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ŞÂTIBÎ, İbrâhim b. Mûsâ Skip to content Ebû İshâk İbrâhîm b. Mûsâ b. Muhammed el-Lahmî eş-Şâtıbî el-Gırnâtî (ö. 790/1388)
el-Muvâfaḳāt adlı eseriyle tanınan Endülüslü Mâlikî fakihi, dil âlimi.
720 (1320) yılı civarında muhtemelen Gırnata’da (Granada) dünyaya geldi. Arap kökenli ailesi Şâtıbeli (Jativa) olduğundan Şâtıbî nisbesiyle anılmıştır. Şâtıbe, Aragon Krallığı’nın eline geçtikten iki yıl sonra (646/1248) buradaki müslümanların hemen tamamı şehri terkederek Gırnata’nın da yer aldığı güneye doğru göç ettikleri için Şâtıbe’de doğmuş olması mümkün görünmemektedir. Nasrîler yönetiminde iken (VIII./XIV. yüzyıl) Endülüs’ün en kalabalık ve müslümanlar açısından en güvenli şehri haline gelen Gırnata aynı zamanda bölgenin en önemli ilim ve kültür merkeziydi. Endülüslü ve Kuzey Afrikalı âlimlerin yoğun bir şekilde bulunduğu bu şehirde yetişen Şâtıbî eğitimine İbnü’z-Zeyyât el-Kelâî’den Kur’an öğrenerek başlamış olmalıdır. Ardından Arap dil âlimi Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Ali el-Fahhâr el-İlbîrî’nin talebesi oldu. Vefatına kadar sürekli derslerine devam ettiği bu hocasından ayrıca kırâat-i seb‘a okudu. Daha sonra, onun yerine el-Medresetü’n-Nasriyye hocalığına tayin edilen dönemin başmüftüsü Ebû Saîd Ferec b. Kāsım İbn Lübb’ün derslerine katıldı ve fıkıh eğitimini büyük ölçüde ondan aldı. Hayatı boyunca Gırnata dışına çıkmadığı anlaşılan Şâtıbî ayrıca Şerîf el-Gırnâtî, Ebû Ca‘fer Ahmed eş-Şegūrî, İbn Merzûk el-Hatîb, Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Makkarî, Ebû Ali Mansûr ez-Zevâvî ve Muhammed b. Ahmed eş-Şerîf et-Tilimsânî gibi Mâlikî âlimlerinden Arap dili, kıraat, fıkıh, hadis, tefsir, fıkıh usulü, kelâm, mantık, felsefe ve tasavvuf dersleri okudu. Kaynaklarda Şâtıbî’nin beş öğrencisinden söz edilir. Bunlar Tuḥfetü’l-ḥükkâm adlı eseriyle tanınan Ebû Bekir İbn Âsım, onun kardeşi Ebû Yahyâ İbn Âsım, Ebû Abdullah el-Mücârî, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. İbrâhim el-Beyyânî ve Ebû Ca‘fer Ahmed el-Kassâr’dır. Ebu Ca‘fer el-Muvâfaḳāt’ın yazımı sırasında Şâtıbî’ye yardımcı olmuş, Ebû Yahyâ İbn Âsım aynı kitabı öğrencilerine okutmuş, Ebû Bekir İbn Âsım da ihtisar etmiştir (Mücârî, s. 118, 126; Ahmed Bâbâ et-Tinbüktî, s. 50, 113, 492). Ayrıca Ebü’l-Hasan İbn Sem‘a’nın Şâtıbî’nin öğrencisi olduğuna dair karîne teşkil eden bazı kayıtlar bulunmaktadır (Abdülhay el-Kettânî, II, 683).
