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SECDE Skip to content Namazın rükünlerinden biri.
Sözlükte “eğilmek, boyun eğmek, tevazu ile alnı yere koymak” anlamındaki sücûd masdarından gelen secde fıkıh terimi olarak namazda alın, burun, el ayaları, dizler ve ayak parmakları zemine değecek şekilde yere kapanmayı ifade eder. Secdeyle aynı kökten türeyen ve “secde edilen yer” anlamına gelen mescid Allah’a ibadet edilen yer ve bilhassa müslümanların ibadethâneleri için kullanılır.
Secde ve aynı kökten türeyen kelimeler Kur’an’da gerek “boyun eğme” mânasında gerekse terim anlamıyla seksen bir âyette geçer (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “scd” md.). Râgıb el-İsfahânî Kur’an’daki secdeyi isteğe bağlı ve zorunlu secde olarak ikiye ayırır; ilki (sücûd bi’htiyâr) insana mahsus olup karşılığında mükâfat vardır. “Allah’a secde edin” (en-Necm 53/62) gibi âyetler secdenin bu ilk anlamıyla ilgilidir. İkincisi (sücûdü teshîr) insan dahil olmak üzere canlı ve cansız bütün varlıkların Allah’ın koyduğu kanunlara boyun eğmesidir. “Göklerde ve yerde bulunan her şey ve bunların gölgeleri sabah akşam isteseler de istemeseler de Allah’a secde ederler” âyeti (er-Ra‘d 13/15) secdenin ikinci anlamıyla ilgilidir (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “scd” md.). Müfessirler, ikinci anlamıyla bütün varlıkların Allah’a secde etmesini (meselâ bk. en-Nahl 16/48-49; el-Hac 22/18; er-Rahmân 55/6) fıtratlarının gereği olarak yaratıcının kendileri için koyduğu kanunlara tâbi olup onların dışına çıkamamaları şeklinde izah ederler.
İslâm’da tevhid prensibine göre ibadet kastıyla Allah’tan başkasına secde etmek haramdır. Bununla birlikte Kur’an, Allah’ın meleklere Âdem’e secde etmelerini emrettiğini ve onların da bu emri yerine getirdiğini bildirir (el-Bakara 2/34; el-A‘râf 7/11; İsrâ 17/61; el-Kehf 18/50). Tefsir âlimleri bu secdenin mahiyeti konusunda başlıca iki görüş ileri sürmüştür. Buna göre bu secdenin ibadet değil selâmlama kastıyla ve hürmet ifadesi olarak yapılan bir secde, bir nevi biat olması ya da Âdem’in kıble kabul edilerek Allah’a secde edilmesi söz konusudur. Bununla birlikte meleklere mahsus bu secdeyi insanların davranış ve kavrayışları çerçevesinde yorumlamaya çalışmanın gereksiz olduğunu ileri sürenler de vardır (İbn Âşûr, I, 422). Diğer taraftan Kur’an ebeveyniyle kardeşlerinin Hz. Yûsuf’a secde ettiğini de haber verir (Yûsuf 12/100). Müfessirler bunu ibadet amacıyla değil o dönemin âdeti olan ve selâmlama kastıyla yapılan bir secde, bir tür selâmlama ya da Yûsuf’u kavuşturduğu için Allah’a şükür amacıyla yapılan bir secde şeklinde açıklar. Kur’an’da gerek müslümanlardan “rükû ve secde edenler” diye söz edilmesi (et-Tevbe 9/112), gerekse onların yüzlerindeki secde izinden tanınacağının bildirilmesi (el-Feth 48/29) secdenin müslüman kimliğinin ayrılmaz bir parçası olduğunu göstermektedir. Secde ve türevleri hadislerde de sözlük ve terim anlamlarıyla sıkça kullanılmaktadır (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “scd” md.).
