Searching for a Place in Global IR Through Exceptionalism: Turkey and the Mediation for Peace Initiative

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 260 – 284, 16.07.2024

Radiye Funda Karadeniz Gonca Oğuz Gök

https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.1505836

Öz

Kaynakça

• Acharya, Amitav & Barry Buzan. The Making of Global International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
• Acharya, Amitav. “Global International Relations (IR) and Regional Worlds, A New Agenda for International Studies.” International Studies Quarterly 58, no. 4 (2014): 647-659.
• Acharya, Amitav. “Global International Relations and Regional Worlds: An Agenda for International Studies.” International Studies Quarterly 58, no. 4 (December 2014): 647-659.
• Acharya, Amitav. “Identity Without Exceptionalism: Challenges for Asian Political and International Studies.” Asian Political and International Studies Review 1, no. 1 (2015): 1-11.
• Aide, Asbjorn. “Global or Parochial Perspectives in International Studies and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research 12, no. 1 (1975): 79-86.
• Akçapar, Burak. Political Entrepreneurship in International Peace Mediation: A Study of Turkey's Role at the UN, OSCE, and OIC. New York: Center on International Cooperation at New York University, 2019. Altunışık, Meliha & Esra Çuhadar. “Turkey’s Search for a Third-Party Role in Arab Israeli Conflicts: A Neutral Facilitator or a Principal Power Mediator.” Mediterranean Politics, 15, no. 3 (2010): 371-392.
• Anderl, Felix & Antonia Witt. “Problematizing the Global in Global IR.” Millenium Journal of International Studies 49, no. 1 (2020): 32-57.
• Apakan, Ertuğrul. “Mediation: The Best Way Forward in Conflict Prevention and Resolution,” All Azimuth, 2 (2013): 39-42
• Arkan, Zeynep & Müge Kınacıoğlu. “Enabling 'Ambitious Activism': Davutoğlu's Vision of a New Foreign Policy Identity for Turkey.” Turkish Studies17, no. 3 (2016): 381-405.
• Aydınlı, Ersel & Onur Erpul, “The False Promise of Global IR: Exposing the Paradox of Dependent Development.” International Theory 14, no. 3 (2022): 419-459.
• Barlas, Dilek. “Turkish Diplomacy in the Balkans and the Mediterranean. Opportunities and Limits for Middle-power Activism in the 1930s.” Journal of Contemporary History 40, no. 3 (2005): 441-464.
• Batu, Hamit. “Dış Siyaset ve Tanıtma.” Dışişleri Belleteni 2, no. 10 (1964): 115-119.
• Behera, Navnita C. “Knowledge Production.” International Studies Review 18, no. 1 (2016): 153-157.
• Bilgin, Pınar. “Turkey’s Geopolitics Dogma.” In the Return of Geopolitics in Europe? Social Mechanisms and Foreign Policy Identity Crises, edited by Stefano Guzzini, 151-173. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
• Cem, İsmail. “Turkey: Setting Sail to the 21st Century.” Perceptions 2, no. 3 (1997): 1-4.
• Cem, İsmail. “Turkish Foreign Policy: Opening New Horizons for Turkey at the beginning of New Millenium.” Transatlantic Policy Quarterly 1, no. 1 (2002): 1-6.
• “Co-Chairs Summary, 11th Ministerial Meeting of the UN Group of Friends of Mediation entitled – Mediation as a tool for peaceful settlement and resolution of conflicts: Taking stock after 10 years of the first UN Resolution and looking ahead.” Istanbul Mediation. February 2, 2022. Accessed date April, 2024. http://www.istanbulmediation.org/pdf/8-istanbul/Co-chairs-summary-Ministerial-mtg-Feb-2022.pdf
• “Co-Chairs’ Summary of the United Nations Group of Friends of Mediation 10th Ministerial Meeting New York, 26 September 2019.” United Nations Peacemaker. September 26, 2019. Accessed date April, 2024. https://peacemaker.un.org/node/3374.
• Dalay, Galip. “Why Turkey is in a unique position to mediate.” CNN. March 29, 2022. Accessed date April 3, 2024. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/29/opinions/turkey-mediator-russia-ukraine-dalay/index.html
• Davutoğlu, Ahmet & Erkki Tuomioja. “Mediation for Peace: A Means toward a Better World.” Hürriyet Daily News. February 25, 2012. Accessed date November, 2021. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/article-by-mr_-ahmet-davuto%C4%9Flu_-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-turkey-and-mr_-erkki-tuomioja_-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-finland-published-in-turkish-daily-news_-25-february-2012.en.mfa