Yaşadığı dönemde Endülüs’te okutulan dinî ve aklî ilimlerin birçoğunda kendini yetiştiren Şâtıbî daha sonra kendi ifadesiyle “Allah’ın bir ikramı ve nimeti olarak” Kur’an ve Sünnet’i esas alan bir ilmî araştırma sürecine girdi. Kur’an ve Sünnet’i incelerken tümevarım yöntemini kullanıp önce itikadî ve amelî açıdan dinin temel ilkelerini ve aslî hükümlerini tesbit etti; ardından bu ilkeler üzerine kurulmuş olan fer‘î hükümleri inceledi. Elde ettiği sonuçlardan hareketle kelâm ve fıkıh usulünden de faydalanarak yaşadığı toplumda yaygın olan dinî inanç, ibadet ve uygulamalarla ilmî görüşleri ve yaklaşımları gözden geçirdi. Bunların bir kısmının Hz. Peygamber’in ve ashabının sünnetine aykırı, dolayısıyla bid‘at niteliğinde olduğunu görüp bunlarla mücadele etmeye başladı. İmamlık ve hatiplik gibi resmî görevleriyle birlikte yürüttüğü bu mücadele, bir yandan onun en belirgin vasıflarından biri haline gelirken diğer yandan yaşadığı topluma ve içinde yetiştiği ilim çevrelerine muhalif bir kişilik haline gelip yalnız kalmasına yol açtı. Ağır suçlamalara mâruz kaldı; sapkınlıkla ve Ehl-i sünnet dışı fırkalara mensup olmakla itham edildi (el-İʿtiṣâm, I, 19-28). İlmî durumu bu şekilde özetlenebilen Şâtıbî’nin hayatına dair ayrıntılı bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Hayatı boyunca ilmî araştırmalarını sürdürmüş, bu sırada Mağribli ve Tunuslu Mâlikî fakihleriyle yazışarak görüş alışverişinde bulunmuş, önemli eserler telif etmiş, dönemin temel tartışma konuları hakkında fetvalar vermiş ve az sayıda da olsa öğrenci yetiştirmiştir. Kendisi imamlık, hatiplik gibi bazı görevler yaptığını ifade etmekle birlikte (a.g.e., I, 20) bu ifadenin ima ettiği diğer görevlerin neler olduğu, özellikle kadı müşavirliği ya da Gırnata’nın tek medresesi durumundaki el-Medresetü’n-Nasriyye’de müderrislik gibi görevlerde bulunup bulunmadığı hususunda kaynaklarda herhangi bir bilgi yer almaz. Bid‘atlar konusundaki tâvizsiz tutumu ve dönemin önde gelen Mâlikî müftülerine muhalif fetvaları sebebiyle bu görevlerden alınmış olması mümkündür (M. Khalid Masud, Shatibi’s Philosophy, s. 71). Nitekim yazışmalarından anlaşıldığı kadarıyla bazı öğrencilerinin görevlerine bu gerekçeyle son verilmiştir (Venşerîsî, XI, 140-141).
Bu süreçte Şâtıbî’nin kendisiyle en fazla tartıştığı kişi, Endülüs’te dönemin önde gelen fetva mercii olan hocası Ebû Saîd İbn Lüb’dür. Aralarındaki en hararetli tartışma konusu ise beş vakit namazın ardından cemaat halinde dua etme uygulamasıdır. Muvahhidler devrinde başlayan ve halife ya da sultan için dua edilmesi sebebiyle siyasî bir nitelik taşıyan bu uygulamayı Şâtıbî bir fetva ile bid‘at olarak ilân edince İbn Lüb ile aralarında başlayan tartışma, muhtemelen kendisinin imamlık görevinden alınma gerekçelerinden birini oluşturdu. İbn Lübb’ün yanı sıra Gırnata Kādılcemaası Nübâhî’nin bu konuda Şâtıbî’ye reddiye yazması onun fetvasının çeşitli kesimler üzerinde etkili olduğunu gösterir. Şâtıbî’nin daha sonra el-İʿtiṣâm adlı eserinde (II, 260-280) isim belirtmeden tartışacağı İbn Lübb’ün kendisine yönelik eleştirilerine öğrencisi Ebû Yahyâ İbn Âsım bir reddiye ile karşılık vermiştir. Bu tartışmaya Fez Kādılcemaası Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Fiştâlî ve dönemin Tunus müftüsü İbn Arafe’nin de dahil oldukları anlaşılmaktadır (Venşerîsî, XI, 131, 139-141; Ahmed Bâbâ et-Tinbüktî, s. 447). Şâtıbî’nin bid‘at olduğuna dair fetva vermesi sebebiyle dönemin Mâlikî fakihleriyle tartışmaya girdiği konular arasında sabah ezanının ardından müezzinlerin “asbaha ve lillâhi’l-hamd” demesi, ölüler için Yâsîn sûresinin okunması, cuma hutbelerinde dört halifenin yanı sıra dönemin halifesinin adının zikredilmesi, mescidlerde cemaat halinde Kur’an’dan bir bölüm (hizb) ya da bazı dinî kitapların okunması, Kadir gecesini tayin ederek o gece Kur’an’ın hatmedilmesi gibi Gırnata’da yaygın birçok merasim ve uygulama bulunmaktadır (Fetâvâ, s. 189-214; Venşerîsî, I, 278, 327-328; VI, 387-388; XI, 112-117).