Namazın en önemli rükünlerinden biri olan secdenin her rek‘atta rükûdan doğrulduktan sonra iki defa yapılması farzdır. Secdenin farz oluşu Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’deki emre (el-Hac 22/77) ve Hz. Peygamber’in sünnetine (Buhârî, “Eẕân”, 133, 134, 137; Müslim, “Ṣalât”, 226-230) dayanır. Secde Allah’a karşı saygı, itaat ve tevazuun en mükemmel ifadesi, insanın mânen Allah’a en çok yaklaştığı andır. Resûl-i Ekrem, “Kulun rabbine en yakın olduğu an secdeye varmış olduğu andır; secdede duayı çokça yapın” buyurmuş (Müslim, “Ṣalât”, 215; Nesâî, “Daʿavât”, 118) ve Allah’tan başkasına secde edilemeyeceğini belirtmiştir (Ebû Dâvûd, “Nikâḥ”, 40).
Namazda secdenin ne şekilde yapılacağı Resûlullah’ın sözlü ve fiilî sünnetiyle açıklanmıştır. Konuya ilişkin rivayetlerin fakihler tarafından değerlendirilmesi ve yorumlanması neticesinde secdeyle ilgili bazı meselelerde farklı görüşler ortaya çıkmıştır. Hadislerde secdenin alın, eller, dizler ve ayak parmakları olmak üzere vücudun yedi kısmını yere değdirmek suretiyle yapılacağı (Müslim, “Ṣalât”, 44; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṣalât”, 150, 151; Tirmizî, “Ṣalât”, 87), bazı rivayetlerde Hz. Peygamber’in alnı zikrettikten sonra eliyle burnunu da işaret ettiği (meselâ bk. Buhârî, “Eẕân”, 133; Müslim, “Ṣalât”, 226) belirtilmektedir. Hanefî mezhebinde farz olan alnın ve ayakların, hiç değilse bir ayağın yere değmesidir. Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezheplerinde yukarıda zikredilen yedi kısmın her birinin, Mâlikî mezhebinde alnın bir bölümünün yere değdirilmesi farzdır. Secdede alınla burnu birlikte yere değdirmek İmam Şâfiî’ye göre namazın geçerlilik şartlarından, Hanefîler’e göre namazın vâciplerindendir. İmam Mâlik yalnızca alnın yere değmesi durumunda secdenin sahih olacağı, sadece burnun değmesi halinde ise geçerli olmayacağı görüşündedir. Secdede ayak parmak uçlarının yere değdirilmesinin farz olması sebebiyle secde yaparken vücudun bu kısımları yerden kesilmemeli, en azından bir ayak secde yapılan zeminle temas halinde olmalıdır. Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre secdeye varırken sırasıyla dizler, eller ve alnın yere konulması, kalkarken de sırasıyla alın, eller ve dizlerin kaldırılması gerekir. Bu sıranın secdeye giderken eller, dizler ve alın, secdeden kalkarken alın, dizler ve eller şeklinde olması gerektiği görüşü de vardır.
Secde halinde ve iki secde arasındaki oturuşta (bk. CELSE ) bir süre beklemek ta‘dîl-i erkândan kabul edildiği için Hanefî mezhebi dışındaki üç mezhebe ve Hanefîler’den Ebû Yûsuf’a göre farzdır. Secde vaziyetinde beklemenin en az süresi Hanefîler’de “sübhâne rabbiye’l-a‘lâ” denecek kadardır. Vücut tam olarak sükûnet buluncaya kadar secde halinde kalınmalı, sonra başı ve beli dik bir vaziyet alacak biçimde kaldırıp oturmalı, gerek bu oturma gerekse ikinci secde esnasında ilk secdede olduğu gibi vücut sükûnet bulana kadar beklenmelidir. Birinci secdeden tam anlamıyla doğrulmadan ikinci secdeye gidilmesi durumunda kişinin duruşu secdeye daha yakınsa iki ayrı secde yapılmış sayılmayacağı için namazın sonunda sehiv secdesi yapması gerekir.
