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SEBT Skip to content İsrâiloğulları’na bazı işleri yapmanın yasaklandığı gün, yahudi kutsal günü.
Arapça’da cumartesi günü için kullanılan sebt kelimesine sözlüklerde “sakin olma, dinlenme, ara verme” gibi anlamlar verilmiştir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “sbt” md.; Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “sbt” md.). Anılan günün sebt olarak adlandırılması, Allah’ın bu günde yaratma işine başlayıp yine bu günde yaratmaya son verdiği ve İsrâiloğulları’na bu günde işe ara vermelerini emrettiği şeklinde açıklanmıştır. Bir hadiste şöyle denilmiştir: “Allah toprağı cumartesi, dağları pazar, ağaçları pazartesi, mekruh şeyleri salı, nuru çarşamba günü yaratmış, binek hayvanlarını perşembe günü yaymış ve Âdem’i cuma günü ikindi vaktinden sonra gündüzün en son saatinde en son mahlûk olarak yaratmıştır” (Müslim, “Ṣıfâtü’l-münâfiḳīn”, 27). Farklı bir rivayete göre yaratma işi haftanın ilk günü olan pazar günü başlayıp cuma gününe kadar sürmüş, Allah yeri pazar ve pazartesi, gökleri salı ve çarşamba, ikisi arasında bulunanları perşembe ve cuma günleri yaratmış, yedinci güne denk gelen cumartesi günü yaratma olmayıp bu günde yaratılışın tamamlanmasıyla yaratma işine son verilmiştir. Bir görüşe göre bu güne sebt denilmesinin sebebi onun haftanın yedinci ve son günü olmasıdır. Sebtin günlerin ilki olduğunu söyleyenler de vardır (Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “sbt” md.).
Tevrat’ta yer alan, Allah’ın yeri ve gökleri -pazar ile cuma arasına denk gelen- altı günde yarattığı, sonra işi bırakıp istirahate çekildiği (Tekvîn, 2/1-2), İsrâiloğulları’na da bu günde işe ara verip dinlenmelerini emrettiği (Çıkış, 20/8-11), bu sebeple yedinci günün sebt olarak isimlendirildiği yolundaki kayıt İslâm âlimlerince kabul görmemiştir. Zira yorulmaktan münezzeh olan Allah’ın istirahate ihtiyacı bulunmayacağı açıktır (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “sbt” md.; Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “sbt” md.). Nitekim, “Andolsun ki biz gökleri, yeri ve ikisi arasında bulunanları altı günde yarattık; bize hiçbir yorgunluk değmedi” meâlindeki âyette (Kāf 50/38) bu husus açıkça ifade edilmektedir. Geç dönemlere ait sözlüklerde sebt kelimesine “istirahat” anlamı verilmekle birlikte Râgıb el-İsfahânî “sebete” fiilinin mânasını “durdurmak, işe ara vermek” şeklinde açıklamış ve sebt gününde Allah’ın yaratma işini bitirmesinden bahsetmiştir (el-Müfredât , “sbt” md.). Aynı şekilde Mâtürîdî ve Zemahşerî de sebti “İsrâiloğulları’nın işi terkedip ibadetle meşgul olmaları gereken gün” diye açıklamış, böylece dinlenmeden ziyade işi durdurma mânasına vurgu yapmıştır (Teʾvîlât , I, 150-151; el-Keşşâf , II, 164). Kur’an’da yaratılışla bağlantılı olarak geçen “altı gün” ifadesi (el-A‘râf 7/54; Yûnus 10/3; Hûd 11/7; Kāf 50/38) İslâm âlimleri tarafından farklı biçimlerde yorumlanmıştır. Bazı âlimler bunu pazarla cuma arasındaki günler biçiminde anlarken diğer bir kısım âlimler gün kelimesinin gerek Arapça’da gerekse Kur’an ve hadislerde farklı anlamlarda kullanımından hareketle (el-Hac 22/47; es-Secde 32/5; er-Rahmân 55/29; el-Meâric 70/4) buradaki günü âhiret ölçeğinde bin veya elli bin yıla denk gelen gün ya da süresi belli olmayıp yeryüzü ölçeğindeki güne eşit, daha kısa veya daha uzun zaman dilimi, devir ya da aşama olarak kabul etmiştir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, XIV, 100; Kurtubî, IV, 219; Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr, II, 229; Elmalılı, III, 2172-2173).
Sebt kelimesinin İbrânîce’deki karşılığı şabat tır (şabbat ). Şabat, yahudilerin cuma gün batımından cumartesi gün batımına kadar süren haftalık dinlenme gününü ifade eder. Kelimenin fiil biçimi olan şavat “ara vermek, durdurmak; sona ermek, dinlenmek; kutlamak” gibi mânalara gelir. Şabat kalıbının kökeni açık değildir. Arapça “sebete” fiilinin şavata dayandığı kabul edilirken fiilin kökeninin Arapça’daki “bette” (kesmek) fiilinin karşılığı olan İbrânîce batat tan geldiği de ileri sürülmüştür (Koehler – Baumgartner, IV, 1407). Şabatın kökeniyle ilgili ortaya atılan teoriler içinde en güçlü olanı bunun Bâbil geleneğindeki dolunay kültüyle bağlantılı olduğu görüşüdür. Buna göre İbrânî şabatı, Bâbil dilinde ayın on beşinci günü için kullanılan ve köken olarak “tamamlama” anlamına gelen şapattu (m ) veya şabattu (m )dan gelmiştir. Ayın tamamlanıp dinlendiği dolunay gününü ifade eden şapattu(m)un kökeninin de “kalp dinlenmesi” veya “ara dinlenme” mânasındaki Sumerce şa-bat a dayandığı kabul edilir. Yedinci günle ve işe ara vermeyle ilgisi bulunmayan Bâbil şabatı daha ziyade tanrıların yatıştırılması ve kefâret vurgusuna sahip bir gün olarak bilinir. Buna karşılık Bâbil geleneğinde ayın yedinci gününün (aynı zamanda 14, 21, 28 ve 19. günlerin) uğursuz kabul edildiği ve bu günde yönetici konumundaki kişilerin belli işleri yapmaktan uzak durduğu kaydedilmiştir (Clay, s. 55-57; ERE , X, 890).
Sebt kelimesi Kur’an’da İsrâiloğulları’na atıfla beş âyette geçer. Bunlardan dördünde “es-sebt” (el-Bakara 2/65; en-Nisâ 4/154; el-A‘râf 7/163; en-Nahl 16/124), birinde “ashâbü’s-sebt” (en-Nisâ 4/47) ibareleri yer alır. Ayrıca bir âyette (el-A‘râf 7/163) fiil şekliyle (yevme lâ yesbitûn) kullanılmıştır. Bu âyetlerde daha ziyade iş yapma ve bilhassa avlanma yasağıyla bağlantılı olarak zikredilen sebt gününe saygı Hz. Mûsâ döneminden itibaren İsrâiloğulları’na farz kılınmış bir emir diye gösterilir. Deniz kıyısında yaşayan kavme mensup bir grubun yasağa karşı gelerek bu günde balık avlamaları sebebiyle lânetlendikleri ve maymuna çevrildikleri (mesh) zikredilir.
Tefsirlerde yer alan açıklamalara göre Allah, Mûsâ aracılığıyla İsrâiloğulları’na kendilerinden önceki kavimlere olduğu gibi sırf ibadete adanmış bir günü farz kılmayı murat etti; bu gün de cuma günü idi. Fakat İsrâiloğulları, Allah’ın gökleri ve yeri altı günde yaratıp yedinci günde (sebt) yaratmaya son verdiğini, bu günde her yaratılmışın O’na boyun eğdiğini ileri sürerek içlerinden az bir kısmı hariç cuma yerine sebt gününü ibadet günü olarak belirlemek istedi. Bunun üzerine Allah, İsrâiloğulları’nın sebt gününü benimsemelerine izin vermiş, ancak imtihan maksadıyla bu günde avlanmayı ve iş yapmayı yasaklayarak bu günü onlara zorlaştırmıştır (Taberî, I, 330; Zemahşerî, II, 618-619; Fahreddin er-Râzî, XV, 37; Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr, I, 110). Fahreddin er-Râzî’ye göre Kur’an’da geçen, “Sebti aşmayın” (en-Nisâ 4/154) emrinden maksat bu günde çalışma ve kazancın haram kılınmasıdır. Böylece onlara âdeta, “Bu günde işten uzak durun, yerlerinizde oturun, muhakkak Allah çok rızık verendir” denilmiştir (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XI, 96).