Şâtıbî’nin fetvalarında tasavvufla ilgili meseleler de önemli yer tutar. Endülüslü Mâlikî fukahasının tasavvufa muhalif tavrı Nasrîler döneminde yumuşamış, tasavvufî düşünce ve hayat Gırnata’ya nüfuz etmiş, şehirde pek çok zâviye açılmıştı. Hocası Makkarî’den tasavvuf eğitimi de alan Şâtıbî bu gelişmelere üç hususta tepki gösterip aleyhte fetvalar vermiştir. Bunların başında, nefis tezkiyesi amacıyla dünya nimetlerini ve rızık kazanmak için çalışmayı terketmek gibi uygulamaların yanı sıra şeyhe intisabın ferdî bir tercih olmaktan çıkarılıp dinî bir gereklilik şeklinde görülmesi, böylece şeyhe ulemânın da üzerinde bir yetki verilmesi anlayışı gelir. İkincisi, zâviye garipleri denilen dervişlerin hiç çalışmadan sadece zâviye gelirleriyle geçimlerini sağlamaları, dolayısıyla zâviye ve ribâtların toplumda işsizliği teşvik eden ve ekonomiye yük olan merkezler haline gelmesi, üçüncüsü de zâviyelerin yanı sıra mescidlerde yaygınlaşan mevlid-i nebî kutlamaları, zikir ve semâ meclisleri gibi bid‘atlardır (M. Khalid Masud, Shatibi’s Philosophy, s. 41-47, 75-76; Şâtıbî’nin tasavvuf hakkındaki değerlendirmeleri için bk. el-İʿtiṣâm, I, 27, 149-172, 337-370).
Dönemin müftülerine muhalif olarak verdiği fetvalar Şâtıbî’nin bid‘at kabul ettiği ibadet konularıyla sınırlı değildir. Meselâ beytülmâlin ihtiyaç duyması halinde ekonomik durumları kötü de olsa halka ek vergiler konabileceği yönündeki fetvasıyla yine hocası İbn Lübb’e muhalefet etmiştir (Venşerîsî, XI, 131-132; Ahmed Bâbâ et-Tinbüktî, s. 50-51). Şâtıbî özellikle vergi, zekât, vakıf gibi iktisadî ve hukukî meselelere ilişkin fetvalarında değişen şartları, müslüman toplumun ve devletin ihtiyaçlarını göz önünde bulundurarak maslahat ilkesine dayalı görüşler ortaya koymuş, böylece onun döneminde Endülüs muhitinde benimsenen ve amel niteliği kazanmış olan görüşlere muhalefet etmiştir (M. Khalid Masud, Shatibi’s Philosophy, s. 86, 93-95). Şâtıbî bir yandan ictihad ve fetva usulünü maslahat ilkesi üzerine kurarken diğer yandan müteahhirîn dönemi Mâlikî fakihlerinin değişen şartlara uyum göstermek ve maslahatı temin etmek amacıyla başvurdukları, karşı görüşün deliline göre amel etme yöntemine (bk. MÜRÂÂT-ı HİLÂF) şiddetle karşı çıkmıştır. Bu prensip, Şâtıbî’ye göre fıkıh usulünün esaslarına aykırı düştüğü gibi kendi içinde de tutarsızlıklar içermektedir. Şer‘î meselelerde hakikatin tek olduğu görüşünü benimseyen Şâtıbî’ye göre ihtilâflı görüşler arasında tercih yapılması aslında bu görüşlerin delilleri arasında bir tercih yapılması anlamına gelmekte ve bir tür ictihad sayılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla