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SELÇUK BEY Skip to content (ö. 397/1007 [?])
Selçuklu hânedanının atası.
Yaklaşık 287 (900) yılında doğduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Arapça ve Farsça kaynaklarda ”سلجوك، سلجك، سلچوق، سلجوق، سلجق“ şeklinde kaydedilen adının telaffuzu ve anlamıyla ilgili olarak farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır. Bazı araştırmacılar “küçük sel” mânasına geldiğini ve Selçuk-Selçük biçiminde okunması gerektiğini söylerken bazıları kelimenin “küçük sal” anlamında olup Salçuk şeklinde telaffuz edilmesi gerektiğini, Oğuzlar’ın Siriderya (Seyhun) nehri boylarında saz ve kamışlardan sallar yaparak nehri geçtiklerini, Selçuk’un böyle bir salda doğduğu için bu adı aldığını ileri sürer. Diğer bir görüşe göre Selçuk, ismini Kırgızlar’ın Muz (Buz) Dağ adını verdikleri Sel-Tağ’dan almıştır. Selçuk adının Türkçe’de “mücadeleci” mânasına gelen salçuğ kelimesinden alınmış olabileceğini söyleyenler de vardır (Marquart, s. 187; Barthold, s. 92; Rasonyi, III/10 [1939], s. 377-384; İA , X, 353). Sikke, damga ve kaynaklardan Selçuk’un ailesinin Oğuzlar’ın Kınık boyuna mensup olduğu anlaşılmaktadır (Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk Tercümesi , I, 55; Ahbârü’d-devleti’s-Selcûkıyye , s. 2; Ebü’l-Ferec, I, 292-293; Kafesoğlu, Sultan Melikşah Devrinde Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu , s. 146). Babasının ismi Dukak’tır (Tukak) (Beyhakī, s. 122; Ahbârü’d-devleti’s-Selcûkıyye , s. 2; İbnü’l-Esîr, IX, 473; Bündârî, s. 2; İbn Hallikân, IV, 63; Mîrhând, IV, 235). Râvendî (Râhatü’s-sudûr , I, 86), Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî (Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ , II/5, s. 5), Yezdî (el-ʿUrâża , s. 20) ve Kadı Burhâneddîn-i Ânevî (Anîs al-Kulûb , s. 475, 501) gibi tarihçiler babasının adını Lokman olarak kaydederse de bunun Dukak’tan bozma olduğu ileri sürülmüştür (İA , X, 353).
Dukak, Oğuz Yabgu Devleti’nde idarî, siyasî ve askerî nüfuza sahip bir şahsiyet olup cesareti, kuvveti, ileri görüşlülüğü ve devlet işlerindeki başarılarından dolayı “Temür-Yalığ” (demir yaylı) lakabıyla anılırdı (Ahbârü’d-devleti’s-Selcûkıyye , s. 1; İbnü’l-Esîr, IX, 473). Ok ve yayın Oğuzlar’da önemli bir egemenlik sembolü olduğu, özellikle yayın hâkimiyet ve metbûluğu temsil ettiği düşünülürse Dukak’ın bütün Deştikıpçak kabileleri arasında bu lakapla tanınmış olması, onun sıradan bir asker veya idareci olmaktan çok Oğuz boyları arasında başbuğluk yahut subaşılık makamını işgal ettiği söylenebilir. Tuğrul Bey’in Dîvân-ı İnşâ reisi olan İbn Hassûl’ün bir kaydından hareketle Dukak’ın Hazar hakanına tâbi olduğunu iddia edenler de vardır. Ancak Hazarlar’ın o sırada zayıf oldukları ve Peçenekler’e karşı Oğuzlar’la ittifak yapmak zorunda kaldıkları düşünülürse bu iddiaya şüpheyle bakılmalıdır. Deştikıpçak’taki Oğuzlar’ın başbuğu olan Dukak’ın Oğuz Yabgu Devleti’nde nüfuzlu bir şahsiyet olduğu veya bu devlet içinde bağımsız