Yasağa uymadıklarından içlerinden bir grubun maymuna (ve domuza) dönüştürüldüğü belirtilen kavmin (el-A‘râf 7/163-166; ayrıca bk. el-Mâide 5/60) yaşadığı yer konusunda tefsirlerde Eyle, Medyen, Taberiye ve Şam bölgesinin sahil kesimi gibi yerler zikredilmekle birlikte çoğunluk, bunların Eyle ile Tûr (Mısır) arasındaki Medyen’de muhtemelen Hz. Dâvûd zamanında yaşamış bir topluluk olduğunu ileri sürmüştür (Taberî, I, 330; VI, 90-91; Fahreddin er-Râzî, III, 109; XV, 36; Kurtubî, IV, 305; Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr, I, 110). Allah’ın deniz kıyısında yaşayan bu kavme takdir ettiği bir imtihan olarak balıklar sebt günü denizde görünürken diğer günlerde kayboluyordu. Bu durum karşısında kavim iki gruba ayrılmış, bir grup sebte hürmet için avlanmaktan uzak dururken diğer grup deniz kenarına havuzlar açıp bunları kanallarla denize bağlamış, balıklar cumartesi günü havuzlara girince pazar günü onları avlamıştır. Yasağa riayet edenlere gelince, onların bir kısmı yasağa uymayanları uyarırken bir kısmı da yasağı ihlâl edenleri uyarmadığı gibi onlarla görüşmeye devam etmiştir. Bunun üzerine Allah yasağa uymayanları ve bir yoruma göre onlarla birlikte uyarıda bulunmayanları maymuna çevirmek suretiyle helâk etmiştir (Şevkânî, I, 79-80).
İslâm âlimlerinin bir kısmı, meshin söz konusu kişilerin tabiat ve huy bakımından maymuna benzer hale getirilmeleri biçiminde mânen vuku bulduğunu söylerken âlimlerin çoğu, bunun gerçek bir değişim olup bu insanların sûret ve görünüş itibariyle maymuna çevrildiğini ileri sürmüştür (Fahreddin er-Râzî, III, 111-112; Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr, I, 109; krş. Mâtürîdî, I, 151; Elmalılı, I, 378-379). Şeklen meshi savunanlara göre aksi takdirde bu cezanın ibret olma vasfından bahsetmek imkânsız olurdu (Taberî, I, 332-333). Maymuna çevrilen topluluğun üç gün bu şekilde yaşadıktan sonra helâk olduğu ve bu süre zarfında bir şey yiyip içmediği rivayet edilmiştir. Mesihle bağlantılı bir hadiste, “Allah’ın azaba uğratıp helâk ettiği her topluluk yok olup gitti, soyları kalmadı” denilmiştir (Müslim, “Ḳader”, 33; Taberî, I, 330-331; ayrıca bk. MESH ).
Nahl sûresinde sebt gününün kısıtlama ve yükümlülüklerinin ancak bu konuda ihtilâf edenlere farz kılındığı şeklinde bir ifade yer alır (16/124). İhtilâftan maksat, Allah’ın İsrâiloğulları’na avlanmaktan uzak durup bu güne saygı göstermelerini bildirmesinden sonra onların bu konuda ittifak etmeleri gerekirken bu günde avlanmayı bazan helâl, bazan haram saymalarıdır (Zemahşerî, II, 618). Diğer bir yoruma göre söz konusu ihtilâf İsrâiloğulları’nın cuma gününe itirazda bulunması, bir kısmı cumayı kabul ederken diğer bir kısmının sebtte ısrar etmesi ve daha sonra ona da uymamasıdır (Mâtürîdî, I, 151). Fahreddin er-Râzî tarafından da benimsenen görüş ise bu ihtilâfın, gerek yahudilerin gerekse daha sonra hıristiyanların kutsal gün konusunda peygamberlerine muhalefet etmelerinden ibaret olduğu şeklindedir. Buna göre İsrâiloğulları’nın cuma gününe yönelik itirazları ve sebti kutsal gün kılmak istemeleri neticesinde sebt onlara farz kılınmış ve Hz. Îsâ dönemine kadar yahudiler bunu kutsal gün olarak benimsemiştir. Îsâ geldiğinde o da cumayı emretmiş, fakat bu defa hıristiyanlar, “Biz yahudilerin bayramının bizimkinden sonra olmasını istemiyoruz, yaratılışın başladığı gün pazardır” diyerek pazarı seçmiştir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, XX, 137). Öte yandan ilgili âyette geçen ihtilâfı kutsal gün konusunda yahudilerle hıristiyanlar arasındaki anlaşmazlık biçiminde yorumlayanlar da vardır (Elmalılı, V, 3138). Konuyla ilgili olarak nakledilen bir hadisin meâli şöyledir: “Sonuncu ümmet olan bizler kıyamet gününde öncü olacağız. Halbuki diğer ümmetlere bizden önce kitap verilmiştir. Bir de cuma günü aslında onlara aitti. Fakat onlar bu konuda ihtilâfa düşmüştür. Allah artık bu günü bize vermiş, diğer ümmetler de bize tâbi olmuştur. Yahudilerin günü yarın (cumartesi), hıristiyanlarınki bir sonraki gündür” (Buhârî, “Cumʿa”, 1; Müslim, “Cumʿa”, 21).