kendisi dahil olmak üzere mukallit fakihlerin görevi, bağlı oldukları mezhebin mütekaddimîn dönemi âlimlerinin görüşlerini iyi anlamak ve mezhebin meşhur kavliyle fetva vermektir (Fetâvâ, neşredenin girişi, s. 94-96; Venşerîsî, VI, 327; XI, 103-104; XII, 42). Şâtıbî bu yaklaşımıyla, sadece mezhebin meşhur görüşüne muhalif fetvalarıyla tanınan hocası İbn Lübb’e (Ahmed Bâbâ et-Tinbüktî, s. 358) muhalefet etmekle kalmıyor, V. (XI.) asırdan itibaren Ebü’l-Hasan el-Lahmî ve öğrencileriyle birlikte başlayan ve amel-i Fâsî başta olmak üzere Kuzey Afrika ve Endülüs Mâlikîleri arasında bölgesel amel telakkilerinin gelişmesine zemin hazırlayan mezhep içindeki şâz görüşlerin tercih edilmesi geleneğini de reddetmiş oluyordu (Çavuşoğlu, s. 96). Bu yaklaşımının devamı olarak Şâtıbî, İbn Şâs ve İbnü’l-Hâcib gibi müteahhirîn Mâlikîler’in muhtasar türü eserlerine itibar edilemeyeceğini, Mâlikî fıkhının kaynağı olarak ancak mütekaddimîn döneminde yazılmış kitaplara başvurulabileceğini söyler (Fetâvâ, s. 120-122; Venşerîsî, XI, 140-141; Ahmed Bâbâ et-Tinbüktî, s. 52).
Bütün bu görüş ve yaklaşımları Gırnata Mâlikî çevrelerinde tepkiyle karşılanan Şâtıbî’nin Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Kāsım el-Kabbâb el-Fâsî, İbn Abbâd er-Rundî ve İbn Arafe gibi Fas ve Tunus’un önde gelen Mâlikî fakihleriyle bu konularda yaptığı yazışma ve tartışmalar meşhurdur (Venşerîsî, VI, 364-396; Ahmed er-Reysûnî, s. 101-114; M. Khalid Masud, Shatibi’s Philosophy, s. 76, 241-244). Şâtıbî bazı öğrencilerine yazdığı mektuplarda bid‘atlarla mücadele konusunda kendilerini teşvik edip sabır tavsiye eder ve bu konuda dikkat etmeleri gereken hususları hatırlatır (Venşerîsî, XI, 139-141). Bu mektuplardan anlaşıldığına göre öğrencileri, Şâtıbî’nin görüşlerinin uygulanması ve yaygınlaşması konusunda sıkıntıları göze alarak çaba sarfetmişlerdir. Yaşadığı dönemde muhalif görüşleriyle tanınmasına rağmen İbn Haldûn ve Lisânüddin İbnü’l-Hatîb gibi çağdaşı Endülüs tarihçileri Şâtıbî’den açıkça söz etmez, bu yüzden hakkındaki bilgiler çok sınırlıdır. Bu durumu, İbn Haldûn’un Gırnata’da bulunduğu tarihlerde (1362-1365) ve İbnü’l-Hatîb’in eserlerini kaleme aldığı dönemlerde onun henüz el-Muvâfaḳāt’ı yazmamış ve yeterince şöhret bulmamış olmasıyla (M. Khalid Masud, Shatibi’s Philosophy, s. 94-96) ya da saray çevresinde yaşayan söz konusu kimselerle arasındaki kişilik farkıyla (Hammâdî el-Ubeydî, s. 87-88) açıklamak tatmin edici görünmemektedir. Zira bazı kaynaklarda İbn Haldûn’un Şâtıbî’yi dolaylı muhatap aldığına dair bilgiler mevcuttur (M. Khalid Masud, İslâm Hukuk Teorisi, s. 83).
