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SAYDA Skip to content Lübnan’ın Akdeniz kıyısında bir şehir.
1/2 Müellif: CENGİZ TOMAR Bölüme Git
Beyrut’un yaklaşık 45 km. güneyinde yer alır. Lübnan’ı oluşturan idarî birimlerden (muhafaza) Cenûb idarî bölümünün merkezidir. Fenikeliler tarafından…
2/2 Müellif: ERSİN GÜLSOY Bölüme Git
Osmanlı Dönemi. Sayda, Yavuz Sultan Selim’in 922 (1516) Mercidâbık zaferinden sonra Osmanlı ülkesine katıldı. Osmanlılar, Suriye ve Filistin’de ele ge…
Beyrut’un yaklaşık 45 km. güneyinde yer alır. Lübnan’ı oluşturan idarî birimlerden (muhafaza) Cenûb idarî bölümünün merkezidir. Fenikeliler tarafından Sidon adıyla kurulmuş olup Antik dönemde sahildeki stratejik konumu ve limanı sebebiyle önemli bir ticaret yeriydi. Asur kitâbelerinde Siduunnu, Şidunu, Ziduna, Grek ve Latin kaynaklarında Sidon ve Sidonia olarak yer almış Arapça’ya Sayda şeklinde geçmiştir. Şehir, Büyük İskender’in istilâsının ardından milâttan sonra 64 yılında bütün Suriye ve Lübnan gibi Roma hâkimiyetine girmiştir.
Sayda, Lübnan sahilindeki Irka, Cübeyl ve Beyrut gibi şehirlerle birlikte Yezîd b. Ebû Süfyân tarafından 16 (637) yılı civarında fethedildi ve Dımaşk cündüne bağlandı. Arap yarımadası ile Yemen’den getirilen çeşitli kabileler şehirde iskân edildi. Hz. Ömer’in hilâfetinin son yıllarında kısa bir süre Bizanslılar’ın eline geçtiyse de Hz. Osman’ın hilâfetinin ilk döneminde Suriye Valisi Muâviye tarafından geri alındı. Muâviye, Bizans saldırılarına karşı şehri korumak üzere karakollar kurdurup asker yerleştirdi, böylece Sayda bir ribât şehri haline geldi. Yine bu devirde Sayda’ya İranlılar’ın iskân edildiği belirtilmektedir. İlk dönem İslâm coğrafyacıları Sayda’yı Dımaşk’ın limanı diye zikreder.
Kaynaklarda, son Emevî halifesi II. Mervân’ın 132 (750) yılında limanını tamir ettirmesi dolayısıyla adı geçen Sayda’nın Abbâsî döneminde isminin neredeyse hiç geçmemesi şehrin önemli bir siyasî ve ticarî rol oynamadığının göstergesi kabul edilebilir. Şehir daha sonra Tolunoğulları ve İhşîdîler’in hâkimiyetine girdi. 360 (971) yılında Lübnan’ı ele geçiren Fâtımîler, Seyfüddevle Münzir b. Nu‘mân b. Âmir et-Tenûhî’yi Beyrut ve Sayda’ya vali tayin etti. Onun ölümünün ardından oğlu İzzüddevle Temîm vali oldu. Bundan sonra Arslanî ailesine mensup Fâtımî valileri tarafından yönetildi. V. (XI.) yüzyıl başlarında çok kısa bir süre Mirdâsî hâkimiyetine giren şehir ardından tekrar Fâtımîler’in eline geçti. Sayda bu dönemde tarih kaynaklarında fazla yer almamakla birlikte V. (XI.) yüzyıl ortalarında bölgeye gelen Nâsır-ı Hüsrev şehrin muhkem surlarından, canlı ve temiz çarşılarından bahseder. Onun ifadelerinden şehrin bu dönemde özellikle ticarî açıdan canlandığı anlaşılmaktadır (Sefernâme, s. 23). Nâsır-ı Hüsrev’den yaklaşık yüzyıl sonra bölgeyi ziyaret eden Şerîf el-İdrîsî de büyük bir şehir olarak nitelediği Sayda’nın dört bölgeden ve 600’ün üzerinde day‘adan oluştuğunu, etrafının bostan ve bahçelerle dolu olup fiyatların ucuz, çarşılarının mâmur olduğunu ifade etmektedir (Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ, I, 370). 463 (1071) yılından itibaren Dımaşk’a hâkim olan Tutuş 480’de (1087) Sayda’yı ele geçirdi. Ancak Sayda’da Selçuklu hâkimiyeti uzun süreli olmadı, Vezir Bedr el-Cemâlî tarafından gönderilen Fâtımî ordusu şehri tekrar zaptetti (482/1089).