bir yapıyı temsil ettiği Selçuklu tarihçileri tarafından genellikle kabul edilmektedir. Kaynaklarda Oğuz yabgusunun Dukak’ın fikirlerine çok önem verdiği ve ona danışmadan karar almadığı, nitekim bir Türk topluluğuna karşı sefere kalkışınca Dukak’ın onunla tartışıp ağır sözler söylediği, bunun üzerine yabgunun kılıcını çekip Dukak’ı yüzünden yaraladığı, Dukak’ın da gürzü ile yabgunun başına vurup onu attan düşürdüğü, yabgunun Dukak’ın yakalanıp öldürülmesi için emir verdiği, ancak muhtemelen Dukak’ın etrafındaki güçlü bir topluluğun varlığı sebebiyle bu emrin yerine getirilemediği, devlet adamları ve kumandanların araya girmesiyle anlaşma sağlandığı ve bu münasebetle bir şölen düzenlendiği kaydedilmektedir (Ahbârü’d-devleti’s-Selcûkıyye , s. 1; İbnü’l-Esîr, IX, 473; Mîrhând, IV, 235-236; Köymen, I, 6-8). Bu olay, Dukak’ın hem Oğuz Yabgu Devleti içindeki nüfuzuna hem de onun devletin aleyhine olacak bir meselede devlete sahip çıktığına işaret etmesi bakımından önemlidir.
Selçuk Bey’in Dukak’tan önceki cedleri hakkında sağlıklı bilgi yoktur. Zahîrüddîn-i Nîsâbûrî ve Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî gibi müellifler, Selçuk’un atası olarak çadır ustası Hâce Kereküçü’nün oğlu Tokşurmuş’u göstermiş, ancak diğer kaynaklarca teyit edilmeyen bu rivayetler Selçuklu tarihçileri nezdinde fazla itibar görmemiştir. İbn Hassûl’ün günümüze intikal etmeyen tarihe dair eserinde (Müntecebüddin Bedî‘, s. 32) ve Târîḫ-i Güzîde ’de (s. 426) Selçuk’un soyu efsanevî Türk Hükümdarı Efrâsiyâb’a (Alp Er Tonga) bağlanmakta, İbn Hassûl’ün Kitâbü Tafżîli’l-etrâk adlı diğer bir eserinde (s. 265) Selçuklu ailesinin şerefli bir soya mensup olduğu kaydedilmektedir. Vezir Nizâmülmülk de Selçuklular’ın Efrâsiyâb’ın soyundan geldiklerini ve babadan oğula hükümdar olduklarını söyler (Siyâsetnâme , s. 13).
Gazneli Mahmud tarafından Hindistan’da Kālincâr Kalesi’nde hapsedilen Selçuk Bey’in oğlu Arslan Yabgu’nun Tuğrul ve Çağrı beylere, “Yeğenlerim hükümdarlık peşinde koşmaya devam etsinler; zira bu padişah (Gazneli Mahmud) köle oğludur, soyu sopu yoktur, devlet böyle adamlara bırakılamaz” diye haber göndermesi (Râvendî, I, 90) onun Mahmud’un asaletini hükümdarlık için yeterli görmediğini gösterir. Süryânî tarihçisi Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-İbrî de Sultan Tuğrul Bey’in 1043’te Abbâsî halifesine gönderdiği bir mektupta hür insanların evlâdı olduğunu, soyunun Hunlar’ın kral ailesinden geldiğini, bu sebeple kendisine yapılacak hizmetlerin daha üstün olması lâzım geldiğini belirttiğini kaydeder (Târih , I, 299). Selçuklular’a tâbi Oğuz ve Türkmenler’in en kritik anlarda bile onlara bağlılıklarını sürdürmesi, Selçuk Bey’in ölümünden sonra torunları Tuğrul ve Çağrı beylerin en sıkıntılı zamanlarında dahi çevrelerinde kendilerine hizmete hazır büyük kitleler bulmasının onların asil hânedanlara mensup olmalarından kaynaklandığı ileri sürülmektedir (Kafesoğlu, Selçuklu Âilesinin Menşei Hakkında , s. 25-26; Turan, s. 56).