Şâtıbî, özellikle XIX. yüzyıldan itibaren makāsıdü’ş-şerîa konusuna yaklaşımı ile daha fazla tanınmıştır. İlk dönem usûl-i fıkıh eserlerinde kendisine özel bir yer ayrılmayan, İmâmü’l-Haremeyn el-Cüveynî’nin çabalarıyla terimleşmeye başlayan, ardından Gazzâlî, İzzeddin İbn Abdüsselâm ve Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî gibi şahsiyetler tarafından geliştirilen makāsıd kavramı bakımından Şâtıbî’nin el-Muvâfaḳāt’ı en önemli dönüm noktasını teşkil etmektedir. Şâtıbî bu eserinde klasik fıkıh usulü sistematiğine makāsıd başlığını eklemekle kalmamış, ayrıca bu kavramı merkez alan çok kapsamlı ve derin bir teori geliştirerek fıkıh usulü tarihinde yeni bir çığır açmıştır. Onun makāsıd konusundaki yaklaşımı özellikle modernleşme sürecindeki İslâm dünyasında ortaya çıkan problemlere çözüm bulma yolunda sıkça referans alınmış, konuyla ilgili müstakil kitaplar yazılmış, hatta makāsıdın müstakil bir ilim dalı sayılması gerektiğini söyleyenler olmuştur (DİA, XXVII, 424). Ancak Şâtıbî’nin, usûl-i fıkıh alanında yenilik sayılabilecek bir girişimde bulunurken fürû-i fıkıh (fetva) sahasında mezhebe ve mezhebin ilk dönem âlimleri ve eserlerine bağlılık hususunda hassasiyet gösterdiğinin göz ardı edilmemesi, onun fıkıh düşüncesi hakkında sağlıklı değerlendirmeler yapılabilmesi açısından önem taşımaktadır.
Öte yandan dönemin Endülüs âlimlerinin Arapça’yı iyi bilmemekle suçlandıkları bir devirde ilk eserlerini Arap dili üzerine yazarak bu alandaki bilgisini ortaya koyan Şâtıbî’nin özellikle Kur’an nasları bağlamında geliştirdiği anlam teorisi onun makāsıd anlayışı içerisinde önemli bir yer işgal eder. Kur’an’ın anlaşılabilmesi açısından ilk muhataplarının konuştuğu Arap dilinin yanı sıra onların örfleri ve bilgi düzeylerinin esas alınması gerektiğini vurgulayan Şâtıbî, ilâhî hitabın anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunmayan pozitif bilimlerin Kur’an’a nisbet edilmesine karşı çıkar. Onun ümmîlik kavramıyla ifade ettiği bu yaklaşım bilimsel tefsir anlayışına yönelik ilk sistemli itiraz niteliğinde olup çağımızda söz konusu anlayışın muhaliflerine ilham kaynağı olurken savunucuları tarafından eleştirilmiştir (el-Muvâfaḳāt, II, 69-95; Ahmed Ömer Ebû Hacer, s. 265-266, 275-297, 304; Baltacı, s. 43-51, 120-135).
Eserleri. 1. el-Muvâfaḳāt*. Muhtevası ve sistematiği itibariyle klasik fıkıh usulü eserlerinden farklı olan el-Muvâfaḳāt, makāsıd kavramı çerçevesinde fıkıh usulü sahasının yorumlanması ve işlenmesi çabasını temsil etmektedir. Makāsıdın bu şekilde kullanılmasının bir yenilik iddiası taşıdığının farkında olan ve şer‘î hükümlerde kesinliği temin edecek delili tümevarım yönteminde arayan Şâtıbî, bu çabasıyla İslâmî ilimleri yeniden inşâ etmeyi değil kendisine kadar gelen birikimi yeniden ve bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla yorumlamayı hedeflemiştir. el-Muvâfaḳāt’ın, önemine rağmen asırlar boyu ilim âleminde hak ettiği yeri alamadığı iddiası gerçeği tam olarak yansıtmamaktadır, çünkü eserin telif edildiği dönemde etkili olduğunu gösteren bazı işaretler vardır. Meselâ Şâtıbî’nin öğrencilerinden Ebû Bekir İbn Âsım, Tuḥfetü’l-ḥükkâm adlı eserini kaleme almadan önce Neylü’l-münâ fi’ḫtiṣâri’l-Muvâfaḳāt adlı manzum bir muhtasar kaleme almıştır (Ahmed Bâbâ et-Tinbüktî, s. 492; M. Fâzıl b. Âşûr, s. 131-132). Vâdîâşlı bir başka öğrencisine nisbet edilen aynı adlı diğer bir manzum çalışmanın (Escurial Library, nr. 1164) aslında yine İbn Âsım’a ait olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca İbn Merzûk el-Hafîd ile (ö. 842/1439) Ahmed Bâbâ (ö. 1036/1627) eserden övgüyle bahsetmekte, Gırnata’nın son müftüsü Mevvâk (ö. 897/1492) Şâtıbî’nin bu kitapta yer alan bazı görüşlerini eleştirmektedir; bütün bunlar eserin yazıldığı dönemde ve sonrasında yeterince tanındığını gösterir (M. Khalid Masud, Shatibi’s Philosophy, s. 109). el-Muvâfaḳāt’ın modern dönemde çok daha yaygın bir metin haline gelmesi ise bu dönemde revaç bulan ictihad ve reform söylemleriyle eserde makāsıd ve maslahat kavramlarına verilen önemin uyuşmasıyla alâkalıdır. İlk defa 1302’de (1885) Tunus’ta yayımlanan, Mûsâ Cârullah, Muhammed Hıdır Hüseyin ve Abdullah Dirâz gibi isimler tarafından neşredilen eseri Mehmet Erdoğan Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir. 2. el-İʿtiṣâm*. Şâtıbî’nin hayatı boyunca mücadele ettiği bid‘atlar aleyhine yazdığı, el-Ḥavâdis̱ ve’l-bidaʿ ve el-İʿtiṣâm bi’s-sünne isimleriyle de bilinen eser müellif tarafından el-İʿtiṣâm diye adlandırılmıştır (I, 43). Son olarak Muhammed b. Abdurrahman eş-Şükayr’ın yayımladığı eseri (Demmâm 1429/2008) Ahmet İyibildiren ve Mustafa Özcan Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir (İstanbul 2003, 2009). 3. el-Maḳāṣıdü’ş-şâfiye fî şerḥi’l-Ḫulâṣati’l-kâfiye (Şerḥu Recezi İbn Mâlik). İbn Mâlik et-Tâî’nin Arap gramerine dair el-Elfiyye’sinin (el-Ḫulâṣa) şerhidir. el-Muvâfaḳāt’ta şeriatın ana gayelerini (makāsıd) şâri‘ ve mükellefler açısından inceleyen Şâtıbî, bu şerhte Arap dilinin ana gayelerini ve İbn Mâlik’in kastettiği anlamları ortaya koymaya çalışır (el-Maḳāṣıdü’ş-şâfiye, neşredenin girişi, I, 12). el-Elfiyye, nahivle ilgili temel görüşleri vermekle yetinmeyip bunları tartışan ve açıklanmaya muhtaç birçok küllî kaide içeren anlaşılması güç bir metin olduğundan Şâtıbî geniş kapsamlı bir şerh çerçevesinde eseri ele almıştır (a.g.e., neşredenin girişi, I, 17-18). Şâtıbî’nin nahivle ilgili tartışmaları kendine özgü titiz ve anlaşılır üslûbuyla ortaya koyup çözüme bağladığı eser, en geniş Elfiyye şerhi olmanın yanında Endülüs ve Kuzey Afrika çevresinde yazılmış en iyi şerh kabul edilir (a.g.e., yayıncının takdimi, I, s. e; neşredenin girişi, I, 22; Ahmed Bâbâ et-Tinbüktî, s. 49). Eser, Mekke Ümmü’l-kurâ Üniversitesi’ne bağlı Ma‘hedü’l-buhûsi’l-ilmiyye ve ihyâi’t-türâsi’l-İslâmî bünyesinde bir heyet tarafından neşredilmiştir (el-Maḳāṣıdü’ş-Şâfiye, yayıncının takdimi, I, s. b-h). 