of a Heterodox Sufi Saint: Sarı Saltuk Dede and Towns of Isakçe and Babadag in the Northern Dobrudja”, Syncretismes et hérésies dans l’orient seldjokide et ottoman (XIVe -XVIIIe siècle) (ed. Gilles Veinstein), Paris 2005, s. 283-298. a.mlf., “Sarı Saltuk ve Erken Bektaşilik Üzerine Notlar” (trc. Fikret Elpe), TDA , II (1980), s. 25-36. Mehmet Z. İbrahimgil, “Balkanlar’da Sarı Saltuk Türbeleri”, Balkanlar’da Kültürel Etkileşim ve Türk Mimarisi Uluslararası Sempozyumu Bildirileri, Ankara 2001, s. 375-390. a.mlf., “Arnavutluk Kruya’daki Sarı Saltuk Külliyesi”, Balkanlar’da İslâm Medeniyeti Milletlerarası Sempozyumu Tebliğleri, İstanbul 2002, s. 87-96. Theodor Seif, “Der Abschnitt über die Osman in Şükrüllah’s persische Universal-Geschichte”, MOG , II (1926), s. 111. P. Mutafčiev, “Dobrotič-Dobrotica et la Dobrudža”, Revue des Études slaves, VII/1-2, Paris 1927, s. 27-41. a.mlf., “Izvestieto na Abulfed za grad Isakča”, Izbrani Proizvedenija, II, Sofia 1973, s. 683-684. Fuad Köprülü, “Anadolu Selçukluları Tarihi’nin Yerli Kaynakları”, TTK Belleten , VII/27 (1943), s. 379-458. C. Brockelmann, “Das Altosmanische Volksbuch Menāqib-i Gazavāt-i Sultan Sari Saltiq Gazi”, Miscellanea Academica Berolinensia, II/2, Berlin 1950, s. 168-193. M. Tayyib Okiç, “Sarı Saltuk’a Ait Bir Fetva”, AÜİFD , I (1952), s. 48-58. a.mlf., “Bir Tenkidin Tenkidi”, a.e. , II (1953), s. 219-290. N. Beldiceanu, “La conquête des cités marchandes de Kilia et Cetatea Alba (Akkirman) par Bayezid II”, SOF , sy. 23 (1964), s. 36-90. Ahmet Yaşar Ocak, “Sarı Saltuk ve Saltuknâme”, TK , XVII/197 (1979), s. 10-19. Veli Saltık, “Sarı Saltuk ve Saltuklular”, Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi, sy. 34, Ankara 2005, s. 11-31. G. Leiser, “Sari Ṣalṭuk Dede”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 61-62.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 147-150 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.