I. Haçlı Seferi esnasında Haçlılar şehrin varoşlarını tahrip ettiler ve Filistin, Lübnan, Suriye’nin özellikle sahil şehirlerini ele geçirmeyi amaçladıklarından Sayda’ya da pek çok defa saldırı düzenlediler. Şehir, Kudüs Haçlı Kralı I. Baudouin’in 501 (1107) yılındaki kuşatmasından yüklü miktarda para ödenerek kurtarılabildi. Saydalı müslümanların Askalân, Sûr ve Beyrutlular’la birlikte hıristiyan hacılara saldırması üzerine I. Baudouin ertesi yıl şehri karadan ve denizden tekrar kuşattı. Ancak Mısır donanmasının yardımı ve Dımaşk Atabegi Tuğtegin’in 15.000 kişilik birlikle bölgeye yaklaşması sonucu kuşatmayı kaldırmak zorunda kaldı. İki yıl sonra I. Baudouin tarafından tekrar muhasara edilen şehir kırk yedi günlük bir kuşatmanın ardından emanla teslim oldu ve Kudüs Haçlı Krallığı’na tâbi bir kontluğa dönüştürüldü (Aralık 1110). Bu kontluk, Doğu Akdeniz sahilinde Haçlı egemenliğinin güçlenmesinde rol oynamakla birlikte Sûr, Akkâ ve Yafa gibi Haçlı hâkimiyetindeki diğer şehirlerle mukayese edildiğinde siyasî ve iktisadî açıdan daha önemsizdi. İslâmî kaynakların ifadesine göre bu dönemde şehirde müslümanlar hıristiyanlar karşısında azınlık durumuna düşmüş ve onlara ağır vergiler yüklenmişti. Sayda’da 546-565 (1151-1170) yılları arasında meydana gelen depremler büyük hasara yol açtı.
Eyyûbîler’in şehri Haçlılar’dan kurtarmak için gerçekleştirdiği ilk teşebbüsler başarısızlıkla sonuçlandı. Hittîn Savaşı’nın ardından Sayda’ya hücum eden Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî, Sayda hâkimi Renaud de Sidon tarafından terkedilen şehri fethetti (583/1187). Selâhaddin Sayda, Beyrut ve çevresini Emîr Seyfeddin Ali b. Ahmed b. el-Meştûb’un idaresine verdi ve Haçlı tehlikesine karşı istihkâmların büyük bir kısmını yıktırdı. 593 (1197) yılında Sayda’da Haçlılar’la Eyyûbîler arasında şiddetli bir savaş meydana geldi. Yapılan antlaşmada Beyrut Haçlılar’da kalırken Sayda müslümanlarla Haçlılar arasında ikiye bölündü (594/1198). I. el-Melikü’l-Âdil bu savaşın ardından geri kalan tahkimatı da yıktırdı. VI. Haçlı Seferi’nin öncü kuvvetleri şehri işgal ederek savunma amacıyla Sayda sahilindeki küçük bir ada üzerine Kal‘atü’l-bahr diye bilinen kaleyi inşa ettirdiler ve şehrin surlarını yenilediler (625/1228). Eyyûbî Sultanı el-Melikü’l-Kâmil Muhammed’in Alman İmparatoru II. Friedrich ile yaptığı antlaşmada çevresinde müslümanların meskûn olduğu Sayda kesin olarak Haçlılar’a bırakıldı (28 Rebîülevvel 626 / 24 Şubat 1229). Sayda, VII. Haçlı Seferi esnasında kısa süreli olarak müslümanların eline geçtiyse de Haçlılar tarafından geri alındı. Bu sefer sırasında Mısır’da yenildikten sonra Akkâ’ya gelen Fransa Kralı IX. Saint Louis tarafından tekrar tahkim edildi (652/1254). Sayda hâkimi Julien, Moğollar’a tâbi köylere saldırınca Ketboğa intikam amacıyla şehri tahrip etti (658/1260). Templier (Dâviyye) şövalyelerine olan borçları sebebiyle Sayda’yı teminat göstermiş bulunan Julien şehri onlara teslim etti (659/1261).