Selçuk on yedi-on sekiz yaşlarında iken vefat eden Dukak’ın ondan başka bir çocuğu olup olmadığı bilinmemektedir. Oğuz yabgusunun, kendi yanında büyüyen Selçuk’un asil ve kumandanlık vasıflarına sahip olduğunu bildiği için onu subaşı tayin ettiği kaydedilir (Mîrhând, IV, 235-236). Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-İbrî, yabgunun Selçuk’a olan güven ve ilgisinin diğer devlet adamları ve kumandanların kıskançlığına sebep olduğunu, Selçuk’un saraya gidip yabgunun yanıbaşına oturmasının hatuna ağır geldiğini, hatunun hükümdarı uyarıp halk tarafından da sevilen Selçuk’un ileride başlarına iş açmasından ve tahtı ele geçirmesinden endişe ettiğini belirttiğini, yabgunun hatunun tesirinde kalıp Selçuk’u bertaraf etmeye karar verdiğini, durumu öğrenen Selçuk’un saraydan uzaklaşmak zorunda kaldığını söyler (Târih , I, 292). Onun yabgunun yanından ayrılmasında Kıpçaklar’ın Oğuzlar’ı sıkıştırması, yer darlığı ve otlak yetersizliği, Karahanlılar’ın giderek kuvvetlenip büyük bir güç haline gelmiş olmasının da önemli rol oynadığı kaydedilmektedir.
Selçuk Bey 100 süvari, kalabalık maiyeti ve çok sayıda hayvan sürüsüyle birlikte muhtemelen 350 (961) yılında Oğuz yabgusunun kışlık merkezi Yenikent’ten Siriderya nehrinin aşağı mecrasında bulunan Cend şehrine gitti. Onun Cend şehrine gelişiyle ilgili olarak 925-940, 955 ve 985-986 tarihleri de verilmektedir. Selçuk Bey, gayri müslim Türk ülkeleriyle İslâm ülkeleri arasındaki sınır bölgesinde yer alan Cend’de birlikte yaşamak zorunda oldukları halkın dinini ve âdetlerini benimsemedikleri takdirde tecrit edilmiş küçük bir topluluk olarak kalacaklarını yanındakilere anlattı ve müslüman olmaya karar verdiğini açıkladı. Daha sonra Hârizm’deki Zendek şehrinin (Ebü’l-Ferec, I, 293) ve Buhara’nın idarecilerine elçi gönderip kendilerine Kur’an’ı ve İslâmiyet’i öğretecek kişiler gönderilmesini istedi (Mîrhând, IV, 235-236). Onların çeşitli hediyelerle birlikte yolladığı hocalar sayesinde İslâmiyet Selçuk’a bağlı Oğuzlar arasında hızla yayılmaya başladı (Ebü’l-Ferec, I, 293; Köymen, I, 21; Agacanov, Oğuzlar , s. 263). Selçuk müslüman olduktan sonra Oğuz Yabgu Devleti ve gayri müslim Türk boylarıyla irtibatını kesti ve onlara karşı sürdürülen cihad harekâtına katıldı. Oğlu Mîkâil de muhtemelen böyle bir sefer sırasında şehid düştü. Selçuk’a bağlı Oğuzlar bu tarihten itibaren Selâcika, Selcûkıyyân ve Türkmen adlarıyla anılır oldu.