• Davutoğlu, Ahmet. “Speech Delivered by Mr. Ahmet Davutoğlu, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey at the Informal High-Level UN General Assembly Meeting in New York on the ‘Role of Member States in Mediation’.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs. May 23, 2012. Accessed date November 25, 2021. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/speech-delivered-by-mr_-ahmet-davuto%C4%9Flu_-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-republic-of-turkey-at-the-informal-high-level-meeting-on-the-_role-of-member-states-in-mediation__-23-may-2012_-new-york.en.mfa
• Davutoğlu, Ahmet. “Turkey’s Mediation: Critical Reflections from the Field.” Middle East Policy 20, no. 1 (2013): 83-90.
• Demirtaş-Bagdonas, Özlem. “A Shift of Axis in Turkish Foreign Policy or A Marketing Strategy? Turkey’s Uses of Its ‘Uniqueness’ vis-à-vis the West/Europe.” Turkish Journal of Politics 3, no. 2 (2012): 111-132.
• Dieckhoff, Milena. “International Mediation: A Specific Diplomatic Tool for Emerging Countries?” European Review of International Studies 1, no. 2 (2014): 107-124.
• Ekinci, Didem. “The War in Bosnia Herzegovina and Turkish Parliamentary Debates (1992- 1995): A Constructivist Approach.” Uluslararası İlişkiler 6, no. 22 (2009): 37-60.
• Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip. “Statement by Recep Tayyip Erdogan on General Assembly Seventy-Fourth Session 3rd Plenary Meeting.” United Nations General Assembly Records. September 24, 2019. Accessed date April, 2024. https://undocs.org/A/74/PV.3
• Güney, Aylin & Nazif Mandacı. “The Meta-Geography of the Middle East and North Africa in Turkey's New Geopolitical Imagination.” Security Dialogue, 44, no. 5-6 (2013): 431-448.
• Hanioğlu, Şükrü. “Gölgede Kalan İstisnacılık.” Sabah. September 9, 2018. Accessed date October, 2021. https://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/hanioglu/2018/09/09/golgede-kalan-istisncilik Holsti, K. J. “Exceptionalism in American Foreign Policy: Is it Exceptional?” European Journal of International Relations 17, no. 3 (2010): 381-404.
• Hanioğlu, Şükrü. “Theories of International Relations: Parochial or International?” Paper prepared for presentation at the 30th Anniversary of the Japan Association for International Relations Tokyo. October 19, 1986. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kokusaiseiji1957/1987/85/1987_85_L17/_pdf/-char/ja
• “Innovation – Political and Peacebuilding Affairs.” United Nations. January, 2022. Accessed date April, 2024. https://dppa.un.org/en/innovation
• Li, Xiaoting. “Saving National IR from Exceptionalism: The Dialogic Spirit and Self-Reflection in Chinese IR Theory.” International Studies Review 23, no. 4 (2021): 1399-1423.
• Mardin, Şerif. “Turkish-Islamic Exceptionalism Yesterday and Today: Continuity, Rupture, and Reconstruction in Operational Codes.” Turkish Studies 6, no. 2 (2005): 145-165.
• Nymalm, Nicola & Johannes Plagemann. “Comparative Exceptionalism: Universality and Particularity in Foreign Policy Discourses.” International Studies Review 21, no. 1 (2019): 12-37.
• Oskanian, Kevork K. “A Very Ambiguous Empire: Russia’s Hybrid Exceptionalism.” Europe-Asia Studies 70, no. 1 (2018): 26-52.
• Puchala, Donald J. & Stuart I. Fagan. “International Politics in the 1970s: The Search for a Perspective.” International Organization 28, no. 2 (1974): 247-266.
• Shahi, Deepshikha. “Advaita in International Relations: A Philosophical Restoration.” In Advaita as a Global International Relations Theory, 21-50. New York: Routledge, 2019.
• Shahi, Deepshikha. “Foregrounding the Complexities of a Dialogic Approach to Global International Relations.” All Azimuth 9, no. 2 (2020): 163-176.
• Shahi, Deepshikha. “Global IR Research Programme: From Perplexities to Progressions.” All Azimuth 13, no. 1 (2024): 1-22.
• Shahi, Deepshikha. Sufism: A Theoretical Intervention in Global International Relations. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2020.
• Shimizu, Kosuke. “Buddhism and Global IR.” E-International Relations. August 17, 2023. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.e-ir.info/2023/08/17/buddhism-and-global-ir-from-part-of-the-whole-to-part-of-the-whole/