Memlükler’in Moğollar’a karşı kazandığı Aynicâlût zaferinin ardından Sayda’ya müslüman hücumlarının başlaması üzerine otuz yıl burada kalan Templier şövalyeleri anlaşma teklif ettiler. 669 (1271) yılında yapılan on yıllık anlaşmayla Sayda’nın sahil kısımları onlarda, dağlık kısımları müslümanlarda kaldı. Bu anlaşma şövalyelerin müslüman tüccarlara saldırması üzerine bozuldu. Memlük Sultanı el-Melikü’l-Eşref Halîl b. Kalavun 690’da (1291) Akkâ’yı fethedince buradan ayrılan Templier şövalyeleri Sayda’ya sığındı. Emîr Alemüddin Sencer eş-Şücâî el-Mansûrî kumandasındaki Memlük ordusunun Sayda’ya yaklaşması üzerine Templier şövalyeleri deniz kalesini terkederek Kıbrıs’a kaçtılar. Böylece Memlükler’in eline geçen şehrin (Receb 690 / Temmuz 1291) surları yıktırıldı. Memlükler döneminde Sayda, Dımaşk nâibliğine tâbi ve oradan tayin edilen valiler tarafından yönetildi.
Fâtımîler devrinde önemli bir ticaret şehri olan Sayda Haçlılar, Eyyûbîler ve Memlükler döneminde bu önemini kaybetmiş görünmektedir. İbn Battûta buradan Mısır’a kuru üzüm, incir gibi meyvelerle zeytin yağı ihraç edildiğini söyler (er-Riḥle, s. 62). Şehirde tekstil, ipek dokuma, cam, toprak kap ve şeker endüstrisinin varlığı bilinmektedir. Haçlılar zamanında Sayda dokumaları gerek hıristiyan hacılar gerekse tüccarlar vasıtasıyla Avrupa’ya götürülüyordu. Eyyûbîler ve Haçlılar döneminden günümüze çok az eser kalmıştır. Haçlılar devrine ait en önemli kalıntılar şehrin surları ile Kal‘atü’l-bahr’dir. Daha önce Câmiu’l-muhtesib adıyla bilinen ve Sayda’nın zamanımıza ulaşan en eski camisi olan Bâbüsserâyâ Camii 598 (1202) yılında Şeyh Ebü’l-Yümn İbn Ebü’l-Hak tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Haçlılar devrinde inşa edilen bir kilisenin kalıntıları üzerinde Memlükler tarafından VII. (XIII.) yüzyılda yaptırılan el-Câmiu’l-Ömerî el-Kebîr bulunmaktadır. Yine Memlükler devrinde 775’te (1373) inşa edilen sahildeki Câmiu’l-bahr günümüze ulaşmıştır. Memlükler döneminde Kıbrıs’ı üs edinen Templier şövalyeleriyle Cenevizliler, Sayda ve civarına pek çok defa yağma akınlarında bulunmuş ve bu sebeple Memlükler şehir surlarını tekrar tahkim etmek zorunda kalmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Belâzürî, Fütûh (Fayda), s. 181; Nâsır-ı Hüsrev, Sefernâme (trc. Abdülvehap Tarzi), İstanbul 1950, s. 23; İbnü’l-Kalânisî, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades (trc. H. A. R. Gibb), London 1967, s. 87, 91, 101, 107-108, 121-122, 346; Şerîf el-İdrîsî, Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ, Beyrut 1409/1989, I, 370-371; William of Tyre, Târîḫu’l-ḥurûbi’ṣ-Ṣalîbiyye (trc. Süheyl Zekkâr), Dımaşk 1990, I-II, bk. İndeks; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân, III, 437-438; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil, II, 431; X, 60, 176, 456, 479-480; XI, 541-543; XII, 29; Bündârî, Sene’l-Berḳı’ş-Şâmî (nşr. Fethiye Nebrâvî), Kahire 1979, s. 304-305; Ebû Şâme el-Makdisî, Kitâbü’r-Ravżateyn (nşr. İbrâhim Zeybek), Beyrut 1418/1997, I, 267, 376, 384; III, 26-27, 44, 314-323, 411-415; IV, 139; İzzeddin