Müslüman olduktan sonra itibarı daha da artan Selçuk Bey’in etrafında kalabalık kitleler toplandı. Gayri müslim Türkler’e karşı gerçekleştirilen seferler ve Oğuz Yabgu Devleti’yle yapılan mücadeleler neticesinde Cend, Selçuklular’ın hâkimiyetine girdi ve Selçuklu Beyliği’nin merkezi oldu. Selçuk bu tarihten itibaren “el-Melikü’l-gāzî” unvanıyla anılmaya başlandı (Beyhakī, s. 122). Belâc ve Beruket şehirlerini de fetheden Selçuk’un giriştiği cihad harekâtı sayesinde çeşitli ülkelerden çok sayıda Türk, Selçuk’a tâbi olmak için Cend’e akın etti. Türkler’in tarih boyunca asil hânedanlara karşı duydukları sevgi ve saygının bir sonucu olarak Selçuk’un etrafında toplandıkları ileri sürülmekte ve bu noktadan hareketle Selçuklular’ın eski bir Türk hükümdar ailesine mensup oldukları iddiası teyit edilmektedir.
Selçuk Bey’in sadece kendine bağlı Oğuzlar arasında değil bölgede hüküm süren Sâmânîler ve Karahanlılar gibi iki büyük devlet nezdinde de itibar sahibi olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Sâmânîler’in, topraklarını işgal eden Karahanlılar’a karşı Selçuk’tan yardım istemeleri ve onun oğlu Arslan’ın (Arslan Yabgu) yardımıyla kaybettikleri toprakları geri almaları Selçuk ve ailesinin hayatında önemli dönüm noktalarından birini teşkil etti. Böylece Selçuk, mahallî bir bey olmaktan çıkıp iki devlet arasındaki olaylara müdahale eden bir lider vasfını kazandı. Sâmânîler, bu yardımlara karşılık Buhara yakınlarındaki Nur kasabasını Selçuk’a bağlı Oğuzlar’a verdi. Selçuk Cend’de kalırken oğlu Arslan Yabgu’ya bağlı Oğuzlar 382’den (992) önceki bir tarihte ve muhtemelen 375 (985-86) yılında Nur kasabasına göç etti (Müstevfî, s. 426-427). Sâmânîler 393 ve 394 (1004) yıllarında da Selçuklular’ın yardımıyla Karahanlılar’ı mağlûp etti.
Selçuk yaklaşık 397 (1007) yılında 100 (Ahbârü’d-devleti’s-Selcûkıyye , s. 2) veya 107 (İbnü’l-Esîr, IX, 382) yaşında Cend şehrinde vefat etti. Onun 992’den sonra öldüğünü söyleyenler olduğu gibi 1009 veya 1010’da öldüğünü ileri sürenler de vardır (Agacanov, Oğuzlar , s. 262). Sultan Alparslan 1066’da Cend’e giderek dedesi Selçuk’un kabrini ziyaret etti. Türkmen hükümdarlarından birinin kızıyla evli olan Selçuk Bey’in (Köymen, I, 31) kaynaklarda üç (Mîkâil, İsrâil [Arslan Yabgu], Mûsâ) (İbnü’l-Esîr, IX, 474; Ahbârü’d-devleti’s-Selcûkıyye , s. 2; Ahmed b. Mahmûd, s. 5), dört (Mîkâil, İsrâil, Mûsâ, Yûnus) (Râvendî, I, 85; Müstevfî, s. 426) veya beş (Mîkâil, İsrâil, Mûsâ, Yûnus, Yûsuf [Yinal]) (Zahîrüddîn-i Nîsâbûrî, s. 10; Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, II/5, s. 5) çocuğu olduğu kaydedilmektedir (krş. Kafesoğlu, XIII [1958], s. 117-130; Turan, s. 85-86).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk Tercümesi , I, 55.
İbn Hassûl, Kitâbü Tafżîli’l-etrâk ʿalâ sâʾiri’l-ecnâd (trc. ve nşr. M. Şerefeddin Yaltkaya, TTK Belleten , IV/14-15 [1940] içinde), tercüme: s. 265.