• Shimizu, Kosuke. The Kyoto School and International Relations: Non-Western Attempts for a New World Order. New York: Routledge, 2022.
• Smith, Karen. “The Dangers of Parochialism in International Relations.” E-International Relations. August 30, 2018. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.e-ir.info/2018/08/30/the-dangers-of-parochialism-in-international-relations/
• Smith, Steve. “Singing Our World into Existence: International Relations Theory and September 11.” International Studies Quarterly 48, no. 3 (2004): 499-515.
• Sofos, Spyros A. “Turkey as Mediator.” The Peace and Conflict Resolution Evidence Platform. 2022. Accessed date April, 2024. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/119754/1/Turkey_as_a_Mediator.pdf Süleymanoğlu-Kürüm, Rahime. “A New Sector in Turkish Foreign Policy: Mediation.” Boğaziçi Journal 25, no. 2 (2011): 189-213.
• Sullivan de Estrada, Kate. “IR’s Recourse to Area Studies: Siloisation Anxiety and the Disruptive Promise of Exceptionalism.” St Antony’s International Review 16, no. 1 (2020): 207-214. ——. “Exceptionalism in Indian Diplomacy: The Origins of India’s Moral Leadership Aspirations.” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 37, no. 4 (2014): 640-655.
• “Summary Report of 8th Istanbul Mediation Conference.” Istanbul Mediation. March 22, 2022. Accessed date April, 2024. http://www.istanbulmediation.org/pdf/8-istanbul/8th-istanbul-Mediation-Conference-Report.pdf
• T. G. Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson, “Global Governance to the Rescue: Saving International Relations?” Global Governance 20, no. 1 (2014): 19-36.
• “The Black Sea Grain Initiative: What it is, and why it is important for the world.” United Nations News. September 16, 2022. Accessed date April, 2024. https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1126811. Tingyang, Zhao. All under Heaven: The Tianxia System for a Possible World Order, translated by Joseph E. Harroff. California: University of California Press, 2021.
• United Nations General Assembly. United Nations General Assembly Sixty-Fifth Session Agenda Item 33. A/RES/65/283. New York: UN Headquarters. July 28, 2011. Accessed March 28, 2023. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/ares65283.php
• United Nations General Assembly. United Nations General Assembly Sixty-Sixth Session Agenda Item 34 (a). A/RES/66/291. New York: UN Headquarters. October 15, 2012. Accessed February 21, 2023. https://peacemaker.un.org/node/487
• United Nations General Assembly. United Nations General Assembly Sixty-Eight Session Agenda Item 33 (b). A/RES/68/303. New York: UN Headquarters. August 13, 2014. Accessed date April 27, 2023. https://undocs.org/A/RES/68/303
• United Nations General Assembly. United Nations General Assembly Seventieth Session Agenda Item 34 (b). A/RES/70/304. New York: UN Headquarters. September 26, 2016. Accessed March 19, 2023. https://peacemaker.un.org/GA%20Resolution%20A/RES/70/304
• United Nations Security Council. United Nations Security Council 6108th Meeting. S/PV.6108. New York: UN Headquarters. April 21, 2009. Accessed August 05, 2022. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/spv-6108.php
• Weber, Cynthia. International Relations Theory: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge, 2005.
• Yanık, Lerna K. “Atlantik Paktı’ndan NATO’ya: Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nde Türkiye’nin Konumu ve Uluslararası Rolü Tartışmalarından Bir Kesit,” Uluslararası İlişkiler 9, no. 34 (2012): 29-50.
• Yanık, Lerna K. “Constructing ‘Turkish Exceptionalism’: Discourses of Liminality and Hybridity in Post-Cold War Turkish Foreign Policy.” Political Geography 30, no. 2 (2011): 80-89.
• Yanık, Lerna K. “The Metamorphosis of Metaphors of Vision: ‘Bridging’ Turkey’s location, Role, and Identity,” The Geopolitics 14, no. 3 (2009): 531-549.
• Yeşiltaş, Murat. “Coğrafya Kaçınılmazdır: Militarizm, İstisnacılık ve Türkiye’de Ordu Merkezli Jeopolitik Zihniyetin İnşası.” In Türkiye Dünyanın Neresinde? Hayali Coğrafyalar, Çarpışan Anlatılar, edited by Murat Yeşiltaş, Sezgi Durgun ve Pınar Bilgin, 63-95. İstanbul: Koç Universitesi Yayınları, 2015.
• Zhang, Feng. “The Rise of Chinese Exceptionalism in International Relations.” European Journal of International Relations, 19, no. 2 (2011): 305-328.

