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SELÂM Skip to content Müslümanların karşılaştıklarında birbirlerine sağlık ve esenlik dilemeleri anlamında bir terim.
1/2 Müellif: MEHMET EFENDİOĞLU Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “kusursuz olmak, kurtulmak, rahatlamak” anlamındaki selâm Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ve hadislerde “eman, kurtuluş, esenlik, barış” mânaları yanında “…
2/2 Müellif: KADİR ALBAYRAK Bölüme Git
Diğer Dinlerde. Tarih boyunca birçok gelenekte sözlü ve fiilî selâm biçimleri süregelmiştir. Değişik din ve kültürlerde selâm için kullanılan kelimele…
Sözlükte “kusursuz olmak, kurtulmak, rahatlamak” anlamındaki selâm Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ve hadislerde “eman, kurtuluş, esenlik, barış” mânaları yanında “selâmlama” anlamında da geçer. Kur’an’da bazan tahiyye kelimesi ve türevleriyle ifade edilen selâm (en-Nisâ 4/86), karşılaşan iki kişiden birinin diğerine “selâmün aleyküm” (es-selâmü aleyküm: Selâm sizin üzerinize olsun, Allah sizi her türlü kaza ve belâdan korusun) demesi, diğerinin de buna aynı mânada olmak üzere “aleyküm selâm” (ve aleykümü’s-selâm) diye hayır duada bulunmasıdır. Selâmda yaygın biçimde bu ifadeler kullanılmakla birlikte “es-selâmü aleyküm ve rahmetüllāhi ve berekâtüh” ifadesiyle verilip “ve aleykümü’s-selâm ve rahmetüllāhi ve berekâtüh” ifadesiyle alınabilmektedir. İslâm âlimleri selâm vermenin sünnet, almanın farz olduğunu ve selâm verenin alana göre daha fazla sevap kazanacağını belirtmiştir (Mevsılî, IV, 164).
Müslümanlar arasında bilinen şekilde selâmlaşmanın hicretten sonraki yıllarda başladığı anlaşılmaktadır. Resûl-i Ekrem’i öldürmek maksadıyla Mekke’den Medine’ye gelen ve niyeti anlaşılıp tutuklanan Umeyr b. Vehb el-Kureşî’nin, Resûlullah’ı o dönemin âdetine göre, “Sabahınız hoş olsun” diyerek selâmlaması üzerine Allah’ın resulü şöyle demiştir: “Allah bize lutufta bulunarak seninkinden daha hayırlı olan ve cennet ehli tarafından da kullanılan ‘es-selâm’ sözüyle selâmlaşmayı öğretti” (İbn Hişâm, II, 661-662). Aynı zamanda Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın isimlerinden olan selâm kelimesi Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de kırk kadar âyette geçer. Bu âyetlerin bazılarında selâm veya selâmün aleyküm şeklindeki sözlerin daha önceki bazı peygamberler zamanında da kullanıldığı (Meryem 19/33, 47) meleklerin Hz. İbrâhim’e ve Nûh’a gittiklerinde (Hûd 11/48, 69; el-Hicr 15/52; ez-Zâriyât 51/25), yine meleklerin cennet ehline (er-Ra‘d 13/24; el-Hicr 15/46; en-Nahl 16/32; ez-Zümer 39/73; Kāf 50/34), cennet ehlinin birbirlerine (Yûnus 10/10; İbrâhîm 14/23), Allah’ın mümin kullarına (el-Ahzâb 33/44; Yâsîn 36/58), peygamberlere (es-Sâffât 37/79, 109, 120, 130, 181) bu şekilde selâm verdiği, Resûl-i Ekrem’e de kendisine