4. el-İfâdât ve’l-inşâdât. Şâtıbî’nin öğrencilik yıllarında hocalarından duyduğu ya da katıldığı ilim meclislerinde kaydettiği, daha çok Arap dili ve fıkıh konularıyla ilgili faydalı tesbit ve değerlendirmelerle şiirlerden yaptığı bir derleme olup muhtemelen ilk eseridir. Tarihiyle birlikte kaydettiği olaylar dikkate alındığında 760 (1359) yılında tamamlandığı düşünülebilecek olan eserde müellifin diğer eserlerine yapılmış herhangi bir atıf bulunmaz. Ayrıca dönemin ilim tarihine ilişkin bilgiler içeren eser Râî el-Endelüsî, İbnü’l-Ezrak el-Gırnâtî, Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Makkarî gibi tarihçiler tarafından sıkça atıflarda bulunulan bir kaynak niteliğinde olup (el-İfâdât ve’l-inşâdât, neşredenin girişi, s. 63-70; M. Khalid Masud, Shatibi’s Philosophy, s. 80) Muhammed Ebü’l-Ecfân tarafından tenkitli neşri yapılmıştır (Beyrut 1983, 1986, 1988). 5. el-Mecâlis. Buhârî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ’inin “Kitâbü’l-Büyûʿ”u üzerine yazılmış bir şerhtir (Ahmed Bâbâ et-Tinbüktî, s. 49; Mahlûf, I, 231; Ziriklî, I, 75). Şâtıbî kendi eserlerinde buna hiç atıfta bulunmadığı gibi eserin günümüze ulaştığına dair bir bilgi de bulunmamaktadır. 6. Fetâvâ. Kaynaklarda Şâtıbî’nin eserlerinden söz edilirken ayrıca fetvaları olduğu belirtilir (Ahmed Bâbâ et-Tinbüktî, s. 49; Mahlûf, I, 231). Bunlar muhtemelen yazılı olarak verilmiş fetvalar olup kitaplarıyla birlikte sonraki nesillere aktarılmış ve başta Venşerîsî’nin el-Miʿyârü’l-muʿrib’i olmak üzere Endülüslü ve Kuzey Afrikalı âlimlerce daha sonraki asırlarda kaleme alınan fetva ve nevâzil kitapları içerisine girmiştir (el-Miʿyârü’l-muʿrib’de yer alan fetvalarının listesi için bk. Venşerîsî, XIII, 398). Muhammed Ebü’l-Ecfân, Şâtıbî’ye ait altmış fetvayı derleyip Fetâva’l-İmâm eş-Şâṭıbî adıyla yayımlamıştır (Tunus 1405/1984, 1406/1985).
Şâtıbî, el-Maḳāṣıdü’ş-şâfiye’den önce Arap dili ve grameri hakkında Uṣûlü’l-ʿArabiyye (el-Uṣûl) ve el-İttifâḳ fî ʿilmi’l-iştiḳāḳ (Kitâbü’l-İştiḳāḳ) adlı iki eser daha yazmıştır. el-Maḳāṣıdü’ş-şâfiye’de zaman zaman daha geniş bilgi için atıfta bulunduğu bu eserler (meselâ bk. el-Maḳāṣıdü’ş-şâfiye, I, 499; II, 162; IV, 387, 494; VI, 279, 428; VIII, 96, 241; ayrıca bk. X, 323, 324) henüz kendisi hayattayken kaybolmuştur (Ahmed Bâbâ et-Tinbüktî, s. 49). Ayrıca el-İfâdât ve’l-inşâdât’ta (s. 166) bir başka şiir derlemesine daha atıfta bulunur. Leiden Üniversitesi kütüphane katalogunda Şâtıbî’ye ait isimsiz bir tıp risâlesinden söz edilmekte ve öğrencisi Lisânüddin İbnü’l-Hatîb tarafından istinsah edildiği belirtilmekte, bir başka yerde de bu risâleye Urcûze fi’ṭ-ṭıb adıyla atıfta bulunulmaktadır (Voorhoeve, s. 438, 501). Şâtıbî’nin tıp ilmiyle ilgilendiğine dair herhangi bir bilgiye rastlanmadığı gibi İbnü’l-Hatîb de onun öğrencisi değildir. Söz konusu risâle dönemin önde gelen tıp âlimlerinden Lisânüddin İbnü’l-Hatîb’in el-Urcûze fi’ṭ-ṭıb adlı eseri olmalıdır (Abdullah Muhammed el-Amrânî, II, 369; krş. M. Khalid Masud, Shatibi’s Philosophy, s. 79).