İbn Şeddâd, el-Aʿlâḳu’l-ḫaṭîre fî ẕikri ümerâʾi’ş-Şâm ve’l-Cezîre (nşr. Sâmî ed-Dehhân), Dımaşk 1962, s. 92-93, 98-100; İbn Abdüzzâhir, er-Ravżü’z-zâhir fî sîreti’l-Meliki’ẓ-Ẓâhir (nşr. Abdülazîz el-Huveytır), Riyad 1396/1976, s. 292, 330-332; İbn Battûta, er-Riḥle, Beyrut, ts. (Dâru Sâdır), s. 62; Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ (Şemseddin), IV, 115, 183, 208, 209; XIV, 44, 57, 68, 77; Makrîzî, es-Sülûk (Ziyâde) , I/2, s. 303; I/3, s. 765-766, 769, 985-987; II/1, s. 28; F. C. Eislen, Sidon: A Study in Oriental History, New York 1907; R. Stephen Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols, Albany 1977, s. 75-77, 106, 108, 134, 142, 194, 324-325, 355; Runciman, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi, I, 212; II, 72-76, 247, 387; III, 53, 84, 86, 89-90, 163, 236, 262, 287, 334, 355; Abdülazîz Sâlim, Târîḫu medîneti Ṣaydâ fi’l-ʿuṣûri’l-İslâmiyye, İskenderiye 1986; Ramazan Şeşen, Selâhaddîn Eyyûbî ve Devlet, İstanbul 1987, s. 113, 131, 308; a.mlf., Salahaddin’den Baybars’a Eyyubiler-Memluklar (1193-1260) , İstanbul 2007, s. 35, 154-155, 218, 265; Ali Sevim, Suriye ve Filistin Selçukluları Tarihi, Ankara 1989, s. 133-134; Benjamin Z. Kedar, “The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant”, The Crusades: The Essential Readings (ed. T. F. Madden), Oxford 2002, s. 233-264; M. Adnan Bakhit, “Sidon in Mamluk and Early Ottoman Times”, Osm.Ar., III (1982), s. 53-68; P. Schwarz, “Sayda”, İA, X, 260-262; M. Lavergne, “Ṣaydā”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 99-100.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 207-209 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Osmanlı Dönemi. Sayda, Yavuz Sultan Selim’in 922 (1516) Mercidâbık zaferinden sonra Osmanlı ülkesine katıldı. Osmanlılar, Suriye ve Filistin’de ele geçirdikleri bölgeleri vilâyet-i Arab adıyla teşkil ettikleri beylerbeyiliğe bağladılar. Sayda, Şam sancağının bir kaza merkezi olarak teşkilâtlandırıldı. XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısında bu konumunu koruyan Sayda’nın, 975-982 (1568-1574) yıllarını kapsayan sancak tevcih defterinde Beyrut ile birlikte bir sancak durumuna getirildiği görülmektedir. Yine 986-995 (1578-1587) yıllarını ihtiva eden sancak tevcih defterinde Beyrut ve Sayda bir sancak olarak kaydedilmiş, ancak yanına “merfû”dur (sancaklıkları kaldırılmıştır) kaydı düşülmüştür. Sayda ve Beyrut, 1016’da (1607) hazırlanmış olan Ayn Ali Efendi Kanunnâmesi’nde ayrı birer sancak şeklinde Şam eyaleti sınırları içerisinde gösterilmiştir.
Osmanlı idaresi altındaki Sayda’nın fizikî durumuyla ilgili bilgiler XVI. yüzyılda tutulmuş tahrir defterlerinde yer alır. Buna göre Sayda üç müslüman ve bir yahudi mahallesine sahip küçük bir kasaba hüviyetindedir. Müslüman mahalleleri Kale, Dekakin ve Bahr isimlerini taşır. Bu defterlerden 977 (1569-70) tarihli olanına göre şehirde 530 hâne, 230 mücerret müslümanla yirmi beş yahudi ve üç cizye mükellefi hıristiyan nüfusu yaşamaktaydı. Söz konusu rakam şehrin 3000 dolayında bir nüfusa sahip olduğunu gösterir.