İslâm âlimleri, her dinde inananların ibadet maksadıyla bir araya gelmeleri için belli bir günün tahsis edildiği, bunun da aslen cuma olduğu noktasında birleşmiştir. Cuma gününün fazileti hususunda Allah’ın bu günde yaratılışı kemale erdirmesine ve kulları üzerindeki nimetini tamamlamasına atıf yapılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda sebtin Hz. İbrâhim dininin bir parçası olmadığı, bu konuda peygamberlerine muhalefet eden İsrâiloğulları’na farz kılındığı, daha sonra gelen hıristiyanların da cumayı benimsemedikleri gibi kendilerini yahudilerden ayırmak için Bizans döneminde sebt yerine pazar gününü kutsal gün edindikleri ileri sürülmüştür (Fahreddin er-Râzî, XX, 137-138; Kurtubî, V, 199; Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr, II, 613).
Tevrat’ta sebt günü ilk defa Mûsâ peygambere Sînâ’da verilen on emir içerisinde zikredilir. Bu günün kutsallığı noktasında iki farklı gerekçeden bahsedilmiştir. Birincisi Allah’ın dünyayı altı günde yaratıp yedinci günde dinlenmesi (Çıkış, 20/8-11), ikincisi İsrâiloğulları’nı Mısır’daki kölelik evinden kurtarmasıdır (Tesniye, 5/12-15). Tevrat’ta sebt günü yasakları olarak pişirme, men toplama, seyahat etme, ekip biçme, ateş yakma (Çıkış, 16/23, 26, 29; 34/21; 35/2-3) ve odun toplama (Sayılar, 15/32-36) fiilleri zikredilmiş, yasağın ihlâli durumunda ölüm cezası öngörülmüştür. Eski Ahid’de ayrıca yük taşıma (Yeremya, 17/21-22), üzüm sıkma, yükleme ve ticaret yapmaktan (Nehemya, 13/15) bahsedilmiştir. Rabbânî otoriteler, söz konusu yasakları genişleterek -çoğunlukla “toplanma çadırı” yapımında kullanılan- otuz dokuz sınıf işi sebt günü yapılması yasaklanan işler olarak göstermiş (Shabbath, 7/1), sebtin ihlâli durumunda ise genellikle para ve kırbaç cezası uygulanmıştır. Başlangıçta daha ziyade takdime ve adakların sunulduğu, iş yasağı vurgusuna sahip toplu ibadet günlerinden biri olan sebt Eski Ahid’de sıkça, benzer özellikler taşıyan yeni ay ve kefâret günleriyle birlikte zikredilmiştir (Levililer, 16/29-31; Sayılar, 28/9-11; İşaya, 66/23; Hezekiel, 46/4-6). Zamanla bu günün muhtevasına kutlama ve neşe unsurları ile (bk. İşaya, 58/13) mânevî yenilenme vurgusu ilâve edilmiş, ayrıca mistik ve eskatolojik bir boyut kazandırılmıştır. Günümüzde uygulandığı şekliyle sebt sinagog ibadeti ve evde sofra etrafında kutlama ve kutsama şeklinde gerçekleştirilir. İş yasağının muhtevası ve sınırları yahudi mezhepleri tarafından değişik biçimlerde yorumlanmıştır.
Hz. Îsâ’nın sebti reddetmemekle birlikte zorunluluk ve yardım gerekçesiyle sebt yasaklarına riayet etmediğine, bu konuda Ferîsî ve yazıcıların katı uygulamasını eleştirdiğine dair ifadeler İnciller’de mevcuttur (Matta, 12/1-12; Markos, 2/27; Luka, 14/1-6). Pavlus sebtin Mûsâ şeriatına tâbi olan yahudilere farz kılındığını, diğer şeriat kuralları gibi bunun da hıristiyanlar için gerekli olmadığını belirtmiştir (Koloseliler, 2/16; Galatyalılar, 4/9-10; Romalılar, 14/5-6). Sebt günü uygulaması en azından yahudi hıristiyanlar tarafından sürdürülse de yahudi soyundan olmayan yeni hıristiyanlar ilk dönemlerden itibaren pazar günü komünyon için bir araya gelmiş ve Îsâ Mesîh’in dirildiği bu günü “Rabbin günü” şeklinde isimlendirmiştir (Resullerin İşleri, 20/7; I. Korintoslular, 16/2; Vahiy, 1/10). Sonraki asırlarda devam eden pazar günü ibadeti 321 yılında resmî hüviyet kazanmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 256-258 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.