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbrâhim b. Mûsâ eş-Şâtıbî, Fetâvâ (nşr. M. Ebü’l-Ecfân), Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 120-122, 189-214, ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 47-48, 94-96; a.mlf., el-İfâdât ve’l-inşâdât (nşr. M. Ebü’l-Ecfân), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 107, 152-153, 166, ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 63-70; a.mlf., el-İʿtiṣâm (nşr. Muhammed b. Abdurrahman eş-Şukayr), Demmâm 1429/2008, I, 19-31, 43, 149-172, 337-370; II, 260-280; a.mlf., el-Maḳāṣıdü’ş-şâfiye fî şerḥi’l-Ḫulâṣati’l-kâfiye (nşr. Abdurrahman b. Süleyman el-Useymîn v.dğr.), Mekke 1428/2007, I, 499; II, 162; IV, 387, 494; VI, 279, 428; VIII, 96, 241; X, 323, 324; ayrıca bk. yayıncının takdimi, I, s. e-v; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, I, 11-12, 17-18, 22; a.mlf., el-Muvâfaḳāt, II, 69-95; Burhâneddin İbn Ferhûn, ed-Dîbâcü’l-müẕheb (nşr. Me’mûn b. Muhyiddin el-Cennân), Beyrut 1417/1996, s. 109; Mücârî, Bernâmec (nşr. M. Ebü’l-Ecfân), Beyrut 1982, s. 116-122; Venşerîsî, el-Miʿyârü’l-muʿrib (nşr. M. Haccî), Beyrut 1401-1403/1981-83, I, 278, 327-328; VI, 327, 364-396; XI, 103-104, 112-117, 131-141; XII, 42; XIII, 398; Ahmed Bâbâ et-Tinbüktî, Neylü’l-ibtihâc (nşr. Abdülhamîd Abdullah el-Herâme), Trablus 1408/1989, s. 48-52, 113, 358, 447, 492; Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb, V, 194, 355; Mahlûf, Şeceretü’n-nûr, I, 231; Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm, I, 75; Hacvî, el-Fikrü’s-sâmî, II, 247-249; P. Voorhoeve, Codices Manuscripti VII: Handlist of Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of The University of Leiden and Other Collections in the Netherlands, The Hague 1980, s. 438, 501; Abdülhay el-Kettânî, Fihrisü’l-fehâris, II, 683; Abdullah Muhammed el-Amrânî, “eṭ-Ṭıbbü’l-Endelüsî: Naẓariyyâtüh ve taṭbîḳātüh”, el-Ebḥâs̱ ve aʿmâlü’l-müʾtemeri’l-ʿâlemi’s̱-s̱ânî ʿani’ṭ-ṭıbbi’l-İslâmî, Küveyt 1402/1982, II, 369; Ahmed Ömer Ebû Hacer, et-Tefsîrü’l-ʿilmî li’l-Ḳurʾân fi’l-mîzân, Beyrut 1991, s. 265-266, 275-297, 304; Ahmed er-Reysûnî, Naẓariyyetü’l-maḳāṣıd ʿinde’l-İmâm eş-Şâṭıbî, Beyrut 1412/1992, s. 97-114; Hammâdî el-Ubeydî, eş-Şâṭıbî ve maḳāṣıdü’ş-şerîʿa , Beyrut 1412/1992, s. 87-88; M. Khalid Masud, Shatibi’s Philosophy of Islamic Law, Islamabad 1995, s. 41-48, 69-82, 83, 86, 89-90, 93-95, 109, 240-246; a.mlf., İslâm Hukuk Teorisi (trc. Muharrem Kılıç), İstanbul 1997, s. 83; M. Fâzıl İbn Âşûr, Aʿlâmü’l-fikr ve erkânü’n-nehda bi’l-Maġribi’l-ʿArabî, Tunus 2000, s. 107-115, 131-132; Ali Hakan Çavuşoğlu, Irak Mâlikî Ekolü (III.-V./IX.-XI. yy.) (doktora tezi, 2004), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 96; Burhan Baltacı, Şâtıbî’nin Kur’ân’ı Yorumlama Yöntemi (doktora tezi, 2005), AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 43-51, 120-135; Abdülmecîd Türkî, “eş-Şâṭıbî ve’l-ictihâdü’t-teşrîʿî el-muʿâṣır”, el-İctihâd, III/8, Beyrut 1990, s. 237-255; Maribel Fierro, “al-S̲h̲āṭibī, Abū Isḥāḳ”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 364-365; Mehmet Özdemir, “Gırnata”, DİA, XIV, 54-56; Ertuğrul Boynukalın, “Makāsıdü’ş-şerîa”, a.e., XXVII, 424; M. Ebü’l-Ecfân, “eş-Şâṭıbî, Ebû İsḥâḳ İbrâhim b. Mûsâ”, Mv.AU, XIV, 60-64.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 373-375 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.