Searching for a Place in Global IR Through Exceptionalism: Turkey and the Mediation for Peace Initiative

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 260 – 284, 16.07.2024

Radiye Funda Karadeniz Gonca Oğuz Gök

https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.1505836

Öz

This study is an attempt to rethink exceptionalism both in Turkish Foreign Policy and in Global IR. It critically engages with Turkey’s contribution to the Global IR debate within the discourse of exceptionalism in Turkish foreign policy over its role in the Mediation for Peace Initiative (MPI). Following Nymalm and Plagemann (2019), we rethink exceptionalism used in Global IR, critically analyzing Turkey’s role in the MPI within the framework of internationalist exceptionalism. In doing so, we aim to unbox exceptionalism in Global IR and understand how some exceptional foreign policy discourses of non-Western states may contribute to the interconnectedness between regional worlds, as well as the circulation of ideas and norms between the global and local levels.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Global IR, Exceptionalism, Turkish Exceptionalism, Mediation, Mediation for Peace Initiative

Kaynakça

• Acharya, Amitav & Barry Buzan. The Making of Global International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
• Acharya, Amitav. “Global International Relations (IR) and Regional Worlds, A New Agenda for International Studies.” International Studies Quarterly 58, no. 4 (2014): 647-659.
• Acharya, Amitav. “Global International Relations and Regional Worlds: An Agenda for International Studies.” International Studies Quarterly 58, no. 4 (December 2014): 647-659.
• Acharya, Amitav. “Identity Without Exceptionalism: Challenges for Asian Political and International Studies.” Asian Political and International Studies Review 1, no. 1 (2015): 1-11.
• Aide, Asbjorn. “Global or Parochial Perspectives in International Studies and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research 12, no. 1 (1975): 79-86.
• Akçapar, Burak. Political Entrepreneurship in International Peace Mediation: A Study of Turkey's Role at the UN, OSCE, and OIC. New York: Center on International Cooperation at New York University, 2019. Altunışık, Meliha & Esra Çuhadar. “Turkey’s Search for a Third-Party Role in Arab Israeli Conflicts: A Neutral Facilitator or a Principal Power Mediator.” Mediterranean Politics, 15, no. 3 (2010): 371-392.
• Anderl, Felix & Antonia Witt. “Problematizing the Global in Global IR.” Millenium Journal of International Studies 49, no. 1 (2020): 32-57.
• Apakan, Ertuğrul. “Mediation: The Best Way Forward in Conflict Prevention and Resolution,” All Azimuth, 2 (2013): 39-42
• Arkan, Zeynep & Müge Kınacıoğlu. “Enabling 'Ambitious Activism': Davutoğlu's Vision of a New Foreign Policy Identity for Turkey.” Turkish Studies17, no. 3 (2016): 381-405.
• Aydınlı, Ersel & Onur Erpul, “The False Promise of Global IR: Exposing the Paradox of Dependent Development.” International Theory 14, no. 3 (2022): 419-459.
• Barlas, Dilek. “Turkish Diplomacy in the Balkans and the Mediterranean. Opportunities and Limits for Middle-power Activism in the 1930s.” Journal of Contemporary History 40, no. 3 (2005): 441-464.
• Batu, Hamit. “Dış Siyaset ve Tanıtma.” Dışişleri Belleteni 2, no. 10 (1964): 115-119.
• Behera, Navnita C. “Knowledge Production.” International Studies Review 18, no. 1 (2016): 153-157.
