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ŞEHRENGİZ Skip to content Divan edebiyatında bir şehrin güzelleri ve güzellikleri hakkında yazılan manzum eserlerin ortak adı.
Farsça şehr ve engîz (harekete getiren, karıştıran) kelimelerinden oluşan şehr-engîz bir şehrin güzellerini, doğal ve tarihî güzellikleriyle sanat ve meslek dallarında ün yapmış kişileri ve onların sosyal durumlarını anlatır. Dihhudâ, Edward G. Browne ve Muhammed Ca‘fer Mahcûb gibi araştırmacılar türün kaynağının Fars edebiyatı olduğunu ve buradan Türkler’e geçtiğini ileri sürmüşlerse de E. J. W. Gibb ve Agâh Sırrı Levend şehrengizin gazavâtnâme, sûrnâme ve târifnâmeler gibi Osmanlı edebiyatında ortaya çıktığını belirtmişlerdir.
Kaside, gazel, kıta, rubâî, terkibibend gibi farklı nazım biçimlerinin kullanıldığı şehrengizlerde asıl konunun anlatımında mesnevi nazım şekli tercih edilmiş ve mürettep bir mesnevide bulunan bölümlere burada da yer verilmiştir. Giriş bölümünde tevhid ve na‘t yanında çoğunlukla klasik münâcâtlardan farklı olarak -güzellere tutkunluk sebebiyle bazı dinî görevler aksatıldığından- suçluluk ve pişmanlık duygusunun ifade edildiği, Allah’tan bağışlanma dileyen bir münâcât yer alır. Ardından mi‘râciyye vb. şiirlerle Hz. Peygamber’i, Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn’i, dönemin padişahını, sadrazam vb. ileri gelenleri öven methiyeler gelir. Bu arada müellif kendisi hakkında bilgi içeren, okuyucudan özür dileyen, kış, bahar, gece ve gündüz tasvirleri ihtiva eden manzumelere yer verebilir. “Sebeb-i nazm-ı şehrengîz / hasbihal” bölümünde padişahın şehri ziyareti, bir dostun ricada bulunması, görülen bir rüya gibi sebeplerden ötürü eserin yazıldığı açıklanır. “Âgāz-ı dâsitân” denilen, asıl konunun işlendiği bölümde şair önce söz konusu şehrin diğer şehirlere olan üstünlüklerini dile getirir. Şehrin çeşitli semtleri, bu semtlerin tabii güzellikleri, mimari eserlerin tanıtımı vb. hakkında bilgilerin aktarıldığı kısmın ardından şöhretlerine göre güzellerin anlatımına geçilir. Bunlar adlarına ya da sanatlarına uygun cinaslarla bir tablo halinde tasvir edilir. Bazan güzellerin özel ilişkilerine de yer verilir. Hâtimede şair şehrin güzellerinin ve güzelliklerinin saymakla bitmeyeceğini, kendisinin ancak bu kadarını yazabildiğini ifade eder ve eserini güzellere duada bulunarak bitirir.
İçeriklerine ve yapılarına göre şehrengizler üç gruba ayrılabilir. 1. Tek bir güzele ait olup hasbihal veya sergüzeştnâme tarzında yazılan, bununla birlikte şehrin tasvirlerine de yer verenler; Çorlulu Kâtib’in İstanbul ile Vize hakkında 919’da (1513) kaleme aldığı şehrengizle Enderunlu Fâzıl’ın Defter-i Aşk adlı eseri bunlardandır. 2. Bir yerin güzellerini, bazı kişilerini ya da sanat erbabı ile mesleklerini tasvir edenler; Mesîhî’nin Edirne şehrengizi, İsmâil Belîğ’in Bursa şehrengizi, Enderunlu Fâzıl’ın Çenginâme ’si ile Zenannâme ’si gibi. 3. Bir şehrin sadece gezip görülmeye değer doğal güzelliklerini, tarihî mekânlarını ve sosyal özelliklerini anlatanlar; Lâmiî Çelebi’nin Bursa şehrengizi ve Nâzikî’nin yine Bursa’yı öven manzumesi gibi.
