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SAYYÂDÎ Skip to content Ebü’l-Hüdâ Muhammed b. Hasen Vâdî b. Alî es-Sayyâdî er-Rifâî (1850-1909)
Rifâî şeyhi.
Hama ile Halep arasındaki Maarretünnu‘mân kasabasının Hânşeyhûn köyünde doğdu. Ebü’l-Hüdâ künyesiyle tanınır. Aslen Rifâî-Sayyâdî şeyhi olmakla birlikte bazı eserlerinde Hâlidî nisbesini de kullandığı görülmektedir. Ancak Hâlidiyye tarikatıyla münasebeti konusunda bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Küçük yaşta tahsil için Maarretünnu‘mân’a gönderildi. Aynı yıllarda babası Hasan Vâdî, Rifâî tarikatına intisap etti. Halepli Rifâî şeyhi Hayrullah Efendi ve Bağdatlı Rifâî şeyhi Muhammed Mehdî er-Ruvvâs ile irtibat kurdu. Ebü’l-Hüdâ, babasının Rifâî tarikatının Hânşeyhûn’daki halifesi olduğunu ve bir zâviyesinin bulunduğunu zikreder.
1860’larda Halep müftüsü ve Rifâî şeyhi Bahâeddin er-Ruvvâs’a intisap ederek hilâfet alan Ebü’l-Hüdâ aynı yıllarda, türbesi Hânşeyhûn yakınlarında bulunan ve Rifâiyye tarikatının Sayyâdiyye kolunun pîri olan Ahmed es-Sayyâd’ın (ö. 670/1271) soyundan geldiğini belirterek Sayyâdî nisbesini kullanmaya başladı. 1867’de Hânşeyhûn’da Rifâîler ile Kādirîler arasında çıkan anlaşmazlığı çözümlemek için Dımaşk’a giderek kendisinin de bir Rifâî olduğu belirtilen Dımaşk müftüsü Maarretünnu‘mânlı Emîn Cündî’den yardım talep etti. Bu ziyaretin ardından Ahmed es-Sayyâd Türbesi türbedarlığını ve Hânşeyhûn’un yönetimini üstlendi. 1870 civarında İstanbul’a gitti. Muhtemelen bu sırada, Mecelle Cemiyeti üyesi olan Emîn Cündî’nin desteğiyle Halep yakınında nüfusunun çoğunluğunu Nusayrîler’in oluşturduğu küçük bir kasaba olan Cisrüşşugūr nakîbüleşraflığı görevine getirildi. 1874’te Halep nakîbüleşraflığına tayin edildi.
Mayıs 1876’da Sultan Abdülaziz’in tahttan indirilişinden sonra Halep nakîbüleşraflığı görevinden alınan Sayyâdî 31 Ağustos’ta II. Abdülhamid’in tahta çıkması üzerine eski görevine iade edildi ve Haremeyn pâyesi verildi. Aynı yılın sonlarında Halep müftüsü Muhammed Kudsî’nin torunu ve arkadaşı Abdülkādir Kudsî ile beraber İstanbul’a gitti ve saraya kabul edildi. Ardından Meclis-i Meşâyih reisliğine tayin edildi, ancak daha göreve başlamadan Haziran 1878’de beklenmedik bir kararla Halep’e geri gönderildi. Padişahın bu kararında, Kānûn-ı Esâsî’nin askıya alınmasından sonra Dâʿi’r-Reşâd adlı eserinde Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ı savunduğu hususunda yapılan şikâyetlerin etkili olduğu belirtilir.
Sayyâdî 1878’in son aylarında tekrar İstanbul’a döndü. Sultanın onun İstanbul’a dönüşüne izin vermesinde mâbeyinci Hacı Ali ve Osman beylerin tesirinin bulunduğu rivayet edilir. Bu tarihten itibaren Sayyâdî’ye çok ilgi gösterildi. Resmî bir görevi olmadığı halde önce İstanbul, ardından 1879’da Anadolu kazaskerliği pâyesi verildi. Daha sonra ilmiye rütbelerinin en yüksek mertebesi olan Rumeli Kazaskerliği pâyesini ısrarla talep etti ve nihayet 1885’te bu talebi yerine getirildi. Devlet tarafından kendisine tahsis edilen maaş 1882’de 1200 kuruştan 4500 kuruşa yükseltildi. 1878’de üçüncü rütbe Mecîdî, 1882’de birinci rütbe Mecîdî, 1892’de Altın Liyakat madalyası ve 1893’te Murassa‘ Mecîdî nişanı ile taltif edildi. Devlet desteği Sayyâdî ile sınırlı kalmadı; oğlu Hasan Hâlid Şûrâ-yı Devlet üyesi, kardeşlerinden Abdürrezzak Efendi Meclis-i Mâliye üyesi, Nûreddin Efendi Meclis-i Maârif üyesi yapıldı ve kendilerine çeşitli pâyeler verildi. Ayrıca yeğeni ve kız kardeşi gibi diğer bazı aile fertlerine maaş bağlandı. Onun girişimleriyle Sayyâdî sülâlesinin yanı sıra Suriye ve Halep bölgesinde Rifâî tarikatının önde gelen ailelerinden Keyyâlî, Harîrî ve Cündîler’in mensupları da askerlikten muaf tutuldu.