Nizâmülmülk, Siyâsetnâme (Köymen) , s. 2, 13.
Müntecebüddin Bedî‘, ʿAtebetü’l-ketebe (nşr. Muhammed Kazvînî – Abbas İkbâl), Tahran 1329 hş., s. 32.
Beyhakī, Târîḫ (Hüseynî) , s. 122.
Zahîrüddîn-i Nîsâbûrî, Selcûḳnâme (nşr. Muhammed Ramazânî), Tahran 1332 hş., s. 10.
Râvendî, Râhatü’s-sudûr (Ateş) , I, 29, 85-86, 90, 92.
Kadı Burhâneddîn-i Ânevî, Anîs al-Kulûb (nşr. ve trc. M. Fuad Köprülü, TTK Belleten , VII/27 [1943] içinde), s. 475, 501.
Ahbârü’d-devleti’s-Selcûkıyye (Lugal) , s. 1-3.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , IX, 382, 473-474; ayrıca bk. İndeks.
Bündârî, Zübdetü’n-Nusra (Burslan) , s. 2-3.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , IV, 63.
Ebü’l-Ferec, Târih , I, 292-293, 299.
Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ (nşr. Ahmed Ateş), Ankara 1960, II/5, s. 5-6.
Muhammed b. Abdullah el-Hüseynî el-Yezdî, el-ʿUrâża fi’l-ḥikâyeti’s-Selcûḳıyye (trc. Abdünnaîm M. Haseneyn – Hüseyin Emîn), Bağdad 1979, s. 20.
Müstevfî, Târîḫ-i Güzîde (Nevâî) , s. 425-427.
Nüveyrî, Nihâyetü’l-ereb , XXVI, 269-273.
Mîrhând, Ravżatü’ṣ-ṣafâʾ , IV, 235-236.
Ahmed b. Mahmûd, Selçuknâme (haz. Erdoğan Merçil), İstanbul 1977, s. 5.
Müneccimbaşı, Câmiu’d-düvel: Selçuklular Tarihi (nşr. ve trc. Ali Öngül), İzmir 2000, I, 1-4.
J. Marquart, Über das Volkstum der Komanen , Berlin 1914, s. 187.
İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Sultan Melikşah Devrinde Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu , İstanbul 1953, s. 146.
a.mlf., Selçuklu Âilesinin Menşei Hakkında , İstanbul 1955.
a.mlf., “Selçuk’un Oğulları ve Torunları”, TM , XIII (1958), s. 117-130.
a.mlf., “Selçuklular”, İA , X, 353-357.
Mehmet Altay Köymen, Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Tarihi , Ankara 1979, I, 6-8, 21, 31-68.
Zeki Velidî Togan, Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş , İstanbul 1981, s. 77, 183-185, 189, 202.
Erdoğan Merçil, Müslüman-Türk Devletleri Tarihi , İstanbul 1985, s. 45-47, 54, 103.
a.mlf. – Ali Sevim, Selçuklu Devletleri Tarihi: Siyaset, Teşkilât ve Kültür , Ankara 1995, s. 15, 16, 17, 46, 52, 499, 507.
S. G. Agacanov, Oğuzlar (trc. Ekber N. Necef – Ahmet Annaberdiyev), İstanbul 2002, s. 243-276.
a.mlf., Selçuklular (trc. Ekber N. Necef – Ahmet Annaberdiyev), İstanbul 2006, s. 56, 105, 144.
Osman Turan, Selçuklular Tarihi ve Türk-İslâm Medeniyeti , İstanbul 2003, s. 21-87, ayrıca bk. İndeks.
V. V. Barthold, Orta Asya Türk Tarihi Dersleri (haz. Hüseyin Dağ), Ankara 2004, s. 92-96.
L. Rasonyi, “Selçük Adının Menşeine Dair”, TTK Belleten , III/10 (1939), s. 377-384.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2009 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 36. cildinde, 364-365 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.