Şehrengizlerde güzellik ve güzeller gibi iki temel unsura ağırlık verildiği görülür. Bununla birlikte gelişme döneminden sonra bu eserlerde daha çok cinsellik üzerinde durulmuş, bunun sonucunda şehrengizlerin başka türlerle birleşmesine, hatta yeni türlerin ortaya çıkmasına zemin hazırlanmıştır. Fehîm-i Kadîm’in müstehcenliğin hâkim olduğu, tam bir hezeliyyâta dönüşen şehrengizi, Tâcîzâde Câfer Çelebi’nin Hevesnâme ’si, Enderunlu Fâzıl’ın Hûbannâme , Zenannâme adlı mesnevileri böyle bir değişimin örnekleridir. Cinselliğe ağırlık verilen şehrengizler bazı araştırmacılar tarafından gayri ahlâkî diye nitelendirilmiştir. Bu yaklaşım şehrengizlere yönelik yanlış değerlendirmelere daha yazıldıkları dönemde yol açmış olmalı ki bazı şehrengiz yazarları, içeriğinde cinsellik bulunmamasına rağmen eserlerinin hâtimesinde yanlış anlaşılma konusunda endişelerini dile getirmiş ve mârifet ehli kişilerin anlayışlarına sığındıklarını belirtme ihtiyacını duymuştur.
Bu tür eserlerde güzeller için âfet, şuh, mehrû, işveger, mahbûb, dilber, hûbân, bütân vb. kadınlara mahsus nitelemeler kullanılmakla beraber söz konusu edilen kişiler büyük oranda erkektir ve bunlar bazan isimleriyle, bazan da meslek adlarıyla birlikte zikredilir. Bundan dolayı bazı araştırmacılar, şehrengizlerin erkek güzellerine ait sapık duyguları yansıttığını ve gayri ahlâkî olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Anadolu sahasında yazılmış şehrengizler içinde kadınlardan bahseden bir örnek Azîzî Mustafa’nın Dîvâne Meryem, Paşa Hatun, Küçük Kamer, Sülün Emine, Küçük Nisâ, Ak Güvercin gibi İstanbul’un meşhur güzellerini tasvir ettiği Nigârnâme-i Zevk-âmiz der Üslûb-ı Şehrengîz adlı eseridir.
Yazıldıkları dönemin toplum hayatının birer tanığı olan şehrengizler tasvir edilen yerlerin doğal güzellikleri yanında eğlence mekânları, buralardaki yaşayış, gelenek, âdet ve inançlar bakımından Osmanlı kültür tarihi için önem taşır. Günümüzde mevcut olmayan meslekler hakkında bilgi verilmesi, bu mesleklerle ilgili geleneklerin aktarılması, tasvir edilen kişilerin mesleklerine ve sosyal durumlarına göre giyeceklerinden eğlence anlayışlarına kadar birçok mahallî renk ve motifin sunulması gibi özelliklerinden dolayı şehrengizler ayrıca bir tür belge niteliğindedir. İçerdikleri mizahî unsurlarla orta tabaka insan tipinin eğlencelerine de ışık tutan şehrengizler bütün bunları bir divandan daha canlı şekilde yansıtmaktadır ve âdeta divan şiirinin dış dünyaya açılan pencereleridir. Şehrengizlerin dili ve üslûbu, şairlerin çoğunlukla sanat endişesini ön plana almadıkları ve duygularını olduğu gibi aktarmaya çalıştıkları için yalın sayılır. Öte yandan şair tavsif edeceği kişileri, sanat erbabını, kısaca şehrin sakinlerini geleneğin güçlü etkisiyle aşk, âşık ve mâşuk üçgeninde ele alarak onları mesleklerine, ad ve lakaplarına uygun cinas ve teşbihlerle anlatmaya çalışır.