Secdeye kapanırken ve secdeden kalkarken “Allāhüekber” demek sünnettir. Resûl-i Ekrem’in namazdaki rükû ve secdelerinde zaman zaman, “Sübbûhun kuddûsün rabbü’l-melâiketi ve’r-rûh” (O her türlü eksiklikten münezzehtir, pek yücedir, meleklerin ve Cebrâil’in rabbidir) şeklindeki zikri tekrar ettiği ve, “Yüceler yücesi olan rabbinin ismini tesbih et” meâlindeki âyet (el-A‘lâ 87/1) nâzil olunca, “Bu âyeti secdelerinizde tesbih olarak okuyun” dediği (Müsned , VI, 35, 94, 115; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṣalât”, 147) belirtilmiştir. Secdede Allah’ı tâzim amacıyla en az üç defa “sübhâne rabbiye’l-a‘lâ” demek çoğunluğa göre sünnet, Hanbelîler’e göre ise bunu bir kere söylemek farz, üç kere söylemek sünnettir. Hanefîler, Kur’an’da yer aldığı şekliyle bile olsa secdede dua yapılmasını uygun görmezken Mâlikîler ve Şâfiîler, secdede dua âdâbına uygun olmak şartıyla dua edilmesinin câiz olduğu görüşündedir.
Erkekler secde esnasında pazularını böğürlerinden, karınlarını uyluklarından ayırırlar, kollarını yere yapıştırmazlar. Secdede asıl olan, namaz esnasında ayağın bastığı zemine vücudun dizler dışındaki secde yerlerinin çıplak olarak değdirilmesi ise de gerektiğinde başa sarılmış bir sarık veya başka bir başlık üzerine, yerden biraz yüksek bir zemin üzerine, yer darlığı sebebiyle ön safta namaz kılanın sırtına, yerin sertliğinin hissedilmesine engel olmayacak derecedeki pamuk veya yün yaygının, geniş yüzeyli bir taşın üzerine de secde yapılabilir. Secde yapılacak zeminin sıcaklığı veya soğukluğundan korunmak amacıyla el parmakları veya bir yaygı üzerine secde edilmesinde bir sakınca bulunmamaktadır. Ca‘ferî mezhebine göre secde ancak toprak ve taş cinsinden bir şey üzerine yapılabilir. Secde yapamayacak kadar hasta olan kimse secdesini ima ile yerine getirir. Hem rükû hem secdeyi ima ile yerine getirecek olan kimse rükûda eğildiğinden biraz daha fazla eğilerek secdesini yapmış olur.
Namazın farzlarından olan secde dışında, namazın rükünlerinden birinin yanılarak geciktirilmesi veya vâciplerinden birinin terk ya da tehiri halinde yapılması gereken secde (bk. SEHİV SECDESİ ) ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de yer alan secde âyetlerinden birinin namaz içinde veya namaz dışında okunması ya da işitilmesi durumunda yapılması gereken secde (bk. TİLÂVET SECDESİ ) gibi başka secde çeşitleri de vardır. Bir nimete kavuşma veya bir sıkıntı ya da musibetten kurtulma sebebiyle Allah’a karşı şükran ifadesi olarak yapılan secdeye “şükür secdesi” denir. Hz. Peygamber’in sevindirici bir haber aldığında şükür secdesi yaptığına dair rivayetle (Ebû Dâvûd, “Cihâd”, 174) aralarında Hz. Ebû Bekir ile Hz. Ali’nin de bulunduğu bazı sahâbîlerin aynı şekildeki uygulamalarını dikkate alan fakihlerin çoğunluğu şükür secdesinin meşrû olduğu görüşündedir. Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezheplerindeki hâkim görüşe göre şükür secdesi sünnet, Hanefî mezhebine göre ise müstehaptır. Ayrıca Allah’tan bağışlanma dileğiyle yapılan tövbe ve istiğfar secdesinden söz edilebilir. Nitekim Resûl-i Ekrem, Hz. Dâvûd’a nisbet edilen secdeyi (Sâd 38/24) tövbe secdesi olarak açıklamıştır (Nesâî, “İftitâḥ”, 48).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 271-272 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.