• Bilgin, Pınar. “Turkey’s Geopolitics Dogma.” In the Return of Geopolitics in Europe? Social Mechanisms and Foreign Policy Identity Crises, edited by Stefano Guzzini, 151-173. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
• Cem, İsmail. “Turkey: Setting Sail to the 21st Century.” Perceptions 2, no. 3 (1997): 1-4.
• Cem, İsmail. “Turkish Foreign Policy: Opening New Horizons for Turkey at the beginning of New Millenium.” Transatlantic Policy Quarterly 1, no. 1 (2002): 1-6.
• “Co-Chairs Summary, 11th Ministerial Meeting of the UN Group of Friends of Mediation entitled – Mediation as a tool for peaceful settlement and resolution of conflicts: Taking stock after 10 years of the first UN Resolution and looking ahead.” Istanbul Mediation. February 2, 2022. Accessed date April, 2024. http://www.istanbulmediation.org/pdf/8-istanbul/Co-chairs-summary-Ministerial-mtg-Feb-2022.pdf
• “Co-Chairs’ Summary of the United Nations Group of Friends of Mediation 10th Ministerial Meeting New York, 26 September 2019.” United Nations Peacemaker. September 26, 2019. Accessed date April, 2024. https://peacemaker.un.org/node/3374.
• Dalay, Galip. “Why Turkey is in a unique position to mediate.” CNN. March 29, 2022. Accessed date April 3, 2024. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/29/opinions/turkey-mediator-russia-ukraine-dalay/index.html
• Davutoğlu, Ahmet & Erkki Tuomioja. “Mediation for Peace: A Means toward a Better World.” Hürriyet Daily News. February 25, 2012. Accessed date November, 2021. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/article-by-mr_-ahmet-davuto%C4%9Flu_-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-turkey-and-mr_-erkki-tuomioja_-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-finland-published-in-turkish-daily-news_-25-february-2012.en.mfa
• Davutoğlu, Ahmet. “Speech Delivered by Mr. Ahmet Davutoğlu, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey at the Informal High-Level UN General Assembly Meeting in New York on the ‘Role of Member States in Mediation’.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs. May 23, 2012. Accessed date November 25, 2021. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/speech-delivered-by-mr_-ahmet-davuto%C4%9Flu_-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-republic-of-turkey-at-the-informal-high-level-meeting-on-the-_role-of-member-states-in-mediation__-23-may-2012_-new-york.en.mfa
• Davutoğlu, Ahmet. “Turkey’s Mediation: Critical Reflections from the Field.” Middle East Policy 20, no. 1 (2013): 83-90.
• Demirtaş-Bagdonas, Özlem. “A Shift of Axis in Turkish Foreign Policy or A Marketing Strategy? Turkey’s Uses of Its ‘Uniqueness’ vis-à-vis the West/Europe.” Turkish Journal of Politics 3, no. 2 (2012): 111-132.
• Dieckhoff, Milena. “International Mediation: A Specific Diplomatic Tool for Emerging Countries?” European Review of International Studies 1, no. 2 (2014): 107-124.
• Ekinci, Didem. “The War in Bosnia Herzegovina and Turkish Parliamentary Debates (1992- 1995): A Constructivist Approach.” Uluslararası İlişkiler 6, no. 22 (2009): 37-60.
• Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip. “Statement by Recep Tayyip Erdogan on General Assembly Seventy-Fourth Session 3rd Plenary Meeting.” United Nations General Assembly Records. September 24, 2019. Accessed date April, 2024. https://undocs.org/A/74/PV.3
• Güney, Aylin & Nazif Mandacı. “The Meta-Geography of the Middle East and North Africa in Turkey's New Geopolitical Imagination.” Security Dialogue, 44, no. 5-6 (2013): 431-448.
