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SEKBAN Skip to content Osmanlı Devleti’nde askerî bir sınıf.
Aslı Farsça seg (köpek) olup -bân ekiyle türetilen kelimenin anlamı “köpek bakıcısı ve yetiştiricisi” demektir. Terim olarak Osmanlı merkez ve taşra kuvvetlerinden bazılarını teşkil eden birlikler için kullanılır. Türkler’de av amaçlı sporlar aynı zamanda savaş tâlimi için yapılmış ve bu gelenek Osmanlılar’da devam etmiştir. Nitekim önceleri saraya ait av köpeklerine bakıp onları eğitmek için oluşturulan sekbanlar daha sonra askerî amaçla kullanılmıştır.
Sekbanların varlığı I. Murad devrine kadar gitmektedir. Bu padişahın Bulgar Kralı Susmanos’u (Osmanlı kaynaklarında Şişman Kral) cezalandırmak için gönderdiği kuvvetin kumandanları arasında sekbanbaşı olarak Müstecab adlı birinin varlığı bilinmektedir (Neşrî, I, 242). Ancak sekban teşkilâtının Yıldırım Bayezid zamanında geliştiği söylenebilir. Niğbolu Savaşı’nda esir alınan Fransız soylularının katıldığı bir sürek avına 6000 kadar sekbanın iştirak ettiğine dair bilgiler bunu göstermektedir. 851 (1451) yılına kadar Yeniçeri Ocağı’ndan ayrı bir sınıf halinde varlığını sürdüren ve devşirme kökenli olan sekbanlar, yeniçerilerin Karaman seferinden dönerken sefer bahşişi için ayaklanmaları üzerine Fâtih Sultan Mehmed tarafından ocağa dahil edilmiş, bunların âmiri olan sekbanbaşı da zamanla ocağın yeniçeri ağasından sonra gelen ikinci yüksek rütbeli zâbiti olmuştur. Otuz dört odadan meydana gelen sekbanlar Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın altmış beşinci ortasını teşkil ederdi. Bu cemaatin bayrağında oturdukları kışlanın resmi bulunur, her odanın çorbacısı, odabaşısı, vekilharcı ve bayraktarı olurdu.
Fâtih Sultan Mehmed döneminde 7000 kadar sekbanın yeniçeri yapıldığı, bunların dışında sadece 580 sekbanın av hizmetine tahsis edildiği bildirilmekteyse de (Hammer, II, 262) bu rakamın abartılı olduğu açıktır. Mülâzımân-ı dergâh-ı âlî” ulûfelerinin kaydedildiği 883 (1478) tarihli bir defterde Tâceddin adında bir beye bağlı sekban sayısının otuz dokuz olduğu görülür (Ahmed Refik, VIII-XI/49-62 [1335-37], s. 17). Yeniçeri Ocağı’na katılan sekbanlar ağırlıklı olarak yaya, sayıları kırk-yetmiş arasında değişenler ise atlı statüsünde idi. Otuz dört sekban bölüğünün her birinde ortalama otuz-kırk, sadece on dokuzuncu sekbanlar kâtibi bölüğünde 400-500 kişi bulunurdu. Sekbanlar ulûfelerini kâtibin tuttuğu deftere göre ve odabaşıları vasıtasıyla alırlardı. Zamanı geldiğinde ve lüzumu halinde sekban bölükbaşıları ile sekban erleri timara çıkarak timarlı sipahi olabilirlerdi.
Sekban bölüklerinden otuz üçüncüsü avcı bölüğü olup bunların kumandanına “ser-şikârî” (avcıbaşı) adı verilirdi. Bu bölüğün çorbacısı kıdeme göre içlerinden tayin edilirdi. Avcıların hepsi başlarına “şeb-külâh” denilen bir serpuş giyerdi. Sekban bölüklerinin en itibarlısı olan bu bölükte yüksek rütbeli devlet ricâlinin ve ocak ağalarının oğulları bulunurdu. Padişah sefere gitse bile avcı bölüğü sefere katılmazdı. Bunlar padişahla birlikte sürek avına çıkardı. XVII. yüzyıl ortalarında sayıları kırk dört olup 12’şer akçe ulûfeleri, 1’er okka et ve 3’er çift fodula istihkakları vardı. Başlarına sorguç takarlar, üstlerine kemhâ üst giyerler ve divana atla giderlerdi. Kaynaklarda atlı yeniçeri denilen askerler bunlar ve zağarcı süvarilerdir. Piyade olan sekbanlar padişahla ava gittiklerinde solak ortaları gibi uzun etekli gömlek giyerler, bir ellerinde tazı denilen av köpeklerini tutarlardı. Atlı sekbanlar ise uzakta ortaya çıkan ava tazı yetiştirme hizmetini görürlerdi.