gelen müminlere selâmün aleyküm diye hitap etmesinin emredildiği (el-En‘âm 6/54) haber verilmektedir. Bir âyette de selâmlanan kişinin selâma aynı ifade ile karşılık vermesi veya daha güzel bir ifade kullanarak muhatabına hayır duada bulunması emredilmekte (en-Nisâ 4/86), bir hadiste de daha güzeliyle mukabele etmiş olmak için yapılan ziyadelere ayrıca sevap verileceği belirtilmektedir (Tirmizî, “İstiʾẕân”, 2). Hz. Peygamber selâm vermeyi sevap kazandıran (Buhârî, “Îmân”, 20) ve cennete girmeye vesile olan (Tirmizî, “Ḳıyâme”, 42), önemli amellerden biri olarak tarif etmiş müslümanların çokça selâmlaşmasının karşılıklı sevgiyi arttıracağını (Müslim, “Îmân”, 93; Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 142), hayır ve bereket getireceğini (Tirmizî, “İstiʾẕân”, 10) ve insanı Allah’a yaklaştıracağını (Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 133) bildirmiş, selâm vermekten kaçınmanın bir tür cimrilik olduğunu söylemiştir (İbn Hibbân, X, 349-350). Âyet ve hadislerde geçen selâmlaşma ifadeleri dinin ana kaynaklarında yer alması sebebiyle mânevî bir değere ve özellikle ayrı dilleri konuşan müslümanlar arasındaki iletişimde bir nevi sembol işlevi görmesi bakımından özel bir öneme sahip olmakla birlikte, selâmlaşmanın asıl amacı karşılıklı sevgi, dostluk, iyi niyet ve güzel dileklerin açıklanması olduğundan, her dilde bu gayeyi gerçekleştirecek uygun ifadelerle selâmlaşma görevinin yerine getirilebileceği açıktır.
Herkesin birbirine selâm vermesini istediği için yolda karşılaştığı çocuklara da selâm vermeye özen gösteren Resûl-i Ekrem (Müslim, “Selâm”, 14, 15) küçüklerin büyüklere, binekli, atlı veya arabalı olanların yayalara, yürüyenlerin oturanlara, arkadan gelenlerin önlerinde gidenlere, iki grup karşılaştığında az olanların çok olanlara selâm vermesini tavsiye eder (Buhârî, “İstiʾẕân”, 4, 5, 6, 7; Müslim, “Selâm”, 1), mescidde kadınlardan oluşan bir cemaat gördüğünde onlara uzaktan selâm verir, selâm verdiği anlaşılsın diye de eliyle işaret ederdi (Müsned, VI, 458). Resûlullah, sadece yolda karşılaşılan veya başkasının evine misafir giden kimselerin değil kendi evine girenlerin de evde bulunan anne, baba, eş, çocuk ve akrabasına selâm vermesini emretmiş (Tirmizî, “İstiʾẕân”, 10), “Evlere girdiğiniz zaman kendinize selâm verin” (en-Nûr 24/61) âyeti, evde kimse olmasa da evine giren kişinin kendi kendine selâm vermesi gerektiği şeklinde yorumlanmıştır (İbn Kesîr, VI, 94-95). İki grup insan birbiriyle karşılaştığında içlerinden birinin selâm vermesi, diğer gruptan da bir kişinin verilen selâmı alması yeterli görülmüş (Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 141), bir meclisten veya birinin yanından ayrılan kişinin ayrılırken de selâm vermesi istenmiştir (Tirmizî, “İstiʾẕân”, 15). Selâm verirken veya alırken eğilmek doğru görülmemiştir.