• Hanioğlu, Şükrü. “Gölgede Kalan İstisnacılık.” Sabah. September 9, 2018. Accessed date October, 2021. https://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/hanioglu/2018/09/09/golgede-kalan-istisncilik Holsti, K. J. “Exceptionalism in American Foreign Policy: Is it Exceptional?” European Journal of International Relations 17, no. 3 (2010): 381-404.
• Hanioğlu, Şükrü. “Theories of International Relations: Parochial or International?” Paper prepared for presentation at the 30th Anniversary of the Japan Association for International Relations Tokyo. October 19, 1986. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kokusaiseiji1957/1987/85/1987_85_L17/_pdf/-char/ja
• “Innovation – Political and Peacebuilding Affairs.” United Nations. January, 2022. Accessed date April, 2024. https://dppa.un.org/en/innovation
• Li, Xiaoting. “Saving National IR from Exceptionalism: The Dialogic Spirit and Self-Reflection in Chinese IR Theory.” International Studies Review 23, no. 4 (2021): 1399-1423.
• Mardin, Şerif. “Turkish-Islamic Exceptionalism Yesterday and Today: Continuity, Rupture, and Reconstruction in Operational Codes.” Turkish Studies 6, no. 2 (2005): 145-165.
• Nymalm, Nicola & Johannes Plagemann. “Comparative Exceptionalism: Universality and Particularity in Foreign Policy Discourses.” International Studies Review 21, no. 1 (2019): 12-37.
• Oskanian, Kevork K. “A Very Ambiguous Empire: Russia’s Hybrid Exceptionalism.” Europe-Asia Studies 70, no. 1 (2018): 26-52.
• Puchala, Donald J. & Stuart I. Fagan. “International Politics in the 1970s: The Search for a Perspective.” International Organization 28, no. 2 (1974): 247-266.
• Shahi, Deepshikha. “Advaita in International Relations: A Philosophical Restoration.” In Advaita as a Global International Relations Theory, 21-50. New York: Routledge, 2019.
• Shahi, Deepshikha. “Foregrounding the Complexities of a Dialogic Approach to Global International Relations.” All Azimuth 9, no. 2 (2020): 163-176.
• Shahi, Deepshikha. “Global IR Research Programme: From Perplexities to Progressions.” All Azimuth 13, no. 1 (2024): 1-22.
• Shahi, Deepshikha. Sufism: A Theoretical Intervention in Global International Relations. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2020.
• Shimizu, Kosuke. “Buddhism and Global IR.” E-International Relations. August 17, 2023. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.e-ir.info/2023/08/17/buddhism-and-global-ir-from-part-of-the-whole-to-part-of-the-whole/
• Shimizu, Kosuke. The Kyoto School and International Relations: Non-Western Attempts for a New World Order. New York: Routledge, 2022.
• Smith, Karen. “The Dangers of Parochialism in International Relations.” E-International Relations. August 30, 2018. Accessed date April, 2024. https://www.e-ir.info/2018/08/30/the-dangers-of-parochialism-in-international-relations/
• Smith, Steve. “Singing Our World into Existence: International Relations Theory and September 11.” International Studies Quarterly 48, no. 3 (2004): 499-515.
• Sofos, Spyros A. “Turkey as Mediator.” The Peace and Conflict Resolution Evidence Platform. 2022. Accessed date April, 2024. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/119754/1/Turkey_as_a_Mediator.pdf Süleymanoğlu-Kürüm, Rahime. “A New Sector in Turkish Foreign Policy: Mediation.” Boğaziçi Journal 25, no. 2 (2011): 189-213.