Sekbanların en büyük kumandanı sekbanbaşı idi. Genellikle bu mevkiye zağarcıbaşılıktan terfi edilirdi. Yevmiyesi önceleri 70-80 akçe iken zamanla değişmiştir. Ayrıca yıllık geliri 20.000 akçe olan zeâmet tasarruf ederdi. Bu arada İstanbul’un Fatih ile Vefa semtlerinde kullukları/karakolları olup bunların iltizama verilmesinden de gelirleri vardı. Rumeli’deki koruların idaresi sekbanbaşına aitti ve korucularını kendisi tayin ederdi. Ocak içinde terfi ederse yeniçeri ağası olur, dış göreve gidecekse genellikle Hayrabolu sancak beyi olarak çıkar, bazan da kapıcıbaşılığa veya yıllık geliri 75.000 akçeyi bulan zeâmetle müteferrikalığa geçerdi. Sekbanbaşı sadrazam konağında toplanan divana katılır, İstanbul’un asayişinin sağlanmasında yeniçeri ağasına yardım ederdi. Kıyafet olarak başına imâme sarar, dar kollu ve yüksek omuzlu salta denilen kısa bir cepken ve mavi çuhadan şalvar giyer, beline kemer kuşak bağlar, ayağına sarı yemeni geçirir ve kuşağında kamçı taşırdı. Resmî günlerde ayrıca uzun kırmızı bir kaftan giyerdi. Divan-ı Hümâyun toplantısına yeniçeri ağasıyla birlikte gider, törenlerde yeniçeri kâtibinin üst yanında dururdu. Belgelerde “ağa kaymakamı” diye geçen sekbanbaşı yeniçeri ağasının vekili konumunda idi. Dîvân-ı Hümâyun toplantılarından sonra verilen yemeği yeniçeri ağası ile beraber yerdi (Eyyûbî Efendi Kānûnnâmesi, s. 45). Sekbanbaşı, yeniçeri ağasından sonra gelen ikinci yüksek rütbeli zâbit olarak ağanın İstanbul’da bulunmadığı zamanlarda ona vekâlet etmiş ve yeniçeri ağalığına uzunca bir süre sekbanbaşılar getirilmiştir. Bazı kaynaklarda, Yavuz Sultan Selim döneminde sekbanbaşılıktan gelme bir yeniçeri ağasının askeri isyana kışkırtması sebebiyle sekbanbaşıların itibarının zedelendiği ve bu uygulamaya son verildiği, ağalığa uzunca bir süre ağa bölüklerinden veya saray çıkmalarından birinin tayin edildiği belirtilir. III. Murad zamanında sekbanbaşıların itibarı iade edilerek tekrar yeniçeri ağası vekili ve onun yerine aday yapılmışsa da XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren tekrar önemini kaybetmiş, kul kethüdâsı ön plana çıkmıştır. Sekbanbaşının günde 40 çift fodula tahsisatı olup üç yılda bir kendisine bir devir atı verilirdi. Yeniçeri ağasıyla birlikte ocak adına zaman zaman ölen padişahın naaşını kontrol görevi de bulunan sekbanbaşı serdarlıklar ve ocak işlerinden sorumlu tutulur, ocakla ilgili resmî yazılara kendisine mahsus oval bir mühür vururdu. Sekbanbaşılardan değerli devlet adamları yetişmiş ve sadrazamlığa kadar yükselenler olmuştur. Sekbanbaşının altında sekbanlar kethüdâsı, sekbanlar kâtibi, sekbanlar çavuşu gibi yüksek rütbeli zâbitler vardı. Dirlik verilmesi halinde sekbanlar kethüdâsına 20.000 akçelik zeâmet tevcih edilirdi. Her bölükte bölükbaşı, odabaşı, vekilharç ve bayraktar gibi küçük rütbeli subaylar bulunurdu. Sekban teşkilâtı 1826 yılında Yeniçeri Ocağı ile birlikte kaldırılmıştır.
İhtiyaç duyulduğu zamanlarda eyaletlerde halktan gönüllü olarak toplanan ve kendilerine “yerli kulu” denilen askerlere de sekban adı verilirdi. Mevcudu 50-100 kişi arasında değişen ve “bayrak” ismiyle bölüklere ayrılan sekbanlar sadece istihdamları sırasında ulûfe alırlardı. Genellikle yaya asker olarak XVI. yüzyıl sonlarındaki Osmanlı-Habsburg savaşına götürülmüş, zamanla bu tüfekli gruplar savaş dönüşü maaşsız kaldıklarında eşkıyalığa başlamış, bir bölümü mahallî güç odaklarının insan gücünü teşkil etmiştir. XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren Celâlî haline gelen bu grubun önemini kaybetmesi üzerine yerine “tüfekli” denilen yeni bir sınıf oluşturulmuştur. Bu dönemden itibaren taşradaki beylerbeyi ve sancak beylerinin maiyetlerine giren bu tip askerlere “saruca-sekban” denilmiş, bunlar bulundukları yerlerde güvenliği sağlamakta kullanılmıştır. Celâlî ve eşkıyalık olaylarının arttığı dönemlerde ihtiyaçtan dolayı kurulan bu saruca-sekban birlikleri de zamanla bilhassa vali ve bey değişiklikleri yüzünden ülke için zararlı hale gelince XVII. yüzyıl sonlarında ilgaları yoluna gidilmiştir. 1808’de Sadrazam Alemdar Mustafa Paşa tarafından Nizâm-ı Cedîd ordusunun yerine teşkil edilen yeni ordunun adı da Sekbân-ı Cedîd idi (bk. SEKBÂN-ı CEDÎD). Özellikle yaz mevsiminde ürünlerin korunması amacıyla taşrada kurulan ve görevleri bir nevi koruculuk olan ücretli askerlere “kır sekbanı” denirdi. Muhtemelen “segban”dan gelme “seymen” adı altında Anadolu’nun çeşitli yerlerinde başıbozuk asker veya çiftlik korucusu olan kır sekbanlarının âyanların maiyetinde istihdam edildiği bilinmektedir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 326-328 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.