Sayda, XVII. yüzyılın başlarında Lübnan’ın güçlü Dürzî ailelerinden Ma‘noğlu Fahreddin’in hâkimiyet sahası içerisine girdi. Onun 1022 (1613) yılındaki isyanının bastırılmasının ardından Osmanlı Devleti bu bölgeyi daha iyi kontrol edebilmek amacıyla Sayda, Safed ve Beyrut sancaklarını Şam’dan ayırarak Sayda eyaleti adıyla yeni bir beylerbeyilik teşkil etti. Ancak Fahreddin’in 1027’de (1618) bölgeye dönmesine izin verilmesinden öldürüldüğü 1635 yılına kadar şehir tekrar onun nüfuz bölgesinde yer aldı. Bu dönemde Fahreddin, Avrupa’dan beraberinde getirdiği mühendis, mimar ve sanatkârlarla şehri büyük ölçüde imar ettirdi. Yaptırdığı müstahkem saray bugün harap olmasına rağmen Avrupalı tüccarlar için inşa ettirdiği Fransız Hanı hâlâ ayaktadır. Bölgede ipek sanayi ve ziraatın canlanması için büyük çabalar gösterdi. Evliya Çelebi XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında uğradığı Sayda’nın kale, liman ve ziyaretgâhlarını etraflıca anlatır. Müellif ayrıca üç mahallesi olan şehirde 1200 ev, altı cami (Yenicami, Câmiu’l-bahr, Kethüdâ Camii, Kutişoğlu Camii, Câmiu’s-sûk ve Berrânî), yedi medrese, üç hamam, dört han ve 400 kadar dükkân bulunduğunu yazar. İskele başındaki Frenk Hanı’nda Batılı konsolosların oturduğunu ve buranın 300 odalı kale gibi bir yer olduğunu, fakat şehirde bedesten bulunmadığını belirtir.
Sayda 1163’ten (1750) itibaren Zâhir el-Ömer’in nüfuz bölgesi içerisinde yer aldı. Onun 1189’daki (1775) isyanının bastırılmasının ardından iki defa Sayda beylerbeyiliğine getirilen Cezzâr Ahmed Paşa bölgede kontrolü sağladı. Şehir, Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın isyanı sırasında oğlu İbrâhim Paşa’nın 1831 Suriye ve Anadolu seferi sonucu Mısır valiliğinin denetimine girdi. Gelişmeler karşısında İngiltere ve Avusturya’nın yardımıyla hareket eden Osmanlı kuvvetleri, bütün Filistin ve Suriye’den Mısır askerlerini çıkararak Osmanlı hâkimiyetini yeniden kurdu.
XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren Sayda ekonomik ve idarî yönden önemini kaybetmeye başladı. Bölge ticaretinin merkezi tedrîcen Beyrut’a kaydı. O yıllarda meydana gelen deprem şehre büyük zarar verdi. Bu gelişmelere bağlı olarak Osmanlı Devleti, 1865 Vilâyet Nizamnâmesi’nin ardından Sayda vilâyetini lağvederek Suriye vilâyetiyle birleştirdi. Sayda bir kaza merkezi konumuna getirilip vilâyetin Beyrut sancağına bağlandı. Ancak oldukça problemli olan bölgeyi Şam’dan idare etmenin zorlukları görülünce 1888’de gerçekleştirilen yeni bir idarî düzenleme ile Beyrut vilâyeti teşkil edildi. Sayda yine Beyrut sancağına bağlı bir kazanın merkeziydi. XIX. yüzyılın sonu ve XX. yüzyılın başlarında portakal, limon, mandalina, muz ve badem ağaçlarıyla dolu bahçeleriyle ünlü olan Sayda’da altı cami, sekiz zâviye, dört kilise, dört hamam, bir rüşdiye, biri gayri müslimlere mahsus üç mektep, üç sabunhâne, birkaç debbâğhâne ve üç ipek fabrikası mevcuttu. Şehrin ortasında Sâhatüsserâyâ denilen bir meydan ve küçük bir havuz vardı. Sayda’nın en yüksek noktasında Fransa Kralı IX. Louis tarafından yaptırılan kale yer alıyordu. Küçük bir ada üzerinde yer alan Kal‘atü’l-bahr kâgir bir köprüyle sahile bağlanmıştı. Sayda, şehri güneyden kuzeye katederek Kal‘atü’l-bahr önünde son bulan geniş bir tek caddeye sahipti. Şehrin mağazaları ve ticarî işletmeleri bu caddenin bağlantıları olan Şâkiriye, Tarîkulkâmile ve Beyrut caddeleri üzerinde bulunuyordu. Kuzey ve güney limanları kumla dolduğundan büyük gemiler artık yanaşamamaktaydı.