Hz. Peygamber selâm verdiği zaman herkesin duyması ve selâm vermenin öneminin anlaşılması için bazan birkaç defa selâm verirdi (Buhârî, “ʿİlim”, 30). Bununla birlikte uyuyan veya rahatsız edilmemesi gereken bir kimse bulunduğunda sadece uyanık olanlara işittirecek şekilde alçak sesle selâm vermeye özen gösterirdi (Müslim, “Eşribe”, 174). İnsanlar arasında ayırım yapmadan her müslümana selâm vermek ve verilen selâmı almak bütün müslümanların görevidir (Buhârî, “İstiʾẕân”, 9). Bu sebeple Abdullah b. Ömer sadece selâm vermek üzere çarşıya çıkar ve karşılaştığı bütün müslümanlara selâm verirdi (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Selâm”, 6). Namaz kılmak, Kur’an okumak, tefekküre dalmış olmak, hutbe dinlemek, ilimle uğraşmak, yemek yemek ve defi hâcette bulunmak gibi durumlar selâm almaya engel teşkil ettiği için onlara selâm verilmemelidir; verildiği takdirde selâmı almamanın bir sorumluluğu yoktur (İbn Âbidîn, I, 618). Müslümanların aynı ortamı paylaştıkları gayri müslimlerle karşılıklı iyi münasebetler içinde olmalarının teşvik edildiği dikkate alındığında (bk. GAYRİ MÜSLİM) bu ilişkinin tabii bir gereği olarak umumi muaşeret kuralları çerçevesinde onlarla selâmlaşılması gerekeceği bellidir. Ancak müslüman olmayan kimselere selâmün aleyküm ifadesiyle selâm vermek doğru bulunmamıştır (Müslim, “Selâm”, 13; ayrıca bk. MERHABA).
İnsanlar arasında dostluk, sevgi ve barışın yaygınlaştırılması, müslümanların kalplerinin birbirine ısındırılması açısından büyük önem taşıyan selâm müstakil eserlere konu olmuştur. Semhûdî Ṭîbü’l-kelâm bi-fevâʾidi’s-selâm (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Bayezid, nr. 5579), Müstakimzâde Süleyman Sâdeddin Efendi es-Selâm kable’l-kelâm (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 1684, vr. 141-147), Şehâbeddin Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Mekkî Risâle fî sırri’s-selâm (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2727, vr. 8-17), Osmancıklı Mustafa b. Abdullah Ṭîbü’l-kelâm fî ḥaḳḳi’s-selâm (Süleymaniye Ktp., Tâhir Ağa Tekkesi, nr. 310, vr. 369-377) adıyla birer risâle yazmıştır. Senâullah Amritsarî, es-Selâmü ʿaleyküm adlı eserinde (Amritsar 1908, 1913, 1923) İslâm’da ve diğer dinlerde selâm konusunu ele almaktadır. Süleyman b. İbrâhim el-Lâhim, İslâm’da selâmın yeri ve önemini ele alan bir çalışma yapmıştır (bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Müsned, VI, 458; İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre2 , II, 661-662; Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (nşr. Abdullah b. Abdülmuhsin et-Türkî), Riyad 1424/2003, VII, 273-278; İbn Hibbân, eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ (nşr. Şuayb el-Arnaût), Beyrut 1412/1991, X, 349-350; Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ, V, 297-305; Abdullah b. Mahmûd el-Mevsılî, el-İḫtiyâr li-taʿlîli’l-Muḫtâr (nşr. Mahmûd Ebû Dakīka), İstanbul 1984, IV, 164-165; Şemseddin İbn Müflih, el-Âdâbü’ş-şerʿiyye ve’l-mineḥu’l-merʿiyye, Kahire, ts. (Müessesetü Kurtuba), I, 332-344; İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân, VI, 94-95; İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr (Kahire), I, 616-618; Süleyman b. İbrâhim el-Lâhim, “et-Tahiyye fi’l-İslâm”, Mecelletü Câmiʿati’l-İmâm Muḥammed b. Suʿûd el-İslâmiyye, sy. 38, Riyad 1423/2002, s. 87-120; C. van Arendonk – [D. Gimaret], “Salām”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 915-918.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 342-343 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Diğer Dinlerde. Tarih boyunca birçok gelenekte sözlü ve fiilî selâm biçimleri süregelmiştir. Değişik din ve kültürlerde selâm için kullanılan kelimeler genellikle barış, güven, huzur, sağlık, uzun ömür dileme gibi temennileri içerir. Fiilen yani beden diliyle selâm verme şekillerinden en yaygın olanları el, yüz, dudak, alın ve omuz öpme, sarılma, sağ elle tokalaşma, başı hafifçe öne eğme, el kaldırma ve sallama, avuçları birbirine yapıştırarak göğüs hizasında kavuşturma, ayakları birleştirme, şapka çıkarma, dizleri biraz bükerek öne eğilme ve yere kapanmadır.