• Sullivan de Estrada, Kate. “IR’s Recourse to Area Studies: Siloisation Anxiety and the Disruptive Promise of Exceptionalism.” St Antony’s International Review 16, no. 1 (2020): 207-214. ——. “Exceptionalism in Indian Diplomacy: The Origins of India’s Moral Leadership Aspirations.” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 37, no. 4 (2014): 640-655.
• “Summary Report of 8th Istanbul Mediation Conference.” Istanbul Mediation. March 22, 2022. Accessed date April, 2024. http://www.istanbulmediation.org/pdf/8-istanbul/8th-istanbul-Mediation-Conference-Report.pdf
• T. G. Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson, “Global Governance to the Rescue: Saving International Relations?” Global Governance 20, no. 1 (2014): 19-36.
• “The Black Sea Grain Initiative: What it is, and why it is important for the world.” United Nations News. September 16, 2022. Accessed date April, 2024. https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1126811. Tingyang, Zhao. All under Heaven: The Tianxia System for a Possible World Order, translated by Joseph E. Harroff. California: University of California Press, 2021.
• United Nations General Assembly. United Nations General Assembly Sixty-Fifth Session Agenda Item 33. A/RES/65/283. New York: UN Headquarters. July 28, 2011. Accessed March 28, 2023. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/ares65283.php
• United Nations General Assembly. United Nations General Assembly Sixty-Sixth Session Agenda Item 34 (a). A/RES/66/291. New York: UN Headquarters. October 15, 2012. Accessed February 21, 2023. https://peacemaker.un.org/node/487
• United Nations General Assembly. United Nations General Assembly Sixty-Eight Session Agenda Item 33 (b). A/RES/68/303. New York: UN Headquarters. August 13, 2014. Accessed date April 27, 2023. https://undocs.org/A/RES/68/303
• United Nations General Assembly. United Nations General Assembly Seventieth Session Agenda Item 34 (b). A/RES/70/304. New York: UN Headquarters. September 26, 2016. Accessed March 19, 2023. https://peacemaker.un.org/GA%20Resolution%20A/RES/70/304
• United Nations Security Council. United Nations Security Council 6108th Meeting. S/PV.6108. New York: UN Headquarters. April 21, 2009. Accessed August 05, 2022. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/spv-6108.php
• Weber, Cynthia. International Relations Theory: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge, 2005.
• Yanık, Lerna K. “Atlantik Paktı’ndan NATO’ya: Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nde Türkiye’nin Konumu ve Uluslararası Rolü Tartışmalarından Bir Kesit,” Uluslararası İlişkiler 9, no. 34 (2012): 29-50.
• Yanık, Lerna K. “Constructing ‘Turkish Exceptionalism’: Discourses of Liminality and Hybridity in Post-Cold War Turkish Foreign Policy.” Political Geography 30, no. 2 (2011): 80-89.
• Yanık, Lerna K. “The Metamorphosis of Metaphors of Vision: ‘Bridging’ Turkey’s location, Role, and Identity,” The Geopolitics 14, no. 3 (2009): 531-549.
• Yeşiltaş, Murat. “Coğrafya Kaçınılmazdır: Militarizm, İstisnacılık ve Türkiye’de Ordu Merkezli Jeopolitik Zihniyetin İnşası.” In Türkiye Dünyanın Neresinde? Hayali Coğrafyalar, Çarpışan Anlatılar, edited by Murat Yeşiltaş, Sezgi Durgun ve Pınar Bilgin, 63-95. İstanbul: Koç Universitesi Yayınları, 2015.
• Zhang, Feng. “The Rise of Chinese Exceptionalism in International Relations.” European Journal of International Relations, 19, no. 2 (2011): 305-328.

Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Kaynak Göster

Download or read online: Click here