Sayda şehrinde 1893-1895 yıllarında 8287’si müslüman, 2448’i gayri müslim 10.735 kişi yaşamaktaydı. Bu nüfus 1900-1901’de 11.970’e yükseldi. Bunun 9299’u müslümanlardan, 2731’i gayri müslimlerden meydana gelmekteydi. 1908 yılında 12.627 olan şehrin nüfusu 1916-1917’de 14.167 kişiye yükseldi. Bu nüfusun 11.398’ini müslümanlar, 2769’unu çeşitli din ve mezheplere mensup gayri müslimler oluşturmaktaydı. Sayda, I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından Ekim 1918 başında İngilizler tarafından işgal edildi. Nisan 1920’deki San Remo Konferansı’nda bütün Suriye ve Lübnan topraklarıyla birlikte Fransız manda yönetimine devredildi. Fransa’nın Eylül 1921’de Büyük Lübnan Devleti’nin kurulduğunu ilân etmesiyle bu devletin sınırları içerisinde yer aldı. Şehir, 1948 Arap-İsrail savaşı ve sonrasındaki gelişmelerin ardından yoğun bir Filistinli göçmen akınıyla karşı karşıya kaldı. 1946’da 15.000 kadar olan şehrin nüfusu bu hadiselerle büyük bir patlama gösterdi. Şehrin 1980’de 117.000 kişiye ulaşan nüfusunun yarısını Filistinli göçmenler oluşturmaktaydı. Sayda giderek Filistinli gerillaların merkezi olmaya başladı. Bu gerillaların sınırı geçerek İsrail’de gerçekleştirdikleri eylemler 1970’lerin ortalarından itibaren Lübnan-İsrail ilişkilerinin bozulmasına yol açtı. Birkaç defa yoğun İsrail bombardımanına mâruz kalan Sayda 1982’de işgal edildi. Lübnan’daki İsrail işgali 17 Mayıs 1983 antlaşması gereğince 1985’te son buldu. Sayda’nın 2003 yılındaki nüfusu 140.000’dir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, TD, nr. 383, s. 391-401; nr. 401, s. 475-478; nr. 430, s. 332-334; nr. 543, s. 339-351; BA, MD, nr. 80, s. 141; BA, MAD, nr. 563, s. 155; BA, KK, Ruûs, nr. 252, s. 71; Pîrî Reis, Kitâb-ı Bahriye (nşr. Ahmet Demir, ed. Bülent Arı), Ankara 2002, s. 733-735; Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme (Dağlı), IX, 213-215; Salnâme-i Vilâyet-i Suriye (1298), s. 142-143; Salnâme-i Vilâyet-i Beyrut (1311-1312), s. 391-395; (1318), s. 154; (1326), s. 239-245; Mehmed Refik – Mehmed Behcet, Beyrut Vilâyeti I: Cenûb Kısmı, Beyrut 1335, s. 311-328; U. Heyd, Ottoman Documents on Palestine (1552-1615): A Study of the Firman According to the Mühimme Defteri, Oxford 1960, s. 47-48; Enver Ziya Karal, Osmanlı Tarihi , Ankara 1970, V, 129-131, 199-201; İ. Metin Kunt, Sancaktan Eyâlete: 1550-1650 , İstanbul 1978, s. 142, 159; Ahmet Akgündüz, Osmanlı Kanunnâmeleri ve Hukukî Tahlilleri, İstanbul 1996, IX, 35; Enver Çakar, “XVI. Yüzyılda Şam Beylerbeyliği’nin İdarî Taksimatı”, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, XIII/1, Elazığ 2003, s. 362-363, 366; P. Schwarz – [Metin Tuncel], “Sayda”, İA, X, 260-262; Feridun Emecen, “Zâhir Ömer”, a.e., XIII, 455-456; a.mlf., “Ma‘noğlu, Fahreddin”, DİA, XII, 80-82; M. Lavergne, “Ṣaydā”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 99-100; Şit Tufan Buzpınar, “Lübnan”, DİA, XXVII, 251-253.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 209-210 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.