Tokalaşma ve kucaklaşma barışın ve dostluğun sembolü olan bir selâm biçimidir; Avustralya yerlileri (Aborjinler) arasında görüldüğü gibi Sâmî ve Ârî geleneklerde de yaygındır. Burunları birbirine değdirerek selâmlaşma Polinezya, Burma, Malaya ve Eskimolar tarafından uygulanır. Ayrıca Maoriler “kia ora” (sıhhatler olsun), “kia kaha” (güçlü olasın) tabirleriyle burunlarını birbirine değdirerek selâm verirler. Öperek selâm verme Sâmî ve Ârî kavimlerde olduğu gibi eski Yunanlılar’da da yaygın bir uygulamadır. Ağlayarak veya ağlama taklidi yaparak selâmlaşma çeşitli ilkel kabile dinlerinde rastlanan bir davranıştır. Yere çömelme veya yüzükoyun yere kapanma eski Mısır ve Asurlular ile Sâmî toplumlarında görülen bir selâm şeklidir. Öte yandan şapka çıkarma Batı kökenli, başı öne eğme Doğu kökenli birer selâmlama biçimidir (ERE, XI, 106-108).
Hindu geleneğinde iki avuç göğüs hizasında birleştirilerek baş hafifçe öne eğilir ve “namaskar” veya “namaste” denilerek selâm verilir (Encyclopedia of Religion, XII, 8060). Hinduizm’de Tanrı Brahman’ın insanların göğsünde ve başında bulunduğuna inanıldığından bu hareketle, “Ben senin içindeki Tanrı’ya boyun eğiyorum, seni seviyor ve saygı duyuyorum” demek istenir. Bu selâm esnasında bazan tanrıların isimleri de anılarak “Jay Şiv şankar” (Tanrı Şiva adına), “Radhe Şyam” (Tanrı Krişna adına) denilir. Hint geleneğine göre alt kasttan olan üst kasttakine selâm vermelidir, ancak üst kasttakinin bu selâmı alma zorunluluğu yoktur. Kast dışı kabul edilen paryalara ise selâm verilmez ve selâmları alınmaz. Çünkü inanışa göre onlarla selâmlaşma hayat enerjisinin yok olmasıyla sonuçlanabilir.
Budist gelenekte selâm ve selâmlaşma mânevî gelişimin bir yansıması olarak görülmüştür. Budist ülkelerde Buda heykellerinin ve tapınakların (pagoda) önünde yere eğilerek selâm verme Budist âyininin önemli bir parçasıdır. Taoist gelenekte sol elin parmakları sağ elin parmaklarının üstüne gelecek şekilde iki avucun birleştirilmesi, göbek hizasında tutulması ve başla birlikte vücudun hafifçe öne eğilmesiyle selâm verilir. Konfüçyanist selâmı da büyük ölçüde buna benzer. Sihler, yaygın kullanıma sahip olan “Sat Şri Akal” (Hakikat Tanrı’dır diyen mübarek olsun) veya daha dindar olanların yaptığı gibi “Vaheguru ji ka Khalsa’sri Vaheguru ji ki fateh” (Khalsa Tanrı’nındır, zafer Tanrı içindir) tabiriyle selâm verirken genellikle Şintoist ve Budist olan Japonlar eğilme veya yere kapanma selâmı verirler.