Türk edebiyatında ilk şehrengizler XVI. yüzyıl başlarında görülmeye başlanmış ve kısa sürede yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Mesîhî’nin Edirne’ye dair şehrengizinin ilk, Zâtî’nin aynı şehir hakkında kaleme aldığı eserin ise ikinci şehrengiz olduğu sanılmaktadır. II. Bayezid dönemine ait oldukları bilinen bu eserlerden Mesîhî’ninki daha çok tanınmış ve esere birçok nazîre yazılmıştır. Türün adı da onun, “İlâhî buldurup sözüme rağbet / Bu şehrengîze ver şehr içre şöhret” beytiyle ortaya çıkmıştır. Haklarında en fazla şehrengiz yazılan yerler İstanbul, Bursa ve Edirne’dir. Birçoğu Osmanlı döneminde birer kültür merkezi olan Âmid (Diyarbekir), Antakya, Belgrad, Gelibolu, Keşan, Manisa, Mostar, Rize, Sinop, Siroz (Serez), Taşköprü, Vize, Yenice, Üsküp gibi şehirler için kaleme alınmış şehrengizler de vardır. Günümüze metinleri ulaşanlarla sadece adları bilinen toplam altmış sekiz şehrengiz tesbit edilmiştir. Bu sayı şehrengize yakın kabul edilen eserlerle birlikte yetmiş sekize ulaşmaktadır. XVI. yüzyıldan XIX. yüzyıla kadar şehrengiz yazan belli başlı şairlerden eserleri neşredilenler ya da üzerinde çalışma yapılanlar şunlardır: XVI. yüzyılda Âlî Mustafa Efendi, Câmiî, Çalıkzâde Mehmed Mânî, Derviş, Hâdî, Hayretî, İshak Çelebi, Lâmiî Çelebi, Mesîhî, Nüvîsî, Ravzî, Sânî, Taşlıcalı Yahyâ, Ulvî Çelebi, Usûlî; XVII. yüzyılda Dürrî, Nâzik Abdullah, Neşâtî; XVIII. yüzyılda Belîğ; XIX. yüzyılda Enderunlu Fâzıl (Karacasu, V/10 [2007], s. 305-307). Şehrengiz türü XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarında kendine has özelliklerini kaybetmeye başlamış ve klasik şekliyle ortadan kalkmıştır (daha geniş bilgi için bk. Karacasu, bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Gibb, HOP , II, 16-17.
Browne, LHP , III, 237-238.
Agâh Sırrı Levend, Türk Edebiyatında Şehr-engizler ve Şehr-engizlerde İstanbul , İstanbul 1958.
a.mlf., Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi I , Ankara 1984, s. 163-164.
Metin Akkuş, Türk Edebiyatında Şehrengizler ve Bursa Şehrengizleri (yüksek lisans tezi, 1987), Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
a.mlf., “Türk Edebiyatında Bursa Şehrengizleri: İshak Çelebi’nin Bursa Şehrengizi”, Osmanlı Edebiyatı Araştırmaları , Erzurum 2000, s. 69-76.
a.mlf., “Şehrengiz”, TDEA , VIII, 117-121.
J. Stewart-Robinson, “A Neglected Ottoman Poem: The Şehrengiz”, Studies in Near Eastern Culture and History in Memory of Ernst T. Abdel Massih (ed. J. A. Bellamy), Michigan 1990, s. 201-212.
Mehmed Çavuşoğlu, “Taşlıcalı Dukakin-zâde Yahya Bey’in İstanbul Şehr-engîzi”, TDED , XVII (1969), s. 73-108.
Vanço Boşkov, “Türk Edebiyatında Şehir Şiirleri ve Şehir Mersiyeleri I”, EFAD , sy. 12 (1980), s. 69-76.
Abdulkerim Abdulkadiroğlu, “Şehrengizler Üzerine Düşünceler ve Beliğ’in Bursa Şehrengizi”, TKA , XXV/2 (1987), s. 129-167.
Halit Dursunoğlu, “Klasik Türk Edebiyatında Bir Şehrin Güzelleri ve Güzellikleri ile İlgili Eserler (Şehrengizler)”, TDAY Belleten , 2003/II (2006), s. 57-74.
M. Kappler, “The Geography of Beauty as a Metaphorical Device in Ottoman Sehr-Engiz Literature”, Eurasian Studies , IV/2, Roma 2005, s. 205-214.
Yakup Karasoy – Orhan Yavuz, “Nüvîsî ve Şehrengîz-i İstanbul’u”, Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi , sy. 20, Konya 2006, s. 1-20.
Fatih Tığlı, “Klâsik Türk Edebiyatında Şehrengiz Çalışmaları Hakkında Bibliyografya Denemesi”, Turkish Studies , II/4 (2007), s. 763-770.
Barış Karacasu, “Türk Edebiyatında Şehrengîzler”, Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi , V/10, İstanbul 2007, s. 259-313.
Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme , 18-B, s. 103-105.
J. T. P. de Bruijn, “S̲h̲ahrangīz”, EI2 (İng.) , IX, 212.
Talat Sait Halman, “S̲h̲ahrangīz”, a.e. , IX, 212-213.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 38. cildinde, 461-462 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.