Sayyâdî 1878’de İstanbul’a geldiğinde Beşiktaş Abbas Ağa mahallesinde bir eve yerleştirilmişti. Zamanla buranın yetersizliğinden ve sağlığına iyi gelmediğinden şikâyeti üzerine 1889’da padişah tarafından Serencebey Yokuşu’nda bir konak satın alınarak tefriş edildi, tekke ve ikametgâh olarak kendisine verildi. II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından kısa bir süre önce Büyük Ada’ya taşındı. II. Abdülhamid’e yakınlığı sebebiyle yoğun eleştirilere mâruz kalan, bir tarikat şeyhi olmaktan ziyade büyücü, falcı, yılancı gibi sıfatlarla anılan ve hakkında zındık olduğuna dair bir risâle kaleme alınan Sayyâdî, Meşrutiyet’in ilânının ardından bir ara Bekir Ağa Bölüğü’ne getirilerek sorgulandı. Bu sırada Anadolu veya Rumeli’ye sürgün edilmesi gündeme geldi. 28 Mart 1909’da Büyük Ada’da göz hapsinde iken vefat etti, vasiyeti gereği Beşiktaş’taki dergâhının hazîresine defnedildi. Serencebey Yokuşu’ndaki emlâki Dârüşşafaka’ya devredildi. 1937’de naaşı Halep’te yaptırdığı cami, konak ve zâviyeden oluşan külliyenin hazîresine, babası Hasan Vâdî ve kardeşi Abdürrezzak’ın mezarlarının yanına nakledildi.
1878’den II. Abdülhamid döneminin sonuna kadar İstanbul’da kalması, dergâhının saraya yakın bir yerde bulunması ve saraydan sürekli iltifat görmesi Sayyâdî’nin dönemin politikalarında etkili olduğu izlenimine yol açmıştır. Gerçekte devlet yönetimi ve politikaları üzerinde ne kadar etkili olduğu bilinmemektedir. Ancak bazı Arap topraklarından İstanbul’a gelen misafirlerin ağırlanması işinin zaman zaman ona havale edildiği, özellikle II. Abdülhamid’in hilâfet politikasında ve bazı Arap vilâyetlerinde Osmanlı Devleti’nin güç ve otoritesinin arttırılmasına yönelik faaliyetlerde buralarda yaygın olan Rifâî tarikatının bir şeyhi olarak nüfuzundan yararlanılmaya çalışıldığı belirtilmektedir. Öte yandan Sayyâdî ile Mâbeyin ikinci kâtibi Suriyeli İzzet Paşa ve diğer bazı üst düzey devlet erkânı arasındaki siyasî çekişmelerin ve kıskançlıkların zaman zaman sultanı sıkıntıya soktuğu söylenebilir. İstanbul’daki bütün tarikat çevrelerini yakından tanıyan Hüseyin Vassâf’ın Sefîne-i Evliyâ ’sında Sayyâdî’ye yer vermemesi dikkat çekicidir.
Eserleri. 200’ün üzerinde eseri olduğu belirtilen Sayyâdî eserlerini Arapça olarak kaleme almış, siyasî nitelikli birkaç kitabı dışında tasavvufî konular üzerinde durmuştur. Bunların büyük bir kısmı Rifâî tarikatı ve Sayyâdî ailesi hakkındadır. Önemli eserleri şunlardır:
1. Dâʿi’r-Reşâd li-sebîli’l-ittiḥâd ve’l-inḳıyâd (İstanbul, ts.). Osmanlı hilâfet ve saltanatını dinî yönden desteklemek amacıyla yazıldığı izlenimini veren eser Halep müftüsü Muhammed Kudsî’nin torunu, Sayyâdî’nin yakın arkadaşı ve saray kâtibi Abdülkādir Kudsî tarafından Türkçe’ye tercüme edilmiştir.
2. en-Nefḥatü’n-nebeviyye fî ḫidmeti’l-ḫilâfeti’l-Ḥamîdiyyeti’l-ʿOs̱mâniyye (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 4704). Muhteva bakımından Dâʿi’r-Reşâd ’a benzer ve II. Abdülhamid’in muhaliflerine karşı bir duruşu ortaya koyar. Önceki eserle birlikte yeni harflere aktarılarak Hilafet Risaleleri içinde yayımlanmıştır (haz. İsmail Kara, İstanbul 2002, I, 161-201, 203-251).
3. Ḳılâdetü’l-cevâhir (Beyrut 1301). Ahmed er-Rifâî’ye ve Rifâiyye tarikatı tarihine, âdâb ve erkânına dair hacimli bir eserdir.
4. Ḍavʾü’ş-şems (I-II, İstanbul 1300). İslâm dini esaslarına dair olan eserin tahkikli neşri M. Selîm el-Hemâmî tarafından yapılmıştır (yayın yeri yok, 1974).
5. Ẕaḫîretü’l-meʿâd (Mısır 1307). Biyografisi ve şeceresi bakımından önemli bir eserdir.
Sayyâdî’nin diğer bazı eserleri de şunlardır: Ġunyetü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn (Dımaşk 1390), Nefeḥâtü’l-imdâd (Beyrut, ts.), Hidâyetü’s-Sâʿî bi-sülûki ṭarîḳati’l-ġavs̱i’r-Rifâʿî (İstanbul, ts.), Eşrefü’l-vesâʾil (Dımaşk 1389), ʿUḳūdü’l-elmâs (Mısır 1315), Ḫizânetü’l-imdâd (Mısır 1326), eṭ-Ṭarîkatü’r-Rifâʿiyye (Beyrut 2002; trc. Mahmut Nedim Aksoy, Ankara 2005), Ṭarîḳu’ṣ-ṣavâb fi’ṣ-ṣalavâti ʿale’n-nebiyyi’l-evvâb (trc. Mehmet Bayrak, İstanbul 2001). Sayyâdî’nin eserlerinin bir listesi el-Kenzü’l-muṭalsem fî meddi yedi’n-nebî li-veledihi’l-ġavs̱i’r-Rifâʿiyyi’l-aʿẓam adlı eserinin tahkikli neşri içinde yer almaktadır (nşr. Hasan b. Abdülhakîm Abdülbâsıt, Dımaşk 2005, s. 44-56).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 217-218 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.