Yahudilik’te “barış ve esenlik” anlamında bir selâmlaşma ifadesi olan “şalom” bütünlük, uyum, sükûnet, bolluk ve barış durumunu anlatır. Eski Ahid’de, “Sana selâm olsun” (Hâkimler, 19/20), “Ey Dâvûd!.. Selâm olsun sana, selâm, sana yardım edenlere de selâm olsun” (I. Târihler, 12/18) gibi ifadeler yer alır. Şalom dostlar arasında iyi dilek temennisi (Ezra, 5/7), iki topluluk arasındaki barış durumu (I. Krallar, 5/12) ve Tanrı’dan bir hediye (İşaya, 54/10) mânasında kullanılmıştır. Tanrı’nın yetmiş iki isminden biri kabul edilen şalom kelimesi (Hâkimler, 6/24) yahudiler arasında ad ve soyadı olarak da kullanılır. Süleyman isminin İbrânîce’deki karşılığı Şılomo’dur. Bu ise “onun selâmı” ve “barış sever” anlamlarına gelir. Dindar yahudiler “Şalom Alehem” ve karşılığında da “Alehem Şalom” diyerek selâmlaşırlar (Sherbok, s. 176). Talmud’a göre abdesthanede vb. kutsal olmayan mekânlarda selâm verilmez. Günümüzde eğitimli ve laik yahudiler şalom tabirini tercih etmezler.
Hıristiyanlık’ta belli bir sözlü selâm şekli bulunmamakla birlikte İnciller’de, “Eve girdiğinizde ev halkını selâmlayın. Eğer bunu hak ediyorsa selâm ev halkının üzerine olsun, değilse selâmınız size dönsün” şeklinde pasajlar yer alır (Matta, 10/12-13). Ayrıca Îsâ’nın havârilerini selâmladığına dair ifadeler mevcuttur (Luka, 24/36; Yuhanna, 20/19-21, 26). Pavlus’un Mektupları’nda, “Babamız Allah ve Rab Îsâ Mesîh’ten size inâyet ve selâmet olsun” ifadesi sıkça geçer (Romalılar’a Mektup, 1/7; I. Korintoslular’a Mektup, 1/3; Galatyalılar’a Mektup, 1/4). Katolik hıristiyan geleneğinde kiliseye girildiğinde, sunağın önünden geçerken, büyük din adamlarıyla karşılaşınca veya Îsâ’nın adı anılınca baş öne doğru eğilerek selâm verilir. “Kutsal öpüşle selâm” (Romalılar’a Mektup, 16/16; Korintoslular’a I. Mektup, 16/20) günümüzde sadece özel âyinlerde ve din adamları arasında uygulanır. Keldânîler “şlama”, Süryânîler “şlomo” diyerek tokalaşır ve birbirlerini öperler, Ermeniler ise sadece eğilerek selâm verirler.
Küreselleşme ve sekülerleşmenin etkisiyle günümüzde giderek geleneksel dinî selâmların yerini bu içerikten arındırılmış selâmlar almaktadır. Bazan da bir kültüre veya inanca ait selâm şekillerinin diğer kültürlere geçtiği görülmektedir. Her ne kadar dinî içeriği azalsa da selâm ifadelerine yerleşmiş olan ulûhiyyetle ilgili bazı kelimeler varlığını sürdürmektedir. Nitekim Fransızca’daki “adieu” (Allah’a ısmarladık), İspanyolca’daki “adios” (Tanrı’yla beraber git) ve İngilizce’deki “good-bye” (God be with you-Tanrı seninle olsun) gibi dinî içerikli selâmlar günümüzde de kullanılmaktadır (Encyclopedia of Religion, XII, 8060).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA G. Cope, “Gestures”, A Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship (ed. J. G. Davies), London 1972, s. 185-189; W. R. F. Browning, Dictionary of the Bible, Oxford-New York 1996, s. 288; D. Cohn-Sherbok, A Concise Encyclopedia of Judaism, Oxford 1998, s. 150, 176; Yusuf Besalel, Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul 2002, III, 660-661; C. van Arendonk – [D. Gimaret], “Salām”, EI2 (İng.), VIII, 915-918; G. A. Barton, “Salutations”, ERE, XI, 106-108; G. A. James, “Salutations”, Encyclopedia of Religion (ed. L. Jones), Detroit 2005, XII, 8060-8062.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 343-344 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.